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1.
播期对不同品种类型机插稻生长特性的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
为了探讨河南省稻-麦两熟区播期对不同品种类型机插稻生长特性的影响,在豫南稻区罗山,以生产上主推的常规中熟中粳、常规和杂交迟熟中粳、常规早熟晚粳和迟熟中籼5个类型品种为材料,通过分期播种试验,对不同品种类型毯苗机插水稻的产量及其构成因素、茎蘖数、干物质量及群体生长率等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明：1）在试验设置的播期范围内,不同品种机插稻平均产量在播期间和品种类型间差异达极显著（P<0.01）,即随着播期的推迟呈极显著下降（P<0.01）,第Ⅰ播期（5月11日,10.60 t/hm2）较第Ⅱ（5月16日）－Ⅵ（6月5日）播期分别增产2.15%～28.81%;杂交迟熟中粳产量（10.44 t/hm2）极显著高于其他4种品种类型（P<0.01）,较其他类型品种分别增产9.20%～17.53%。同一品种类型,除了中熟中粳的产量在第Ⅱ播期（5月16日）最高,随后呈显著递减趋势外,其他4种类型品种机插稻的产量均是随着播期的推迟呈极显著下降趋势（P<0.01）,但品种类型间下降幅度不同。2）在产量构成因素中,除结实率在年份间差异不显著、在播期间和品种类型间差异极显著外,其他产量构成因素在年份间、播期间和品种类型间差异均达极显著（P<0.01）。同一类型品种,除中熟中粳的结实率随播期推迟呈先略升后明显下降趋势外,其他类型品种的穗数、每穗颖花数、总颖花量、结实率和千粒质量等产量构成因素均是随播期的推迟呈显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）下降趋势;在播期影响下,每穗颖花数和结实率的变化较大,穗数和千粒质量的变化较小;且对产量影响大小为每穗颖花数＞结实率＞穗数＞千粒质量;相关分析表明,产量与每穗粒数、总颖花量和结实率呈显著或极显著正相关,与穗数和千粒质量呈负相关;总颖花量与每穗粒数呈极显著正相关,与穗数呈负相关。进一步通径分析表明,对产量的贡献率最大的是群体颖花量,最小的是千粒质量,对群体颖花量的贡献率较大的是每穗颖花数,较小的是穗数。3）随着播期的推迟,不同品种类型水稻的茎蘖数在拔节期呈明显的递增趋势,在抽穗期和成熟期呈明显的下降趋势;单茎和群体干物质量、群体生长率在主要生育时期均呈逐渐下降趋势;成穗率和收获指数均呈逐渐下降趋势;但品种类型间和播期间下降幅度不同。综合机插稻高产及生育安全性考虑,豫南稻区首选杂交迟熟中粳"穗大粒多"型品种,适宜播期可推迟到5月25日。该研究结果为河南省豫南稻区机插水稻高产高效生产及配套品种的科学选用提供参考。 相似文献
2.
The physicochemical properties and ultrastructures of japonica vs indica rice varieties and waxy vs nonwaxy rice varieties were compared. The viscogram values of the indica varieties were significantly higher than those of the japonica varieties. The gelatinization temperatures, breakdown, and setback were significantly lower for waxy than for nonwaxy rice varieties. Japonica rice exhibited lower hardness but higher adhesiveness than indica rice. The air space between individual starch granules was larger for waxy than for nonwaxy rice. The starch granules were compact in japonica rice, while the compound starch granules of indica rice were much smaller than those of japonica rice and were scattered widely in the endosperm. The protein bodies in japonica rice were concentrated near the cell wall, whereas those in indica rice were scattered around amyloplasts. These results suggest that the ultrastructure of rice affects the texture of the cooked product. 相似文献
3.
