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1.
全膜双垄沟播起垄施肥铺膜机的研制   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
针对全膜双垄沟播种植的农艺要求,研制了一种起垄施肥铺膜机,可完成起垄、施肥、喷药、铺膜和覆土压膜联合作业。用旋耕方式整地起垄,覆土装置实现地膜纵向两边均匀覆土和地膜横向间隔覆土。采用旋耕前喷药和铺膜前施肥的作业方式,保证药效和肥效最大限度地发挥作用。试验表明,垄面光滑,无明显缺陷且覆土后的地膜无机械破膜现象。膜横向覆土距离的平均值为102 cm,纵向覆土厚度和宽度的平均值为5.1 cm和11.4 cm,大垄的垄宽和垄高的平均值分别为69.3 cm和14.9 cm,小垄的垄宽和垄高的平均值为40.5 cm和15.2 cm,满足全膜双垄沟播种植农艺要求。覆土的厚度、宽度的变异系数分别为4.83%和7.52%,大垄宽度、高度的变异系数为1.22%和2.14%,小垄宽度、高度的变异系数为2.26%和1.58%,符合设计要求。  相似文献   

2.
针对平原大垄双行覆膜种植模式，研制了一种适合蔬菜钵苗大垄双行栽植的复式联合作业移栽机，对移栽机栽植机构的栽植轨迹和投苗机构的开闭控制参数进行了设计和优化，同时针对传统农机装备地轮深度调控装置难以满足大垄双行膜上栽深精确控制的难题，设计了一种基于可编程控制器的液压栽深仿形装置并整合到移栽机，使得整机可一次性完成旋耕起垄、垄上覆膜、双行独立仿形、膜上Z字形移栽等多道作业工序。分别在45、60株·min-1的栽植频率条件下进行移栽试验，田间试验结果表明：株距合格率、移栽合格率的平均值分别为94.08%、90.45%和91.90%、88.33%,平均栽深合格率为94.15%,较好地满足了蔬菜钵苗大垄双行种植要求。  相似文献   

3.
主要针对现有玉米垄作免耕播种机存在原垄播种困难,垄形保持差等问题,研究设计了一种2BMQL-3型玉米垄作免耕播种机。机具主要由破茬装置,垄台清理装置,稳定装置,开沟播种施肥装置以及覆土镇压装置等组成。田间试验证实:该机具能够实现原垄免耕播种作业,播种后垄形破坏小、保持好,粒距合格率为96.2%,播种平均深度为4.2 cm,施肥平均深度为8.7 cm,种肥间距为4.5 cm,一次进地可完成原垄破茬、开沟、施肥、播种、镇压、覆土等作业。  相似文献   

4.
寒区玉米大垄双行直播技术研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了探明寒区玉米大垄双行直播种植方法适合的种植密度和增产机制,试验以小垄为对照,通过测定土壤温度、土壤水分、玉米群体内光照强度及玉米产量性状等指标,研究了3个密度下玉米大垄双行直播种植效果。结果表明：大垄双行处理对土壤温度没有显著影响,但增加了0～20 cm土层的土壤水分含量;大垄双行减少了垄沟顶层叶片的光照截获,高密度处理（6.00 万株·hm-2）底层（出地表1/3）仍然保持一定的光照强度（72.5 μmol·m-2·s-1）,减少了空秆率,在乳熟期单位面积干物质重显著增加;2008年大垄双行高密度处理（S3）产量为9 193.5 kg·hm-2,较对照（CK3）增产911.3 kg·hm-2。大垄双行直播种植方法增产机制主要是通过增加土壤湿度和调控群体内部光照强度影响产量。  相似文献   

5.
大垄双行玉米免耕播种技术研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
主要针对我国东北冷凉风沙区在玉米播种时,难以实现原垄免耕播种的问题,提出了大垄双行玉米错茬免耕垄作播种的作业思路,大垄双行技术是指将传统的一垄一行改为一垄双行,垄台宽度约为传统垄台的3倍,目前设计为700 mm;建立了相应的试验田.试验表明:该项技术能够在田间大量玉米根茬直立覆盖情况下,在大垄上实现两行玉米错茬播种,保持垄形,作业质量满足农艺要求.与传统播种方式相比,具有提高地温、降低作业成本、提高产量等优点,可以提高地温约1℃,降低机械作业成本350元/hm2,提高产量14.42%,是保护性耕作技术在东北冷凉风沙区推广应用的一种较理想的模式.  相似文献   

