共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The present study investigated the effects of dietary trans‐cinnamic acid (TrCin) on growth performance, biochemical composition, fatty acid composition, blood biochemistry, antioxidant status, digestive enzyme and liver antioxidant gene ( EF1α, SOD1, SOD2, CAT, GPX1, GPX4, GR and GST) expression responses of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Five experimental groups of fish with mean weights of 17.49 ± 0.08 g were used in the study; four of them were fed with TrCin‐supplemented diets (0.25 g/kg TrCin25, 0.50 g/kg TrCin50, 0.75 g/kg TrCin75 and 1.50 g/kg TrCin150), whereas an additive‐free basal diet served as the control (Cntr). At the end of the 60‐day feeding trial, the growth performance, biochemical composition and fatty acid composition were similar for all experimental groups. A decrease was observed in intestinal and stomach pH, serum triglyceride and AST, ALT, LDH and ALP levels in fish fed with especially 0.50 g/kg TrCin‐supplemented diet. Moreover, dietary TrCin especially at 0.50 g/kg incorporation level significantly increased the serum SOD and liver SOD2, CAT, GST, GPX1, GPX4 and GR gene expression responses. As a conclusion, feeding rainbow trout for a period of 60 days with a diet containing 0.50 g/kg TrCin might be sufficiently enough to improve the levels of antioxidant enzymes and health status in fish. 相似文献
2.
Light is regarded as an important environmental factor which is involved in the regulation of the various physiological processes of fish. Thereinto, the light spectra and photoperiods have been shown the noticeable influences on the growth performance of fish species. In the present study, two types of growth hormone receptors (Afghr1 and Afghr2) were cloned from tomato clownfish (Amphiprion frenatus) using RACE PCR, and the effects of different photoperiods and light spectra on the growth performance as well as the growth-related gene expression of A. frenatus were investigated. The full-length cDNA sequences of Afghr1 and Afghr2 were 2609 and 2673 bp in length, encoding the proteins of 630 and 571 amino acids, respectively. Both receptors were widely expressed in all the tested tissues, and the highest expression was observed in the liver and pituitary, respectively. Furthermore, the experimental clownfish under constant-light photoperiod (24L:0D) exhibited the significantly higher related somatic growth rate and expression levels of Afghr1, Afghr2, gh, and igf-I as well as the lower feed conversion ratio and plasma melatonin level, compared with other photoperiods (16L:8D, 8L:16D, and 2L:22D). Additionally, red light appeared to markedly improve the growth parameters and the expression of growth-related genes comparing with blue, green, and white lights. In summary, the result of the current study highlights the regulatory effects of light spectra and photoperiods on the growth performance of a coral-reef fish, A. frenatus. The constant-light photoperiod (24L:0D) and red light have been shown the best promotion for the growth of A. frenatus and should be considered as the optimal light conditions for its culture. 相似文献
3.
It is very necessary to clarify the mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism in fish due to their poor ability to utilize carbohydrates. Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are important carriers involved in glucose transport across the plasma membrane, which is the first rate‐limiting step of carbohydrate metabolism. In this study, five glucose transporters ( RcGLUT1, RcGLUT2, RcGLUT3, RcGLUT5 and RcGLUT9) were obtained from Rachycentron canadum. The complete cDNAs open reading frames (ORF) of RcGLUT1, RcGLUT2, RcGLUT3, RcGLUT5 and RcGLUT9 were 1,476 bp, 1,530 bp, 1,551 bp, 1,539 bp and 1,578 bp (GenBank accession no. MK560257 , MK560258 , MH184460 , MH184461 and MH184462 ), encoding 491, 509, 516, 512 and 525 amino acid (aa) residues respectively. All five RcGLUTs contained a Sugar_tr domain, which is an important feature of the GLUT gene family. The multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic relationship analyses showed that RcGLUTs were highly conserved and homologous from fish to mammals. Examination of tissue distribution showed that RcGLUTs were expressed constitutively in R. canadum. RcGLUT1‐5 and RcGLUT9 had the highest expression in the foregut, kidneys, haemocytes, muscles, liver and heart respectively. All six RcGLUTs first increased to peak levels of expression and then reduced both in the liver and muscle after fasting. The exception is that the expression levels of RcGLUT4 and RcGLUT5 in muscle were significantly lower than the control. In response to hypoxia, only RcGLUT2 in the liver and muscle and RcGLUT9 in muscle were expressed at a significantly lower level relative to the control. In sum, all RcGLUTs in the liver and muscles showed significant changes in response to fasting and hypoxia, suggesting that GLUT genes may play a role in the response to common physiological stresses. 相似文献
4.