铝毒是酸性土壤中限制植物生长的主要因子之一,探讨植物耐铝特性与机理对提高酸性土壤植物生产力具有重要意义。通过一系列生理和分子生物学试验,主要探究了Nipponbare和Kasalath两个水稻品种的铝耐性差异。结果发现,与Kasalath相比,Nipponbare在铝胁迫下不仅拥有较长的根伸长,且根尖铝含量较少,表明Nipponbare是水稻铝耐性品种,而Kasalath为铝敏感品种。进一步研究发现,水稻根尖控制铝吸收的NRAT1基因在Kasalath中表达量更高,表明,NRAT1基因的高表达量可能是导致铝敏感品种Kasalath根尖铝含量较高的主要原因。此外,铝胁迫下,Nipponbare根系柠檬酸的分泌量显著高于Kasalath。而且,水稻中控制柠檬酸分泌的OsFRDL4基因在铝耐性品种Nipponbare中的表达量显著高于Kasalath,由此证明,柠檬酸在这两个品种水稻耐铝途径中可能起着重要的作用,并且,该品种水稻可以通过调控OsFRDL4基因的表达量来控制柠檬酸的分泌量。本研究中还分析了其他4个与铝胁迫相关的基因,但并未发现明显的相关性,值得进一步的探究。 相似文献
4.
Fourteen varieties of rice from Taiwan, including five Indica, five Japonica, and four waxy cultivars, were used in this study for the examination of fine structure and physicochemical properties of amylopectin. The results indicated that the amylopectin of Indica rice had lower molecular weight, lower average degree of polymerization (DP), and lower average chain number when compared to Japonica and waxy varieties. The shortest average DP was 6 glucose units for all 14 rice varieties. The average chain lengths (CL) of amylopectin were 18–22, 15–18, and 17–20 for Indica, Japonica, and waxy rice, respectively. Indica varieties with high amylose content had amylopectin that comprised a few extra long chains (DP >100). The CL distribution profiles of amylopectins for these 14 varieties could be divided into two factions: CL 10–15 and CL 40–44. Amylopectin of the Indica rice had a relatively high blue value and λmax, implying that a high proportion existed as long branches. The amylopectin of three Indica varieties with lower DP exhibited higher intrinsic viscosity, which might be attributed to the more elongated rod conformation of the few extra long chain amylopectins. The proportion of short chains with DP 6–9 glucose units seemed to influence the rate of the retrogradation of amylopectins. 相似文献
5.
通过4个水稻品种在大田生产条件下的试验,研究分析了水稻植株Cd积累和分布的特点。结果表明,水稻的根系是吸收Cd的主要器官,也是Cd的主要储存场所,无论在水稻分蘖期还是成熟期都很明显;在水稻成熟期,籽粒（糙米）中Cd的含量显著地低于其他器官,水稻植株器官中Cd的分布情况大致为：根〉鞘＞叶＞茎＞糙米,但随着品种的不同而有所变化;根据4个水稻品种在成熟期的植株Cd积累量的分析,9311是植株高累积Cd的水稻品种,Jia－48和Jia－51的糙米中Cd的积累很低;水稻品种间对于Cd的吸收和累积能力有显著的差异,但水稻类型间（粳稻与籼稻间）Cd含量没有显著差异,因此不能按照水稻类型来选育糙米中低Cd积累品种,应针对品种选育出糙米中低Cd积累的高产优质水稻品种。 相似文献
6.
Tomoko Sasaki Fumiyo Hayakawa Yasuhiro Suzuki Keitaro Suzuki Kazuyuki Okamoto Kaoru Kohyama 《Cereal Chemistry》2013,90(2):101-106
The textural properties of cooked waxy rice cakes made from four waxy rice varieties including the unique varieties Kantomochi 172 (K172) and BC3 with the property of rapid hardening were analyzed by instrumental and sensory methods. For the instrumental analysis, a compression test, adhesiveness test, and tensile test were conducted. The waxy rice cakes made from K172 and BC3 showed significantly higher compressive force and resistance to break under tensile load. Significant difference in amylopectin chain‐length distribution was observed between each variety, and this difference strongly reflected the hardness of waxy rice cakes. The peak area ratio of amylopectin branch chains with 6–12 degrees of polymerization negatively correlated with the compressive force required for 50 and 80% strain. Sensory evaluation showed that the waxy rice cakes made from these varieties had a significantly harder, less stretchable, less smooth surface, whereas the scores for adhesiveness and ease to cut off (hagire) were preferable to those for other rice varieties. 相似文献
7.
