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1.
华南花岗岩风化壳裂隙发育对崩岗侵蚀的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解崩岗侵蚀与风化壳裂隙发育的关系,通过野外调查风化壳剖面特征、风化壳裂隙走向和数量与崩岗口方向之间的关系,并对采集的土样进行基本理化性质研究。结果表明,研究区丰富的土壤裂隙形成与该区主要分布的花岗岩红壤风化壳关系密切;崩岗与裂隙息息相关,裂隙是边坡崩塌和直接产生重力侵蚀的重要因子,崩岗发育完全受裂隙控制。可见华南花岗岩风化壳裂隙是崩岗侵蚀所特有的成因之一。 相似文献
2.
赣南山地丘陵区崩岗侵蚀阶段发育的研究 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：11
牛德奎 《江西农业大学学报》1990,12(1):29-36
崩岗是我国南方红壤区的一种重要的侵蚀类型,在江西赣南风化花岗岩山地丘陵区发育得相当普遍.根据崩岗形成特点,可将其发育过程划分成四个阶段,即网状细沟阶段、阶梯沟阶段、深沟阶段和崩岗扩展阶段.崩岗的形成和发展受多方面因素的影响;深厚松散的花岗岩风化物是崩岗的物质基础;暴雨径流和土体自重是崩岗发育的主要动力;地质作用和岩体节理结构可引起抗蚀力的减低;地表植被遭受严重破坏成为崩岗的必要前提. 相似文献
3.
南方红壤区崩岗侵蚀治理综合效益评价 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
崩岗侵蚀是我国南方红壤区最剧烈的侵蚀类型之一,由于其爆发性强和侵蚀量大等特点,对当地土地资源、生态环境等已造成了严重危害.上个世纪八十年代起,各地政府和民众自发治理崩岗侵蚀,历经数十年形成了多种治理模式,但存在被治理崩岗数量有限,治理技术配置和治理策略无序等现状,缺乏针对崩岗侵蚀治理综合效益的评价体系.本文在回顾和分析国内外水土保持综合效益评价体系的基础上,针对南方红壤区崩岗侵蚀特征和现有治理利用模式现状,尝试提出崩岗侵蚀治理综合效益评价体系.通过汇总国内外水土保持综合效益评价指标文献采用频率,依托国家标准《水土保持综合治理效益计算方法(GB/15774-2008)》,分解崩岗侵蚀治理的调水保土、生态、经济和社会四重效益链,提出了依据主体效益、可量化、客观性构建崩岗侵蚀治理效益评价指标集,弱化主观性强的社会效益指标思路.在深入分析国内外综合评价方法的基础上,针对崩岗侵蚀治理多重效益指标体系的特征,建议采用以客观赋权的主成分聚类分析方法,体现崩岗侵蚀治理综合效益评价的客观性和全面性.通过针对崩岗侵蚀治理综合效益评估体系构建,以期为崩岗治理效益评估和崩岗治理技术体系集成提供依据,推动我国南方红壤区崩岗侵蚀治理,实现国家"十三五"水土保持治理目标,减轻该地区水土流失的危害. 相似文献
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5.
我国南方红壤丘陵区崩岗侵蚀的分布及其环境背景分析 总被引：19，自引：2，他引：17
崩岗是华南地区分布最普通、发育旺盛和危害最严重的侵蚀类型。本就崩岗侵蚀的地域分布及其特点进行了较全面的阐述。崩岗发育程度大致与华南海岸线相平行地自东南向西北逐渐减弱,主要在花岗岩类母质残积物上发生。花岗岩地质年龄自西北向东南越来越年轻,但残积红土发育的强度却是相应增强的,厚度自北向南逐渐增厚,双峰型暴雨的覆盖范围与崩岗严重侵蚀区的分布具有一致性。 相似文献
6.
长汀县崩岗侵蚀区不同治理模式植物多样性的比较 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
在对福建省长汀县崩岗侵蚀区全面调查的基础上,选择4种生物治理模式,分别从植物的种类、数量、盖度及生长状况等方面进行群落调查,同时对乔灌层、草本层植物种类、重要值、生物多样性指数进行不同治理模式下植被恢复效果的评价.结果表明:不同生物治理模式下植被恢复效果不同,经济林+封育模式>乔灌草混交模式>灌草模式>灌木模式>对照,其中经济林+封育模式和乔灌草混交模式的物种丰富度、多样性指数高,植被均匀度高,植被恢复效果好,是崩岗侵蚀区较为理想的生物治理模式.芒萁为崩岗侵蚀区先锋植物,在崩岗侵蚀区的植被恢复中占有重要地位. 相似文献
7.