6.
针对西北地区旱地全膜双垄沟播种作业需求,结合地方农艺特点,笔者与科研团队设计出一种2BZ-4全膜双垄沟精密播种机,该播种机主要用于起垄覆膜后二次进地自走式播种作业。与市场上现有的播种机相比,该机型能通过选配不同的排种器完成多种农作物的多功能播种;在设计初考虑到不同地区、不同农作物的农艺需求,将播种深度设计为40～100 mm可调、行走底盘轮距设计为1 000～1 400 mm可调、行距设计为380～550 mm可调,极大地提高了该播种机的通用性,同时在降低劳动强度和提高播种效率方面效果显著。  相似文献   

7.
为获得单垄双行马铃薯施肥覆膜播种机的最佳工作参数,通过改变单垄双行马铃薯施肥覆膜播种机播种作业性能指标的4个主要参数:机具前进速度、旋耕刀组刀头线速度、搅龙轴转速和覆土圆盘倾角,以播种合格率、膜上覆土厚度为评价指标进行马铃薯播种试验。结合正交试验,应用综合评分法得出了该机具作业时各参数的最优组合:机具前进速度为0.65 m·s~(-1)、旋耕刀组刀头线速度为0.90 m·s~(-1)、搅龙轴转速为950 r·min-1、覆土圆盘倾角为35°。根据该最优组合作业参数进行试验验证,试验结果表明,在此优化试验条件下,作业机播种合格率均值可达92.6%,膜上覆土厚度均值为40.1 mm,符合马铃薯种植机质量评价技术规范要求。  相似文献   

8.
旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米高效用水机制研究   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11  
通过田间试验对半干旱区不同栽培方式下玉米土壤水分分布及水分利用效率的研究,探明了全膜双垄沟播玉米农田高效用水的机制。结果表明:全膜双垄沟播栽培不同位置大垄、垄沟、小垄土壤平均含水量在0~60 cm土层内差异显著(P0.05),且垄沟含水量最高,其次为大垄,小垄最低;播种期0~60 cm土层平均体积含水量全膜双垄沟播与露地平作差异显著(P0.05),升高14.19%,且拔节期以前全膜双垄沟播种植土壤贮水量最高,表明全膜双垄沟播栽培有利于玉米的出苗及前期的生长;全膜双垄沟播栽培较半膜平作增产26.76%,水分利用效率较半膜平作提高14.83%。  相似文献   

9.
设计了旱塘瓜开沟施肥覆膜覆土复式作业机,突破了化肥精量深施、开沟入土部件节能降耗、沟底无损覆膜等技术难题,可实现旱塘瓜田的化肥深施、开沟起垄、沟底覆膜、膜上覆土的机械化复式作业。该机由机架、三点悬挂机构、传动机构、开沟起垄机构,施肥机构、覆膜机构等组成,可完成侧条施肥深度10~15 cm,施肥量2.7~4.1 kg·hm-2精量可调,满足了西北旱塘瓜的化肥深施农艺要求;沟底覆盖的农膜无损伤,且与沟底、沟壁贴合,不仅起到了增温保墒的作用,并有效抑制了杂草生长,使得旱塘瓜全生育期无需施用除草剂;整机功耗＜40 kW。该机具经过田间性能试验验证,当作业地块平整,机具行进速度为匀速0.5 m·s-1左右时,采光面机械破损程度为41.6 mm·m-2,膜边覆土厚度27.3 mm,膜边覆土宽度44.6 mm,膜边覆土厚度合格率96.1%,膜边覆土宽度合格率95.6%,地膜纵向拉伸率92.3%,排肥均匀性变异系数5.6%,开沟深度32.5 cm。试验结果表明相关性能指标均已达到国家标准以及农艺要求,能够实现旱塘瓜开沟施肥覆膜覆土机械化作业,适宜推广应用。  相似文献   

10.
针对目前高寒地油菜播种机普遍存在的重播漏播率高、人工劳动强度大、生长期缺水等问题,研究设计了一种气吸式精量播种机,一次性完成膜上播种、施肥、滴水灌溉、覆膜。分析了播种机主要结构、工作原理,对其关键部件进行结构设计,以排种盘转速、气吸室负压、排种盘型孔直径为试验因素,利用软件优化分析获得合理参数组合。结果表明：播种机排种盘转速197 r·min-1、气吸室负压2.5 kPa、排种盘型孔直径1.2 mm时,田间播种合格率为93%、重播率3%、漏播率1%,播种质量较好。田间试验表明上述参数组合下排种器工作性能满足油菜播种机工作性能要求,该研究为油菜精密播种机的研究和设计提供了理论和技术参数。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

13.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

14.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

15.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

16.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

17.
Solacol®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.  相似文献   

18.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

19.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

20.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

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