不同类型水稻种质氮素营养效率的变异分析 总被引：17，自引：2，他引：17
采用田间试验,在常规氮素管理下,以氮素吸收效率(NAE)、利用效率(NUE)和收获指数(NHI)为衡量指标,分析了国内外607份不同类型水稻种质氮素营养效率的变异状况。结果表明,水稻NAE、NUE和NHI存在显著的基因型差异,以NHI为最大和NAE为最小。不同类型水稻间的NAE、NUE和NHI未达显著差异,但籼型杂交稻NAE、NUE和NHI的变异小于常规籼稻和常规粳稻。相关分析表明,水稻NAE与NUE、NHI呈极显著负相关,NUE与NHI间无显著相关;水稻NUE和NHI与单株产量存在极显著的正相关,NAE与单株产量无显著相关。频数分析可知,常规籼稻NAE、NUE及NHI和籼型杂交稻NUE的种质频数分布呈典型正态曲线,低、高效种质较少,中效种质众多;常规粳稻NAE、NUE和NHI种质的频数分布呈近似正态分布,略偏向低效;籼型杂交稻NAE的种质频数分布离散程度较高和高效种质较多,NHI的种质频数分布呈近似正态分布和略偏低效。籼型杂交稻的NAE、NUE和NHI差异小而分布较集中,常规粳稻最分散,常规籼稻居中。不同类型水稻的氮素营养效率的极差很大,可分为若干组,各组间差异显著。 相似文献
8.
播量无级调节水稻精量排种装置设计与试验 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
为提高现有组合型孔式排种器对不同品种的播量适应性,满足不同地区、不同品种的播种量要求。该文在此排种器的基础上进行优化设计和试验研究。以瓢形形状可变容积型孔的排种轮结构为主体,对型孔的形状、最大截面、深度和体积进行数学模型计算,确定在最小、中间、最大合成型孔位置的长轴尺寸分别为9.2、12.4和15.6 mm,截面积范围为71.31～154.58 mm~2,型孔容积大小调节范围为271.91～485.79 mm~3;在排种轮内部安装步进电机和控制电路,通过蓝牙控制每穴播量在3～10粒之间无级调节。选用常规粳稻秀水134、杂交粳稻花优14、常规籼稻黄华占和杂交籼稻晶两优1212四种具有代表性的直播稻品种,对无级调节型孔进行三因素四水平试验,试验结果表明:粳稻每穴粒数调节范围为5～10粒,籼稻每穴粒数调节范围为3～8粒,当型孔容积调节变化时,每穴排种粒数变化趋势明显,从而能达到播量无级调节的效果,满足不同品种每穴播种量3～10粒的设计目标;分析结果表明:水稻品种、型孔容积和排种轮转速3个因素对播量影响主次为型孔容积、水稻品种、排种轮转速。该文设计的播量无级调节水稻精量排种装置实现了不同水稻品种的播量无级调节作业,调节范围大,适应性较好,无级调节简便快速,具有较好的实际实用价值。 相似文献
9.
硅(Si)可以改善磷(P)的营养,但是其内在机制尚不明确。本研究以4个籼稻和3个粳稻品种为研究对象,通过水培试验探究硅对不同水稻品种磷积累的影响。在营养液中添加硅显著降低了籼稻和粳稻品种的地上部磷含量,但几乎不影响根部磷含量。加硅处理不影响所有供试水稻品种的磷吸收及磷从根系向地上部的转移,但提高了磷的利用效率,增加了植株P/Mn和P/Zn比率。磷转运蛋白(PT)基因表达分析表明,在粳稻品种中只有OsPT6被硅下调,而OsPT6在籼稻品种中没有显著性变化;其他PT基因的表达不受硅的影响。由此,硅对不同水稻品种的磷积累有不同的影响,磷利用率的提高可能归因于较高的P/Mn和P/Zn比率,从而导致植物中较高的有效磷。 相似文献
10.