区域水系与崩岗空间分布的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用GIS空间叠加图层,通过野外实地调查取样,探讨了南方典型崩岗区(安溪县龙门镇)水系和崩岗的空间分布规律.结果表明,区域一级河流两侧斜坡几乎没有崩岗,二级河流两侧斜坡仅有少量崩岗发育,三级河流及其支流两侧和源头沟谷斜坡崩岗强烈发育.导致不同级别河流水系崩岗空间分布差异的原因是:一、二级河流长期处于侧向侵蚀状态中,其两... 相似文献
8.
中国南方花岗岩崩岗综合治理模式研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
崩岗侵蚀是中国南方花岗岩区特有的常见的水土流失形式。这种水土流失不仅侵蚀规模大,发展速度快,危害十分严重,而且治理难度大,被称为当今"生态溃疡"。崩岗治理措施分为生物措施、工程措施和耕作措施三种。根据崩岗治理措施的搭配与治理主要目的的不同,通过各地实地调查归纳,分析总结崩岗综合治理模式为生态型治理、经济型治理和综合型治理三大治理模式。生态型崩岗治理主要以生物措施治理为主,辅助必不可少的工程措施,达到减弱侵蚀强度,改善生态环境的目的,注重崩岗治理的生态效益与社会效益;经济型崩岗治理是通过高强度的削坡整平,建立适合工业开发的园区,满足工业发展的需要,产生可观的经济效益;综合型崩岗治理是兼顾生态效益、社会效益与经济效益,在采取各类有效水保措施、提高治理区植被覆盖度、增强生态调节功能时,还有所产出,增加当地农民的收入。崩岗地区可根据实际情况,开展不同模式的崩岗治理,以实现综合治理效益的最大化。 相似文献
9.
崩岗是南方红壤丘陵区严重的土壤侵蚀地貌,崩岗侵蚀会对洪积扇农田质量造成严重危害,但目前有关文献报道较少。崩岗侵蚀产生的大量洪积物冲入农田后,会破坏水利设施、沙化土壤、恶化农田生态环境。本文从土壤质量、作物产量、环境影响3个方面阐述崩岗侵蚀对洪积扇农田的危害,提出相应的防治措施：工程措施为截流拦沙,林草措施为构建生物保护屏障,农业措施包括改良土壤质地、提高土壤肥力。合理搭配使用上述措施可以改善洪积扇农田,减少崩岗侵蚀危害,提高土地生产力。开展崩岗洪积扇土壤退化成因及防治措施的研究,可为崩岗洪积扇区农田质量恢复提供科学的理论依据。 相似文献
10.
崩岗是华南花岗岩红壤区特殊的水土流失形式,而广东省的崩岗侵蚀隐患最为突出。选择广东省崩岗侵蚀典型区,通过野外采样和室内直接剪切试验,研究不同土壤水分含量对崩岗侵蚀区土体抗剪强度的影响(烘20 min、烘10 min、自然含水量、浸30 s和水分饱和)。结果表明:土壤水分对土体强度影响显著,当土壤含水率在15%时,对应的黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ指标均出现峰值;黏聚力c指标变化幅度较大,随着土壤水分含量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,而内摩擦角φ一直处于衰减状态;抗剪强度指标随土壤水分含量变化呈非线性衰减,因此在评价崩岗稳定程度时,可依据土壤水分含量和抗剪强度指标作出预测。 相似文献
11.
为研究妙峰山优质玫瑰生长的地质背景,通过实地考察、取样测试的方法,从成土地质、地质构造、地貌条件和地球化学元素含量4个方面进行分析,并基于Arcgis软件,获取门头沟区玫瑰种植区划图。结果表明:1)妙峰山优质玫瑰生长的土壤源自安山质火山岩形成的母质;2)妙峰山隆起为向斜山构造地貌,并形成山体局部小气候,构造运动形成的大量断裂加速了岩石风化,这些都对妙峰山土壤的形成和发育及土壤性质产生了重要的影响;3)妙峰山基岩中丰富的Ca、Mg、Fe、B、Zn和Mn元素极大地影响了玫瑰的优良品质;4)从妙峰山农业地质背景角度出发,划分门头沟区玫瑰种植区,在门头沟区与妙峰山相似的安山质火山岩及一定高度海拔的谷地有望成为玫瑰的种植区。在相似的气候条件下,妙峰山优质玫瑰品质主要受农业地质背景的影响。 相似文献
12.
Extraction of potassium into magmas and outgassing of argon during melting constrain the relative amounts of potassium in the crust with respect to those of argon in the atmosphere. No more than 30% of the modern mass of the continents was subducted back into the mantle during Earth's history. It is estimated that 50 to 70% of the subducted sediments are reincorporated into the deep continental crust. A consequence of the limited exchange between the continental crust and the upper mantle is that the chemistry of the upper mantle is driven by exchange of material with the deep mantle. 相似文献
13.
