共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Atomic imaging of three-dimensional structures has required a crystal in diffraction or a lens in electron imaging. Whereas diffraction achieves very high resolution by averaging over many cells, imaging gives localized structural information, such as the position of a single dopant atom. However, lens aberrations limit electron imaging resolution to about 1 angstrom. Resolution is reduced further by low contrast from weakscattering or from the limitations on electron dose for radiation-sensitive molecules. We show that both high resolution and high contrast can be achieved by imaging from diffraction with a nanometer-sized coherent electron beam. The phase problem is solved by oversampling and iterative phase retrieval. We apply this technique to image a double-wall carbon nanotube at 1-angstrom resolution, revealing the structure of two tubes of different helicities. Because the only requirement for imaging is a diffraction pattern sampled below the Nyquist frequency, our technique has the potential to image nonperiodic nanostructures, including biological macromolecules, at diffraction intensity-limited resolutions. 相似文献
2.
M Howells C Jacobsen J Kirz R Feder K McQuaid S Rothman 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,238(4826):514-517
X-ray holography offers the possibility of three-dimensional microscopy with resolution higher than that of the light microscope and with contrast based on x-ray edges. In principle, the method is especially advantageous for biological samples if x-rays in the wavelength region between the carbon and oxygen K edges are used. However, until now the achieved resolution has not exceeded that of the light microscope because of the poor coherence properties of the x-ray sources and the low resolution of the detectors that were available. With a recently developed x-ray source based on an undulator on an electron storage ring, and high resolution x-ray resist, a hologram has been recorded at about 400-angstrom resolution. The experiment utilized x-rays with wavelengths of 24.7 angstroms and required a 1-hour exposure of the pancreatic zymogen granules under study. 相似文献
3.
Saar BG Freudiger CW Reichman J Stanley CM Holtom GR Xie XS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6009):1368-1370
Optical imaging in vivo with molecular specificity is important in biomedicine because of its high spatial resolution and sensitivity compared with magnetic resonance imaging. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy allows highly sensitive optical imaging based on vibrational spectroscopy without adding toxic or perturbative labels. However, SRS imaging in living animals and humans has not been feasible because light cannot be collected through thick tissues, and motion-blur arises from slow imaging based on backscattered light. In this work, we enable in vivo SRS imaging by substantially enhancing the collection of the backscattered signal and increasing the imaging speed by three orders of magnitude to video rate. This approach allows label-free in vivo imaging of water, lipid, and protein in skin and mapping of penetration pathways of topically applied drugs in mice and humans. 相似文献
4.
The collision of circular chemical waves in an excitable medium, the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction, leads to characteristic cusplike structures. The high curvatures of these structures are especially suitable for experimentally verifying the predicted proportionality between the velocity and the shape of traveling waves. A computerized spectrophotometric video technique with microscopic resolution was used to determine the proportionality factor (2 x 10(-5) square centimeter per second), which in this case is the diffusion coefficient of the autocatalytic species of the reaction system. A numerical calculation of the spatiotemporal evolution of the cusp structure is in good agreement with the experimental observations. 相似文献
5.
Crewe AV 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1966,154(3750):729-738
Experiments with this scanning microscope have produced extremely encouraging results so that we feel Confident in predicting high resolution and high contrast after some obvious modifications are made in the system, such as providing a good objective lens. Experience with conventional lenses indicates that the instrument behaves in a predictable manner and there is no reason to doubt that the resolution can be as good as that of a conventional microscope. The use of quadrupole lenses will depend on calculations now being performed. There is cause for optimism; high resolution may also be possible with this kind of lens. Experience with field emission shows that the technology is not difficult and that there is more than enough current available for any conceivable use. Energy-loss measurements have been made on a variety of materials. It is attractive to consider the possibility of chemical analysis of selected areas of a specimen. We believe that a very crude form of analysis may indeed be possible. The principal advantage of the use of energy-loss techniques, however, may be in the availability of another contrast mechanism. The ability to "see" small details may be considerably enhanced. Finally, we are experimenting with the possibility of using transmitted electrons of different energy losses to produce different colors on a color television display. This should add an extra element to the picture contrast which may be of some value. 相似文献
6.