In the interest of promoting the consumption of whole grains, the chemical constituents (moisture, protein, ash, and fat) and biofunctional components (dietary fiber and γ‐oryzanol) were determined in six varieties of brown rice (five japonica and one indica) that are preferred in the form of polished rice by consumers in Taiwan. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in the chemical compositions of the samples for all the measured parameters. The Koshihikari variety had the highest contents of protein and crude ash. Crop year showed significant effects on the moisture content and partly on the protein, ash, and fat contents. The total dietary fiber content of the tested rice ranged between 5.1 and 10.0%, with Kaohsiung 145 having the highest content (P < 0.05). In all varieties, the content of insoluble dietary fiber was greater than that of soluble dietary fiber. The content (mg/100 g) of γ‐oryzanol ranged from 17.9 to 29.2 for the 2009 crop and from 24.5 to 41.3 for the 2010 crop. It showed that γ‐oryzanol was affected by crop year and variety. The japonica types had significantly higher γ‐oryzanol content (P < 0.05) than the indica type. Taikeng 9 and Tainan 11 had greater γ‐oryzanol content than the other rice varieties. 相似文献
11.
铝毒和磷缺乏是酸性土壤上作物生产的主要限制因子。本研究中我们探究了5个粳稻和5个籼稻品种的磷利用效率和耐铝性之间的相互关系。结果表明,粳稻品种的耐铝性显著高于籼稻品种。对于耐铝性强的水稻品种,施加磷肥后地上部生物量显著增加,而铝敏感的品种对磷肥响应较小,这可能是由于其耐铝性差而酸性土壤中的铝毒导致根系结构和功能受损,从而影响养分的吸收和利用。不同水稻品种的耐铝性和磷吸收效率呈正比而与磷利用效率呈反比,且粳稻的地上部磷浓度及磷吸收效率高于籼稻,但磷利用效率则低于籼稻。这些结果对于酸性土壤中筛选耐铝和磷高效利用的水稻品种具有重要意义。 相似文献
12.
Waxy rice starches from three japonica cultivars (Taichung Waxy 1 [TCW1], Taichung Waxy 70 [TCW70], Tachimemochi) and one indica cultivar (Tainung Sen Waxy 2 [TNSW2]) were characterized for chemical and physicochemical properties. The amylopectin structures were different for the four waxy rice starches in terms of degree of polymerization (DP), average chain length (CL), exterior chain lengths (ECL), and distribution of chains, indicating the existence of varietal differences. The order of swelling power was TCW1 > TCW70 > TNSW2 > Tachimemochi; the order of water solubility index was TCW70 > TNSW2 > Tachimemochi > TCW1. The low water solubility index of TCW1 might be ascribed to a high DP. All starches shared similar gelatinization temperatures and enthalpies but showed distinct retrogradation patterns. TNSW2 showed the highest retrogradation rate, followed by TCW2, Tachimemochi, and TCW70. TCW70 exhibited the highest overall pasting viscosity, followed by TNSW2, TCW1, and Tachimemochi. The hardness of waxy rice starch pastes from a Brabender amyloviscograph increased rapidly after storage at 5°C for one day and remained the same or slightly increased after seven days of storage, whereas the opposite trend was observed for adhesiveness. The lower degree of retrogradation of TCW70 was probably a result of a larger amount of A chain and a shorter ECL. The changes in hardness correlated with the amount of A and B1 chains. The texture attributes of waxy rice starch pastes were significantly affected by amylopectin retrogradation during storage. 相似文献
13.
Md. Taiabur Rahman Kazunobu Kawamura Hiroyuki Koyama Tetsuo Hara 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):423-431
Effects of Al (0–100 μM) and Si (0–2,000 μM) supplied singly or in combination on root growth of different rice varieties were examined under hydroponic conditions. Al addition inhibited root elongation of rice plants, and the inhibition increased with increasing amount of Al in the culture solution. Among 22 indica varieties and among 8 japonica varieties tested, IAC3 and Nakateshinsenbon were relatively tolerant to AI, respectively, whereas IR45 and Norinl were relatively sensitive to AI, respectively. Si exerted a beneficial effect at all levels of Si treatment on indica varieties, whereas Si supply resulted in a slight increase in the root dry weight of japonica varieties only at the highest level (2,000 μM Silo The alleviation of Al inhibition of rice root growth by Si was observed in the combination of Al and Si treatments. Alleviation was more pronounced for all the Si treatments in indica varieties than in japonica varieties, and the alleviation was maximum with 2,000 μM Si in IR45. The alleviation effect by Si was more pronounced in the AI-sensitive varieties than in the AI-tolerant varieties. The application of Si resulted in an increase in the contents of Al and Si in plants, and there was no relationship between the Al content and Al inhibition in plants. 相似文献
14.