To understand the detoxification and bioactivation mechanisms for organic contaminants, it is essential to identify the cytochrome P450 (CYP) complement. Therefore, this study aimed to clone a partial cDNA sequence of the novel CYP1D1 gene from the fish Oreochromis niloticus and examine whether intraperitoneal injection of benzo-a-pyrene (BaP), a potent AHR agonist, is capable of inducing CYP1D1 mRNA expression in different tilapia fish tissues. The cloned nucleotide sequence consisted of 713 bp representing a portion of the tilapia CYP1D1 cDNA ORF, encoding 237 amino acids. Amino acid sequence comparison of O. niloticus CYP1D1 with the sequences of CYP1D1 from other species showed that this gene shared the highest identity of 81% with Fundulus heteroclitus CYP1D1. Furthermore, analysis of the percent identities shared by the deduced amino acid sequence of O. niloticus CYP1D1 with the sequences of CYP1 from other species revealed that the highest identities were shared with fish CYP1As. Real-time PCR results revealed that the highest expression level of CYP1D1 mRNA was found in muscles, followed by gills, liver, and intestine, while there was no detectable expression recorded in bile acid. These results indicate that tilapia CYP1D1 plays an important role in the metabolism of xenobiotics, expanding our knowledge regarding the diversity of CYP1 genes in this important model fish species. 相似文献
5.
研究全氟辛烷磺酸类物质(PFOS)暴露对剑尾鱼肝脏Cu/Zn-SOD及相关应激基因表达的影响,探讨筛选导致体内氧化应激反应的敏感生物标志物,并首次克隆和分析剑尾鱼Cu/Zn-SOD的cDNA全序列。实验将剑尾鱼随机分为5组,包括对照组和3.5、7.0、14.0和28.0mg/L等4个PFOS实验暴露组,同时设置平行组。定量测定了24 h、48 h、96 h和14 d肝脏组织中的Cu/Zn-SOD、HSP70-1、HSP70-2和GST mRNA表达水平的变化,成功克隆包含794 bp核苷酸和编码154个氨基酸的剑尾鱼Cu/Zn-SOD的cDNA全序列。通过与其他相关鱼类Cu/Zn-SOD的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列相似性比较发现,核苷酸和氨基酸序列相似性分别达到77%~83%和79%~88%。高浓度PFOS暴露后,剑尾鱼肝脏中与应激相关的各种基因发生不同程度的变化。通过RT-PCR技术检测Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA表达在剂量效应上不显著,Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA表达和SOD活性之间并没有相关性,推断是其他类型的SOD基因在PFOS暴露下发挥更为重要的作用。随着暴露时间的持续延长,Cu/Zn-SOD基因的转录水平变化趋势与SOD活性变化及HSP70-1 mRNA表达相一致,表明HSP70通过提高剑尾鱼体内SOD水平以保护机体免受氧化损伤。HSP70-2 mRNA水平比HSP70-1 mRNA表达更加敏感。HSP70-2变化趋势与Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA表达相关性不强,其相关机制有待进一步研究。G ST mRNA表达呈不断上升趋势,这与Nrf2信号传导途径有关,也可能是机体在应对PFOS进入鱼体后的一种防御措施。剑尾鱼在体实验表明,PFOS能够诱导肝脏氧化应激反应,GST mRNA和HSP70-2 mRNA表达可以作为PFOS暴露的敏感生物标志物。 相似文献
6.