为了探究利用高分辨率影像进行外来物种薇甘菊Mikania micrantha遥感监测,以WorldView-2影像为数据源,利用面向对象的分类方法,对深圳市薇甘菊进行遥感监测。研究结果表明:利用WorldView-2影像进行薇甘菊的最佳波段组合为364波段(近红外波段、海岸波段、红色波段),薇甘菊的制图精度为83.33%,用户精度为81.08%,总体精度为87.5%,且其他地物类型的分类精度也比较高,都达到80%以上,取得较好的监测结果,突破了人工调查周期长,主观性强等缺点,在监测手段、方法以及时间上更加具有优势。因此,基于WorldView-2影像面向对象方法进行薇甘菊遥感信息提取具有良好的应用价值。 相似文献
7.
High-speed, gross, alpha autoradiographs can be made if silver-activated zinc sulfide is used as an intensifier in conjunction with high-speed film. The intensifier is interposed between the sample and film. This technique requires about 1/1000 of the exposure time required with Kodak NTB plates. The gross autoradiographs have greater contrast but slightly less resolution than conventional plates. 相似文献
8.
There is growing evidence that structural flexibility plays a central role in the function of protein molecules. Many of the experimental data come from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a technique that allows internal motions to be probed with exquisite time and spatial resolution. Recent methodological advancements in NMR have extended our ability to characterize protein dynamics and promise to shed new light on the mechanisms by which these molecules function. Here, we present a brief overview of some of the new methods, together with applications that illustrate the level of detail at which protein motions can now be observed. 相似文献
9.
Bartels RA Paul A Green H Kapteyn HC Murnane MM Backus S Christov IP Liu Y Attwood D Jacobsen C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5580):376-378
We present spatial coherence measurements of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light generated through the process of high-harmonic up-conversion of a femtosecond laser. With a phase-matched hollow-fiber geometry, the generated beam was found to exhibit essentially full spatial coherence. The coherence of this laser-like EUV source was shown by recording Gabor holograms of small objects. This work demonstrates the capability to perform EUV holography with a tabletop experimental setup. Such an EUV source, with low divergence and high spatial coherence, can be used for experiments involving high-precision metrology, inspection of optical components for EUV lithography, and microscopy and holography with nanometer resolution. Furthermore, the short time duration of the EUV radiation (a few femtoseconds) will enable EUV microscopy and holography to be performed with ultrahigh time resolution. 相似文献
10.
基于高速摄像技术的气吸式排种器投种过程的分析 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
采用高速摄像技术拍摄气吸式排种器的工作过程,分析排种均匀性与水稻种子姿态的关系及影响种子姿态的因素,找出影响排种均匀性的因素.结果表明:水稻芽种在气吸式排种盘上有3种吸附姿态,以种子沿长轴方向被吸附为正常并占大多数;通过对图像分析并结合流场分析,得出影响排种均匀性的主要因素是种子在排种器上的吸附姿态,而影响种子吸附姿态的因素是吸孔的数量和气室内气体的压力.高速摄像技术用于排种器工作分析可以发现许多排种器在高速运转时的现象,对完善排种器设计、提高排种性能具有实际应用价值. 相似文献
11.
The near-field optical interaction between a sharp probe and a sample of interest can be exploited to image, spectroscopically probe, or modify surfaces at a resolution (down to approximately 12 nm) inaccessible by traditional far-field techniques. Many of the attractive features of conventional optics are retained, including noninvasiveness, reliability, and low cost. In addition, most optical contrast mechanisms can be extended to the near-field regime, resulting in a technique of considerable versatility. This versatility is demonstrated by several examples, such as the imaging of nanometric-scale features in mammalian tissue sections and the creation of ultrasmall, magneto-optic domains having implications for highdensity data storage. Although the technique may find uses in many diverse fields, two of the most exciting possibilities are localized optical spectroscopy of semiconductors and the fluorescence imaging of living cells. 相似文献
12.
森林火灾检测是国内外林业应用研究的重要课题之一。及时准确地检测到森林火灾，对于森林健康及环境安全意义重大。现有的利用视频技术检测森林火灾的方法大多针对单一波段，如可见光波段或红外波段的视频信息进行分析，然而在实际应用过程中，由于森林环境复杂，基于单一波段视频信息检测火灾的结果欠佳。现阶段，基于多个波段的森林火灾检测方法非常少。本文综合利用红外及可见光视频特征，提出了一种基于分数阶微分视频融合的森林烟火检测算法，将分数阶微分理论引入红外视频和可见光视频融合中，利用分数阶微分算子对两个波段视频进行融合，然后利用背景去除法检测融合视频中的异常帧，且对异常帧图像及其与背景帧的差分图像分别进行图像分割，最终得到检测出的森林烟火区域。采用空间频率、平均梯度、森林火灾检测准确率和森林火灾检测时间误差度4个测度对本文算法和基于区域能量融合算法、基于窗口方差融合算法、基于HSI变换融合算法进行定量分析和比较。结果表明，本文算法的融合视频的融合效果最佳，并且森林火灾检测准确率和森林火灾检测时间误差均明显优于其他3种算法，说明本文提出的算法具有较好的有效性和准确性，为森林火灾检测提供了有利的新途径。 相似文献
13.