在溶液培养条件下研究了不同介质pH和氮形态对5种不同的水稻(Oryza.sativa.L.)基因型(常规籼稻、杂交籼稻、常规粳稻、杂交粳稻和旱稻)根部通气组织形成的影响。结果表明,不同形态的氮与不同介质pH对水稻根通气组织形成的影响存在基因型差异。以NH4+-N为单一氮源时,低pH(pH.4.5)更有利于籼稻根的通气组织形成,而粳稻和旱稻根通气组织的形成受介质pH的影响不明显。以NO3--N为单一氮源时,近中性条件(pH.6.5)更有利于粳稻和旱稻根的通气组织形成,介质pH对籼稻根通气组织形成的影响未显示出明显差异。低pH条件下且以NH4+-N为单一N源时,稻根皮层处更易形成通气组织,可能是植物为了减轻低pH条件下铵毒害而产生的一种适应性机制。 相似文献
15.
Starches from six wild rice cultivars were studied for their chemical structures and physicochemical properties and compared with a long-grain rice starch. The six wild rice starches were similar in morphological appearance, X-ray diffraction patterns, swelling power, and water solubility index but different in amylose content, beta-amylolysis limit, branch chain length distribution, thermal properties, and pasting properties. The structure of the wild rice amylopectins was close to that of waxy rice amylopectin with more branching and a larger proportion of short branch chains of degree of polymerization 6-12 as compared with that of amylopectin from rice starch with a similar amylose content. The differences in branch chain length distribution of amylopectin and amylose content were assumed to contribute to the differences in physicochemical properties among the six wild rice starches as well as to the differences between the wild rice starches and the rice starch. 相似文献
16.
Benmoussa M Moldenhauer KA Hamaker BR 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(4):1475-1479
The possibility to identify or develop new rice cultivars with low glycemic response was investigated. Twelve rice cultivars with a narrow range of amylose contents were selected based on their wide variation in rapid viscoanalyzer (RVA) pasting breakdown to study the relationship between starch digestibility and amylopectin fine structure and pasting properties. Rice flour samples were cooked for in vitro digestibility analysis using the standard Englyst assay. RVA was performed for pasting properties of starches. Results showed that rapidly digestible starch (RDS) was highly and negatively correlated (r = -0.86, p < 0.01; r = -0.81, p < 0.01) with FrI long and FrII intermediate/short debranched amylopectin linear chains, respectively, and positively correlated (r = 0.79; p < 0.01) with FrIII very short linear chains. Slowly digestible (SDS) starch was positively correlated (r = 0.80, p < 0.01; 0.76, p < 0.01) with FrI and FrII, respectively, and negatively correlated (r = -0.76, p < 0.01) with FrIII. RVA breakdown viscosity was positively correlated (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) with RDS and negatively correlated (r = -0.89, p < 0.01) with SDS. Thus, the RVA method potentially could be used as a screening tool for starch digestion properties. This study reveals a molecular basis in amylopectin fine structure variability for starch digestion properties in rice cultivars and could have value in identifying slowly digesting cultivars as well as developing a breeding strategy to produce low glycemic rice cultivars. Keywords: Rice; starch; RVA; amylopectin; digestibility. 相似文献
17.