Shirey SB Harris JW Richardson SH Fouch MJ James DE Cartigny P Deines P Viljoen F 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5587):1683-1686
The lithospheric mantle beneath the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe craton of southern Africa shows variations in seismic P-wave velocity at depths within the diamond stability field that correlate with differences in the composition of diamonds and their syngenetic inclusions. Middle Archean mantle depletion events initiated craton keel formation and early harzburgitic diamond formation. Late Archean accretionary events involving an oceanic lithosphere component stabilized the craton and contributed a younger Archean generation of eclogitic diamonds. Subsequent Proterozoic tectonic and magmatic events altered the composition of the continental lithosphere and added new lherzolitic and eclogitic diamonds to the Archean diamond suite. 相似文献
14.
Using high-resolution stacks of precursors to the seismic phase SS, we investigated seismic discontinuities associated with mineralogical phase changes approximately 410 and 660 kilometers (km) deep within Earth beneath South America and the surrounding oceans. Detailed maps of phase boundary topography revealed deep 410- and 660-km discontinuities in the down-dip direction of subduction, inconsistent with purely isochemical olivine phase transformation in response to lowered temperatures. Mechanisms invoking chemical heterogeneity within the mantle transition zone were explored to explain this feature. In some regions, multiple reflections from the discontinuities were detected, consistent with partial melt near 410-km depth and/or additional phase changes near 660-km depth. Thus, the origin of upper mantle heterogeneity has both chemical and thermal contributions and is associated with deeply rooted tectonic processes. 相似文献
15.
The gravitational pull of subducted slabs is thought to drive the motions of Earth's tectonic plates, but the coupling between slabs and plates is not well established. If a slab is mechanically attached to a subducting plate, it can exert a direct pull on the plate. Alternatively, a detached slab may drive a plate by exciting flow in the mantle that exerts a shear traction on the base of the plate. From the geologic history of subduction, we estimated the relative importance of "pull" versus "suction" for the present-day plates. Observed plate motions are best predicted if slabs in the upper mantle are attached to plates and generate slab pull forces that account for about half of the total driving force on plates. Slabs in the lower mantle are supported by viscous mantle forces and drive plates through slab suction. 相似文献
16.
A finite-element formulation of faults has been incorporated into time-dependent models of mantle convection with realistic rheology, continents, and phase changes. Realistic tectonic plates naturally form with self-consistent coupling between plate and mantle dynamics. After the initiation of subduction, trenches rapidly roll back with subducted slabs temporarily laid out along the base of the transition zone. After the slabs have penetrated into the lower mantle, the velocity of trench migration decreases markedly. The inhibition of slab penetration into the lower mantle by the 670-kilometer phase change is greatly reduced in these models as compared to models without tectonic plates. 相似文献
17.
新构造运动重组了山西地貌的新格局,地貌的改变引起了气候、植被、地形、母质、成土年令等成土因素的相应变化,从而对山西不同区域内土壤的形成分布有着直接的影响。 相似文献
18.
Most minerals of Earth's upper mantle contain small amounts of hydrogen, structurally bound as hydroxyl (OH). The OH concentration in each mineral species is variable, in some cases reflecting the geological environment of mineral formation. Of the major mantle minerals, pyroxenes are the most hydrous, typically containing approximately 200 to 500 parts per million H(2)O by weight, and probably dominate the water budget and hydrogen geochemistry of mantle rocks that do not contain a hydrous phase. Garnets and olivines commonly contain approximately 1 to 50 parts per million. Nominally anhydrous minerals constitute a significant reservoir for mantle hydrogen, possibly accommodating all water in the depleted mantle and providing a possible mechanism to recycle water from Earth's surface into the deep mantle. 相似文献
19.
Tarduno JA Duncan RA Scholl DW Cottrell RD Steinberger B Thordarson T Kerr BC Neal CR Frey FA Torii M Carvallo C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5636):1064-1069
The Hawaiian-Emperor hotspot track has a prominent bend, which has served as the basis for the theory that the Hawaiian hotspot, fixed in the deep mantle, traced a change in plate motion. However, paleomagnetic and radiometric age data from samples recovered by ocean drilling define an age-progressive paleolatitude history, indicating that the Emperor Seamount trend was principally formed by the rapid motion (over 40 millimeters per year) of the Hawaiian hotspot plume during Late Cretaceous to early-Tertiary times (81 to 47 million years ago). Evidence for motion of the Hawaiian plume affects models of mantle convection and plate tectonics, changing our understanding of terrestrial dynamics. 相似文献
20.
Relocations and focal mechanism analyses of deep earthquakes (>/=13 kilometers) at Kilauea volcano demonstrate that seismicity is focused on an active fault zone at 30-kilometer depth, with seaward slip on a low-angle plane, and other smaller, distinct fault zones. The earthquakes we have analyzed predominantly reflect tectonic faulting in the brittle lithosphere rather than magma movement associated with volcanic activity. The tectonic earthquakes may be induced on preexisting faults by stresses of magmatic origin, although background stresses from volcano loading and lithospheric flexure may also contribute. 相似文献