Hypoxia is one of the most significant threats to biodiversity in aquatic systems. The ability of high-latitude fish to tolerate hypoxia with histological and physiological responses is mostly unknown. We address this knowledge gap by investigating the effects of exposures to different oxygen levels using Phoxinus lagowskii (a high-latitude, cold-water fish) as a model. Fish were exposed to different oxygen levels (0.5 mg/L and 3 mg/L) for 24 h. The loss of equilibrium (LOE), an indicator of acute hypoxia tolerance, was 0.21 ± 0.01 mg/L, revealing the ability of fish to tolerate low-oxygen conditions. We sought to determine if, in P. lagowskii, the histology of gills and liver, blood indicators, enzyme activities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and antioxidants changed to relieve stress in response to acute hypoxia. Notably, changes in vigorous jumping behavior under low oxygen revealed the exceptional hypoxia acclimation response compared with other low-latitude fish. A decrease in blood parameters, including RBC, WBC, and Hb, as well as an increase in MCV was observed compared to the controls. The increased total area in lamella and decreased ILCM volume in P. lagowskii gills were detected in the present study. Our results also showed the size of vacuoles in the livers of the hypoxic fish shrunk. Interestingly, an increase in the enzyme activity of lipid metabolism but not glucose metabolism was observed in the groups exposed to hypoxia at 6 h and 24 h. After combining histology and physiology results, our findings provide evidence that lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in enhancing hypoxia acclimation in P. lagowskii. Additionally, SOD activity significantly increased during hypoxia, suggesting the presence of an antioxidant response of P. lagowskii during hypoxia. High expression levels of lipogenesis and lipolysis-related genes were detected in the 6 h 3 mg/L and 24 h 3 mg/L hypoxia group. Enhanced expression of lipid-metabolism genes (ALS4, PGC-1, and FASN) was detected during hypoxia exposure. Together, these data suggest that P. lagowskii’s ability to tolerate hypoxic events is likely mediated by a comprehensive strategy. 相似文献
8.
为了探讨急性氨氮胁迫对黄颡鱼组织中抗氧化酶活性及HSP70和HSP90基因mRNA表达水平的影响,实验随机挑选了360尾黄颡鱼[初体质量(17.25±0.05)g],分别暴露于含有0(对照)、5.70(低浓度组)、28.50(中浓度组)和57.00(高浓度组)mg/L总氨氮浓度的水体中,进行96 h的急性胁迫实验。实验开始后,分别于0、12、24、48和96 h取样。结果显示,氨氮胁迫发生后,低、中浓度组实验鱼肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先升高后降低趋势,而高浓度组则持续降低;低、中、高浓度组实验鱼肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量在胁迫开始后显著升高;3 h时,高浓度组实验鱼肝脏中SOD活性达到最低,而MDA含量最高;24 h后,高浓度组实验鱼肝脏中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著升高;低、中、高浓度组实验鱼肝脏中HSP70基因的mRNA表达量呈先降低后升高趋势,而鳃中HSP70基因表达量持续升高,但脑中HSP70基因在0 h后显著降低;氨氮胁迫3 h时,低、中、高浓度组实验鱼肝脏和脑中HSP70基因表达量显著低于对照组,而在鳃中正好相反;相比HSP70基因,高氨氮浓度组实验鱼肝脏和鳃中HSP90基因的mRNA表达量在24 h时达到最高。研究表明,不同浓度的氨氮胁迫会对黄颡鱼抗氧化酶活性造成不同程度的抑制,原因与丙二醛的积累量有关;相比HSP90基因,黄颡鱼HSP70基因的表达量在氨氮胁迫发生后迅速上调,这种生理调控机制提示HSP70在应对急性氨氮胁迫时发挥着更重要的作用。 相似文献
9.
