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采用输出系数法、通用土壤流失方程估算法、径流试验场法和相关关系法4种方法对密云土门西沟小流域非点源氮污染负荷进行估算。结果表明：输出系数法中的Johnes模型和考虑降雨影响的输出系数模型计算值相对误差比较大,考虑流域损失的输出系数模型计算结果与实测结果相对误差仅为5%;输出系数方法适用于资料比较缺乏的地区,输出系数的确定是提高估算精度的关键。对流域非点源污染发生类型区和类型单元进行详细划分,并将对各类型采用径流试验场法的监测结果推算到小流域就能减小估算相对误差;采用径流试验场法推算密云土门西沟小流域非点源氮污染负荷相对误差仅为8%;相关关系法通过建立降雨和污染负荷的关系,其估算值相对误差达到4%,此方法需要长期的降雨-水质监测数据;通用土壤流失方程估算法主要估算流域土壤侵蚀量,没有考虑径流对污染物输移过程中的沉积、起动和交换等问题,估算值会偏大。 相似文献
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三峡库区典型小流域非点源氮磷污染的来源与负荷 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
选择三峡库区典型小流域——忠县石宝镇石盘丘小流域,通过对其2007—2009年主要土地利用类型降雨径流中氮磷流失形态与含量进行连续监测,研究三峡库区非点源氮磷污染的来源与负荷。结果表明,三峡库区非点源氮磷污染的来源主要是居民点、柑橘果园和坡耕地,三者累计贡献了76%以上的小流域氮磷污染负荷,因此非点源污染控制的关键是拦截居民点、柑橘果园和坡耕地的暴雨径流。水稻田作为三峡库区主要的农耕地,对径流、泥沙和养分具有显著的截留和净化作用,对来自居民点的氮磷去除效率都在56%~98%之间,因此水稻田合理管理与化肥高效利用是三峡库区非点源污染负荷减控的重要途径。 相似文献
3.
采用AGNPS模型预测小流域磷素流失的分析 总被引：19，自引：2，他引：17
AGNPS模型是美国研制的、专用于模拟小流域土壤侵蚀、养分流失和预测评价农业非点源污染状况的计算机模型。为了评价该模型在我国南方丘陵区小流域应用的可行性,利用排溪冲小流域地形、植被、土壤等相关资料对AGNPS模型的磷素流失预测结果与小流域土壤磷素流失的实际周年观测资料进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,预测结果与实际观测结果基本相符,相关程度较高。认为该模型可用于南方丘陵区小流域磷素流失的预测与评价 相似文献
4.
GIS支持下三峡库区典型小流域土壤养分流失量预测 总被引：33，自引：9，他引：33
土壤养分流失是农田非点源污染的主要形式。以长江三峡库区典型小流域为研究区域 ,根据土壤养分流失规律与土壤侵蚀量预测结果 ,以及表土中养分含量 ,像元土壤侵蚀量和泥沙对养分的富集比 ,建立了可与 GIS结合的侵蚀泥沙携带养分量预测模式。运算结果显示 ,小流域有机质、氮、磷、钾流失总量分别为 5 0 9.8,47.1,14.6 ,1137.4t,平均 30 .5 ,2 .8,0 .9,6 8.1t/ km2。根据正常施肥水平及有机质累积率草拟的土壤养分流失分级标准来判断 ,三峡库区小流域养分流失量 ,以严重流失占的比例较大。 相似文献
5.
基于SWAT模型的小流域非点源氮磷迁移规律研究 总被引：11，自引：6，他引：5
非点源污染是影响农业水土环境的重要因素。在GIS平台的支持下,运用SWAT模型,以长江下游岔河小流域为研究对象,分析了氮磷流失时空分布规律,并模拟不同灌溉方式下非点源氮磷流失变化。结果表明:率定后的模型适用于小流域非点源污染的模拟;降雨量与径流及有机氮磷流失具有明显的相关关系,汛期(6-9月)的径流量占全年径流量的56.40%,有机氮磷流失量分别占到64.89%和59.70%;在空间尺度上,有机氮与有机磷负荷空间分布相似,呈现出随地表径流向岔河主河道逐渐汇聚的分布特征,大豆和水稻田是非点源污染的主要贡献地区;通过情景模拟发现,不同灌溉方式对小流域氮磷流失影响显著,对水稻田实行优化灌溉,采取浅灌高蓄的控制方法,可以有效改善小流域农业水土环境。 相似文献
6.
丹江口库区典型小流域农业非点源污染物输出特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
非点源污染是影响水源地水质的重要原因。研究以丹江口库区五龙池小流域为研究区,基于2014年相关数据,利用输出系数模型,借助地理信息技术,对该小流域农业非点源污染进行模拟,分析流域非点源污染的空间分布特征,解析其主要污染源,以深入理解丹江口水源地农业小流域的非点源输出特征。研究表明,2014年流域内农业非点源总氮污染负荷为5.674 t,流域内平均负荷强度为2.96 t km-2;农业非点源总氮负荷总量主要分布在耕地和居民地,农业用地是主要污染源,贡献率为47.9;人畜粪便农业非点源总氮负荷强度为39.2 t km-2,是流域平均负荷强度的13倍;缓坡区具有较高的非点源输出风险;改变粗放的农业管理模式,合理处理畜禽排泄物和农村生活污水是流域非点源治理的有效措施。 相似文献
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“源－汇”景观格局反映了流域土地利用配置与空间要素分布，导控流域能源流动与水沙过程，是影响小流域养分流失的重要因素。为探明景观格局对不同降雨类型下，农业小流域溶解态养分输移的影响，以三峡库区石盘丘小流域的传统农业型集水区与农林复合型集水区为研究对象，监测不同强度侵蚀性次降雨事件中，两个集水区出口断面处径流溶解态氮、磷浓度，利用航测数据结合最小累计阻力模型识别“源－汇”景观空间格局，引用景观空间负荷对比指数（Location-Weighted Landscape Index，LWLI）进一步分析小流域溶解态养分输移对“源—汇”景观格局的响应机制。结果表明：(1) 传统农业型集水区内，“源”“汇”景观面积比为1.8:1，以“源”景观为主，景观垂直分异性明显；农林复合型集水区内“源”“汇”景观比例约1:1，且均衡分布，但高陡坡区域占比高、平均坡度大。(2)两种类型集水区内，溶解态氮、磷流失负荷均表现为暴雨>中雨>大雨，而不同降雨事件中，传统农业型集水区养分输出负荷及其变异系数均高于农林复合型集水区，养分输移波动性强，更易受到降雨强度变化的影响。(3)农业用地在两种集水区内均是主要的养分流失来源，但受坡度限制，其他林地可能是农林复合集水区中重要的养分迁出区域；传统农业型集水区的LWLI高达0.75，表征了该集水区的高氮、磷流失风险；农林复合型集水区LWLI为0.28，养分输出量低，这是合理的景观空间格局与农林复合经营模式共同作用的结果。“源－汇”景观格局对小流域养分流失影响显著，可通过“源—汇”景观空间负荷对比指数对小流域养分流失风险进行判别，并为“源—汇”景观格局优化及小流域面源污染防控提供依据。 相似文献
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AGNPS模型及其应用 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
AGNPS模型是美国研发的用于模拟小流域土壤侵蚀、养分流失和预测评价农业非点源污染状况的计算机模型。介绍了AGNPS模型的结构、输入输出变量、适用范围，概述了AGNPS模型在美国、欧洲、澳洲和我国南方地区的应用结果。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献