Betzig E Trautman JK Harris TD Weiner JS Kostelak RL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,251(5000):1468-1470
In near-field scanning optical microscopy, a light source or detector with dimensions less than the wavelength (lambda) is placed in close proximity (lambda/50) to a sample to generate images with resolution better than the diffraction limit. A near-field probe has been developed that yields a resolution of approximately 12 nm ( approximately lambda/43) and signals approximately 10(4)- to 10(6)-fold larger than those reported previously. In addition, image contrast is demonstrated to be highly polarization dependent. With these probes, near-field microscopy appears poised to fulfill its promise by combining the power of optical characterization methods with nanometric spatial resolution. 相似文献
14.
Energetic heavy particles from an accelerator mnay be used to produce radiographs with high contrast and high depth resolution. Small differences in the stopping power of objects can be detected and permnanently recorded by using stacks of plastic track detectors. This method should aid in the diagnosis of soft-tissue abnormalities, including some tumnors, and make possible quantitative reconstruction of the internal density structure of objects. 相似文献
15.
针对H.264/AVC空间分辨率缩减的视频转码,提出一种基于线性回归模型的运动矢量重估计算法.它利用原始视频流的运动矢量与下采样视频流的运动矢量之间的相关性,运用线性回归模型建模,得到下采样视频的运动矢量.仿真实验结果表明：在保持率失真性能的同时,计算复杂度明显降低. 相似文献
16.
土壤轻组有机质研究进展 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
土壤有机质在碳和氮循环及维持土壤生产力等方面具有重要作用,利用密度分组技术可将土壤有机质分成轻组和重组.轻组密度一般<2.0 g.cm-3,通常用密度浮选法分离得到,早期分离轻组的重液是有机溶剂,目前多用水溶性无机盐,结合密度和颗粒大小的分离技术在近年来得到迅速发展.轻组主要由可识别的不同分解阶段的植物残体组成,还包括孢子、种子、动物残体、微生物的残骸以及一些吸附在碎屑上的矿质颗粒.土壤轻组仅占土壤质量的一小部分,但轻组的碳含量一般显著高于全土.轻组物质的碳氮比高,周转速度快,是易变有机碳的良好指标.土壤轻组一般具有明显的季节变化,并大部分聚集在土壤表层,随土层深度的增加而下降.土壤轻组主要受残留物输入的时间、数量、组成以及环境因素的影响,同时轻组对耕作经营措施、作物轮作制度、土地利用、施肥等变化的响应非常敏感.密度分组与颗粒大小分组技术的结合是今后研究轻组的主要技术手段,土地利用和经营管理的变化对土壤轻组数量和性质的时空动态影响是未来的主要研究方向. 相似文献
17.
基于地形匹配的图像烟火定位方法研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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19.
J.M. McKinion J.L. Willers J.N. Jenkins 《Computers and Electronics in Agriculture》2010,74(2):244-249
High density light detection and ranging (LIDAR) imaging has been shown to be able to define yield stability areas of a field for multi-cropping. Since LIDAR imaging is expensive and not widely available, it was hypothesized that medium resolution GPS elevation data which is commonly collected with variable rate technology (VRT) controllers and crop yield monitors could be used in lieu of LIDAR imaging. If proven, growers would be able to construct yield stability maps of their fields without the expense of obtaining LIDAR imaging. After substituting medium resolution GPS elevation data derived from the crop yield monitors, the procedure developed for developing a crop yield stability map was invoked and tested. The hypothesis that medium resolution GPS data could be used in lieu of LIDAR data was found to be invalid as the map generated incorrectly identified both high yield and medium yield areas of the field as low yielding areas as well as the inverse. While disappointing, high resolution GPS data from real-time kinetics (RTK) systems is yet to be tested and may offer an additional avenue to developing crop yield stability maps. 相似文献
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