云南地方稻种资源核心种质的微卫星分析 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
摘要：以来自云南地方稻(Oryza sativa L.)种资源核心种质中的113份材料为研究对象，运用36对微卫星引物，研究了籼(indica )粳( japonica )两个亚种间和云南5个稻作生态区间的遗传多样性分布趋势，并筛选了籼粳亚种、水陆生态型和不同生态区的特异指纹标记。结果表明，粳稻的遗传多样性大于籼稻，遗传分化水平较低；而5个生态区中滇西南水陆稻区遗传多样性最大，遗传分化水平较低；滇东北高原粳稻区的遗传多样性最小。这种遗传多样性的分布趋势与前人在形态和同工酶水平上对云南稻种资源多样性的考察，以及云南地方稻种资源核心种质在形态和同工酶水平上的遗传多样性分布趋势基本一致。另外，在所出现的416个指纹标记中，分别发现籼粳特异指纹标记6个，水陆特异指纹标记15个，不同生态区特异指纹标记3个。初步认为，云南地方稻种资源核心种质代表了云南省地方稻种资源的遗传多样性；从DNA水平上看，云南地方稻种资源的遗传多样性中心在云南省的西南部，粳稻的分化水平低于籼稻。微卫星标记是种质资源遗传多样性检测、分类和生态型确认以及核心种质研究中有用的工具。 相似文献
18.
在4个典型生态粳稻区,以广适性的5个品种为材料,研究氮肥对不同稻区产量影响,并分析氮肥利用率及其不同稻区施氮效果的差异。结果表明:氮肥施用显著提高不同稻区产量,施氮增产率及其贡献率大小顺序为温暖粳稻区寒冷粳稻区籼粳交错区冷凉粳稻区,寒冷粳稻区产量提高主要是有效穗数和千粒重的增加,而其它3个稻区产量的提高主要是有效穗数和每穗粒数的增加所致。生产等量的稻谷氮肥需要量的大小顺序为寒冷粳稻区冷凉粳稻区籼粳交错区温暖粳稻区。不同稻区对氮肥的利用效率存在差异,氮肥农学利用率大小顺序为温暖粳稻区籼粳交错区冷凉粳稻区寒冷粳稻区,氮肥吸收利用率大小顺序为籼粳交错区温暖粳稻区冷凉粳稻区寒冷粳稻区,4个稻作区的土壤氮素贡献率在61.10%~66.09%之间,说明各稻作区吸收的氮肥主要来自土壤,通过培肥地力,维持较高的地力水平对稻谷的超高产、高效具有重要意义。 相似文献
19.
为有效防治水稻黑条矮缩病的大面积发生,本研究通过室内大量饲养无毒灰飞虱,饲毒后对浙江省20个主栽水稻品种进行传毒,人工接种水稻黑条矮缩病毒(rice black-streaked dwarf virus,RBSDV) 后移栽田间,观察病苗症状,测量株高,统计发病率并分析病毒含量。结果表明,籼稻品种深两优5814和Y两优302的抗性较强,粳稻品种淮5和秀水14的抗性较弱。此外,病毒侵染后,籼稻品种深两优5814和Y两优302的OsMYC2和OsNPR1的mRNA表达水平显著高于粳稻品种淮5和秀水14。上述结果表明,籼稻品种深两优5814和Y两优302抗病毒能力与其体内茉莉酸(JA)和水杨酸(SA)激素水平相关,这为今后筛选抗RBSDV材料提供了新的策略和思路。 相似文献
20.
《Cereal Chemistry》2017,94(4):699-704
The objective of this study was to investigate the starch characteristics of a novel waxy rice cultivar Hitachimochi 36 (H36) with an extremely slow hardening rate of waxy rice cake and the relationships between starch physicochemical properties and texture of waxy rice cake. Starch isolated from H36 showed significantly higher digestibility than that from other waxy rice cultivars, and the starch digestibility highly correlated with the starch crystallinity. The compressive force of the starch gel prepared from H36 was significantly lower than that from other cultivars when stored at 5°C for five days, which reflected the differences in endothermic enthalpies corresponding to retrograded amylopectin. Various textural parameters of cooked waxy rice cake prepared from H36 were also remarkably different from those of cooked waxy rice cake prepared from other waxy rice cultivars. The cooked waxy rice cake prepared from H36 exhibited the lowest compressive force and breaking force by tensile and rupture tests, respectively. The analysis of amylopectin chain length distribution indicated that amylopectin of H36 contained higher proportions of the short chains. The difference in amylopectin chain length distribution and lower crystallinity of starch contributed to the unique textural properties of waxy rice cake prepared from H36. 相似文献