In this study, we examined whether a single heat stress incident and long-term repeated heat stress could affect behavioral and neural responses in male medaka fish Oryzias latipes. By using the novel tank diving test, we found that 7-day repeated heat stress led to anxiety-like behaviors and suppressed locomotor activity, whereas fluoxetine treatment during repeated heat stress led to anxiolytic behaviors. Furthermore, a single heat stress incident increased hyper-locomotor activity. A single heat stress incident decreased mRNA expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2), a rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis, while a single heat stress increased mRNA expression of tyrosine hydroxylase 1 (th1) and tyrosine hydroxylase 2 (th2), catalyzing dopamine biosynthesis in the brain. Plasma cortisol concentration increased after a single stress, repeated stress, and fluoxetine treatment during repeated stress. These results suggest that medaka fish are a good model for assessing anxiety-like behavior induced by long-term repeated stress. Moreover, th1, th2, and tph2 in the brain would be key factors in the exploration of the central regulation of behavioral responses to a single and repeated stress in fish. 相似文献
10.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary taurine supplementation on growth performance, activities of digestive enzymes, antioxidant status and the target of rapamycin (TOR) gene expression in black carp (initial body weight 5.94 ± 0.02 g) fed with low fish meal diet. Six isonitrogen and isolipidic diets were formulated. High fish meal–based diet (HFM) contained 20% fish meal and 24% soybean meal as a positive control. Fifty per cent of fish meal in HFM was replaced by soybean meal and were supplemented with 0, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% dietary taurine respectively (designated as T 0.00 (a negative control), T 0.05, T 0.1, T 0.2 and T 0.4). The results showed that the partial replacement of fish meal by soybean meal without taurine supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in weight gain (WG), activities of amylase and lipase in intestine, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐px) in serum, with a significant increase in feed conversion rate (FCR), the content of malonaldehyde (MDA), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in serum. WG in groups supplemented with equal or above to 0.1% dietary taurine was significantly higher compared with T 0 group. With increasing levels of dietary taurine, the activities of amylase, lipase, GSH‐px and SOD and glutataione (GSH) content significantly increased ( p < 0.05). FCR, the content of MDA, TG and TC in serum and crude lipid content in whole body were significantly reduced after taurine treatment ( p < 0.05). In liver, TOR mRNA expression in groups with equal or above to 0.1% taurine was significantly higher than T 0 group ( p < 0.05). 相似文献
11.
Ammonia is the most common contaminants found in aquaculture water that seriously endangers fish health. However, there are few studies on the strategy and mechanism on alleviating ammonia toxicity in fish. The current study aimed to observe the cytotoxic effects of ammonia and the protective effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on head kidney macrophage of yellow catfish from the perspective of inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. The cells were randomized into normal control, ammonia group (0.23 mg L ?1), CGA group (125 µmol L ?1), CGA (5, 25, 125 µmol L ?1) + ammonia (0.23 mg L ?1) groups. Cells were pretreated with CGA for 1 h followed by ammonia for 24 h. Findings suggested that ammonia treatment reduced cell viability, increased ROS production, up-regulated antioxidant ( SOD, GPx) and pro-inflammatory ( TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, COX-2, NF-κB p65) genes expression, down-regulated the mRNA levels of M2-type macrophage marker ( Arg-1) and anti-apoptosis ( Bcl-2), and CGA attenuated the toxic effects of ammonia. The findings may provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of ammonia toxicity and suggest that CGA can be used as a potential natural supplement to alleviate ammonia toxicity in fish. 相似文献
12.
为进一步研究大口黑鲈(Micropterussalmoides)糖稳态调控特性,本研究克隆了糖稳态调控基因gp1、gp2、pepck1、pepck2、hk、pfk和g6p,分别编码878、842、635、624、918、780和338个氨基酸序列,并进行了进化树、空间分布和禁食对其基因表达影响的分析。多序列比对和进化树分析显示,这些基因与其他脊椎动物的同源序列具有较高相似性。组织表达分析结果显示这些基因主要集中分布于肝脏和肌肉,但呈现出组织表达差异性。其中,gp1在肌肉表达量最高,肝脏次之,在脾脏表达量最低。gp2在肌肉中的mRNA水平也最高,在心脏、肝脏表达也较为丰富。pepck1主要分布在肝脏和肠,在脑、脾脏、肾脏和脂肪中分布较少。pepck2在肝脏和脑中高表达,而在脾脏和鳃中表达量最低。对于hk,其在肝脏、肌肉和心脏的mRNA水平显著高于其余组织。肝脏中g6p的表达也显著高于其余组织。除此之外,其在肌肉、肠和脂肪中分布也较为丰富。pfk的mRNA水平在肝脏和心脏最高,其次是肠和鳃。对实验大口黑鲈禁食后发现,肝脏gp2、pepck2和g6p的表达从禁食第6小时开始上调并持续到24h... 相似文献
13.
Low salinity is one of important environmental factors which often led to mass mortality of the noble scallop Chlamys nobilis cultivated in the South coast of China. It is well known that enzymic system and non‐enzymic system both play crucial roles in all living organisms against severe environments. To investigate how change about enzymic system and non‐enzymic system in the stenohaline marine bivalve under low salinity stress, an acute challenge lasting 48 hr was conducted using golden and brown noble scallops in the present study. The serine proteinase inhibitor from the noble scallop (CnSPI) was first cloned and expressed in different tissues. After low salinity stress, the gene expression levels were determined in haemocytes and compared between golden and brown scallops. Meanwhile, total carotenoids content (TCC) in adductor, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymatic activity and methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) content in gill and haemocytes were also determined and compared between the two colours scallops. Results showed that the CnSPI gene expression levels were significantly decreased after low salinity stress, and the golden scallops had higher gene expression levels than brown scallops ( p < .05) at most times. Moreover, after low salinity stress, TCC, SOD enzymatic activity and MDA content also fluctuated, and the golden scallops contained higher TCC and SOD, but lower MDA than the brown ones. The present results indicated that enzymic system and non‐enzymic system were both changed under low salinity stress in the noble scallop and significantly different responses to the stress existed between golden and brown individuals. The SPI gene and carotenoids (CAR) both play a resistant role to low salinity stress in the noble scallop. 相似文献
14.
O‐GlcNAc transferase gene (OGT) was considered as the sole rate‐limiting enzyme in the O‐GlcNAc modification. In the present study, the OGT gene of hybrid grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂) was cloned and characterized, and its expression in response to dietary carbohydrate level and acute glucose treatment was investigated. The full‐length of OGT (GenBank accession no. KY656469 ) was 4,063 bp, including a 302 bp 5′untranslated terminal region (UTR), a 3,165 bp coding region that encoded 1,054 amino acids residues and a 596 bp 3′ UTR. The highly conservation of OGT gene between fish and mammals was also observed through multiple sequences alignment and phylogenetic analysis. O‐GlcNAc transferase gene was ubiquitously expressed in all detected tissues with highest expressions in brain and liver, to a lesser degree, in eye, heart, kidney and intestine. The increasing dietary carbohydrate from 8.02% to 16.08% had no significant effect on the mRNA expression of OGT. However, the expression of OGT was slightly elevated at 6 hr post‐glucose injection, and the elevation became significant at 24 hr time‐point. These data may enhance our understanding on the nutritional regulation of OGT and O‐GlcNAc modification in fish species. 相似文献
16.
β ‐catenin gene is a pivotal gene for gonad development and maintenance of ovarian function in mammals. However, little is known about its expression and function in gonad development of fish. In this study, a complete cDNA (3342 bp) sequence of β ‐catenin 1 was cloned from the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, by RACE PCR, which encodes a 780‐amino‐acid protein. Quantitative real‐time PCR demonstrated that β ‐catenin 1 mRNA expressions were high in the testis and ovary tissue and the expression increased as the testes developed and the early stage ovaries developed. Western blot results revealed a single immunoreactive band with an estimated molecular weight of 90 kDa in testes. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that the β ‐catenin 1 protein was concentrated mainly in the cytoplasm of early development stage of oocyte cells and in the cytomembrane of developing and mature sperm cells. 17β‐Ethinylestradiol injecting intraperitoneally into the fish decreased the relative β ‐catenin 1 mRNA expression level except 1 μg/g 72 hr and 5 μg/g 48 hr of treatments in the ovary by real‐time PCR. These results suggest, for the first time, that β ‐catenin 1 is an essential protein in gonad development and might be involved in ovarian early development of C. carpio. 相似文献
18.
The main purpose of this study is to discuss the effect of Cd +2, Cr +3 and Se metals on biochemical parameters in liver tissue of Oncorhynchus mykiss. The rainbow trout were exposed to heavy metal stress (Cd +2, Cr +3) at 2 ppm dosage. The present study was undertaken to determine the protective effect of selenium treatment at the same dosage
(2 ppm) on some biochemical parameters. The activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and the changes in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) from biochemical parameters were determined in liver tissue of the
fish groups exposed to heavy metals, especially for the selenium-applied groups. Results of this study showed that the activities
of CAT, GSH-Px and SOD in the tissues of fish exposed to the stress of Cd +2 and Cr +3 were significantly lower than the control groups ( P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the closer values to the control groups were obtained in selenium-added groups (Cr +3 + Se +4, Cd +2 + Se +4). For the level of MDA, the last production of lipid peroxidation showed increases ( P < 0.05) in the groups exposed to the metal stress, whereas significant decreases were obtained in selenium-applied groups.
The result of the statistical evaluation showed that the negative effects occurring in the biochemical parameters of the applied
groups exposed to the toxicity of heavy metal were significantly eliminated ( P < 0.05) as a result of selenium treatment. 相似文献
19.
Mass mortality has occurred among cultured Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, on fish farms in Manzala, Dakahlia province, Egypt, in the summer season, 2019. Moribund fish were reported with deep ulcers, septicaemic lesions and sampled for bacterial isolation. In this study, most isolates were subjected to bacteriological examination, antibiotic sensitivity test, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and histopathological examination. Following isolate identification, intraperitoneal challenge of Nile tilapia with a bacterial suspension 2 × 10 6 CFU/ml was performed. Samples from liver, spleen and kidney were collected for histological and biochemical analysis. The results showed a high similarity (99%) to Photobacterium damselae strains using phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA. P. damselae exhibited resistance to amoxicillin and erythromycin, as well it was highly sensitive to chloramphenicol and doxycycline. Moreover, haemorrhage, oedema, hemosiderosis and melanomacrophage activation in the liver and head kidney of infected fish were detected by light and electron microscopy. Also, significant higher levels of CAT and SOD in the spleen and head kidney, as well as the serum levels of NO were observed in experimentally challenged O. niloticus, compared to the control fish. Our data identified P. damselae for the first time from infected Nile tilapia, describing its sensitivity to a variety of antibiotics, histopathological alterations and oxidative stress impact, and it could be useful indicators for understanding P. damselae pathogenesis, which might provide a preventive efficacy for P. damselae. 相似文献
20.
The complement component 9 (C9) plays a significant role in the formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) on the targeted cell surface. The current study is dealt with molecular characterization of C9 gene from rohu, Labeo rohita, an important cultured carp species in India. An open reading frame (ORF) of 1998 bp was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that encodes a polypeptide of 666 amino acids having a signal peptide of 19 amino acids and a mature peptide of 647 amino acids. The SMART domain architecture analysis revealed two thrombospondin type‐1 domains (TSP1), a low‐density lipoprotein receptor domain class A (LDLa), a membrane attack complex and perforin (MACPF) domain, and an epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐like domain. Multiple sequence alignment and evolutionary analysis revealed a primitive C9 sequence of rohu with maximum similarity and clustering with common carp, grass carp and zebrafish. C9 was highly expressed in liver and constitutively expressed in wide array of tissues except in eye of rohu juveniles. It was expressed during early developmental days of rohu including in milt. A variable level of up‐regulation in C9 expression was noticed upon poly I:C induction, Aeromonas hydrophila and Argulus siamensis infections in liver, spleen and gill tissues of rohu at different time points. A constitutive expression of C9 in different stages of rohu during the ontogeny and in response to pathogen exposures along with high degree of sequence homology with other fish species proved it as an important primitive immune molecule of the complement system lytic pathway. 相似文献
|
下载免费PDF全文