共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
A.K. Joshi G. Ortiz-Ferrara J. Crossa G. Singh R.C. Sharma R. Chand Rajender Parsad 《Field Crops Research》2007
Seven hundred twenty-nine lines of diverse wheat germplasm lines were evaluated in eight locations of three countries (India, Nepal and Bangladesh) of South Asia for 5 years (1999–2000 to 2003–2004) through Eastern Gangetic Plains Screening Nursery (EGPSN) organized by CIMMYT South Asia, Nepal, for agronomic performance and tolerance to spot blotch of wheat. Each year, the number of lines represented a new set of 150 lines that included six common checks and a different local check at each of the eight locations. One hundred and five lines, 21 in each year, advanced from EGPSN were also tested for 5 years (2000–2001 to 2004–2005) in five locations of South Asia through Eastern Gangetic Plains Yield Trials (EGPYT) to verify spot blotch tolerance and superior yield performance of the selected germplasm. Many lines yielded significantly more than the best check and possessed high levels of spot blotch resistance under warm humid environments of South Asia. The most promising 25 lines have been listed as sources of strong resistance, with 9 lines better yielding than the best resistant check PBW 343 in fewer days to maturity. Most of these superior lines represented elite CIMMYT germplasm and around half were derived from Kauz and Veery. The line EGPYT 67, Kauz//Kauz/Star/3/Prinia/4/Milan/Kauz, was the best for spot blotch resistance, yield, days to maturity, and 1000 grain weight (TKW). The next two lines in the order of merit were EGPYT 84 (Mrng/Buc//Blo/Pvn/3/Pjb 81) and EGPYT 69 (Chirya3/Pastor). The results demonstrate that additional spot blotch resistant wheat genotypes with high grain yield and TKW, and early maturity, have become available as a result of the regional and international collaboration in South Asia. 相似文献
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Spot blotch, caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is a serious constraint to wheat production (Triticum aestivum L.) in the warmer plains of South Asia. Fourteen genotypes were tested in Bangladesh, India and Nepal during 6 years (2000–2005) to determine disease severity and resistance stability over these years. We analyzed the area under the disease progress curve per day (AUDPC/day) to assess spot blotch severity, and examined grain yield, 1000-kernel weight (TKW), days to heading, and plant height. Disease severity differed in the 6 years and several genotypes showed low disease severity in all years. A few genotypes had high grain yield and low disease severity in all years. Genotype Altar-84/Ae. Sq. (224)//Yaco, with the lowest disease severity and highest 1000-kernel weight (TKW) and grain yield was also the most stable for spot blotch resistance, TKW and grain yield. Results demonstrated that wheat genotypes with improved spot blotch resistance, high grain yield, acceptable TKW, and plant height are available as a result of the regional and international collaboration in South Asia. Despite this progress, the challenge lies ahead because of an apparent tendency of increasing spot blotch overall severity in the region and decreasing TKW over 6 years (2000–2005). Higher, average night time temperature during the month of March is an indicator showing that wheat crop performance is challenged in two ways—increasing spot blotch severity and decreasing TKW causing lower yield. The results underline the possible effect of changing climatic factors on disease pressure and the continuous need to identify new resistance sources to develop more spot blotch resistant wheat for the warmer Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia. 相似文献
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Effect of mineral nutrients on spot blotch severity in wheat,and associated increases in grain yield
《Field Crops Research》2006,95(2-3):426-430
Spot blotch, caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is a serious disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the warm lowlands of South Asia. A field study was conducted using two wheat varieties (Bhrikuti and Sonalika) during the 2001 and 2002 wheat seasons in Rampur, Nepal, to determine the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and chlorine fertilization on reducing spot blotch severity in wheat, and its associated increase in grain yield. Application of N alone reduced spot blotch severity by 8% in 2002. Phosphorus fertilization had no effect on spot blotch development. The balanced application of N, P, and K reduced disease severity by 15 and 22% in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Application of KCl as well as CaCl2 reduced spot blotch severity, but the former caused 11% greater reduction than the latter. The two varieties responded differently to the mineral nutrients’ effect on spot blotch severity, suggesting the nutrients’ importance in cultivar selection when considering the effect of soil fertility on susceptibility to foliar diseases. The lower disease severity and higher grain yield observed after the application of KCl compared to CaCl2 showed that KCl should be used on K-deficient soils in the warmer wheat growing regions of South Asia where spot blotch is a serious perennial wheat disease in intensive rice–wheat cropping systems. 相似文献
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为确定北疆小麦适宜的播种模式,以北疆主栽冬小麦品种新冬18号和新冬41号及春小麦品种新春44号和新春48号为材料,设置晚播冬小麦(10月8日播种,用B1表示)、极晚播冬小麦和冬播春小麦(10月28日播种,用B2表示)以及春播春小麦(4月4日播种,用B3表示)三种播种模式,比较分析了播种模式间小麦的生育进程、总茎数、叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累量、经济系数、产量及水分利用效率的差异。结果表明,B2处理的冬小麦较B1处理晚熟约7 d,生育期缩短162 d,出苗率、最高总茎数、LAI、总光合势、干物质积累量及总耗水量分别降低27.6个百分点、17.1%、11.5%、9.6%、3.7%和15.9%,而水分利用效率提高15.7%,平均经济系数和产量与B1处理无显著差异;B2处理的春小麦较B3处理早熟7 d,生育期延长约4 d,出苗率、最高总茎数、LAI和总耗水量分别降低28.1个百分点、7.6%、5.2%和12.3%,总... 相似文献
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Jadwiga Andrzejewska Francisco E. Contreras‐Govea Anna Pastuszka Karol Kotwica Kenneth A. Albrecht 《Grass and Forage Science》2019,74(1):97-103
Spring‐sown oat (Avena sativa L.) is well adapted for forage production in Central Europe; however, environmental conditions make this crop susceptible to crown rust disease (Puccinia coronata) when grown in summer. The objective of this study was to assess oat cultivars sown in late summer, when conditions for crown rust are less favourable, and harvest in autumn for forage with potential use for feeding lactating dairy cows. Three oat cultivars: Berdysz, Zuch and ForagePlus, the first two from Poland and the latter from United States, were sown 1 and 15 August, and 1 September, over three consecutive years, and harvested for forage in late October. The two Polish cultivars had 61% leaf area affected by rust with 1 August sowing, but ForagePlus was not affected by rust with any sowing date. Sowing 15 August significantly reduced crown rust incidence and increased DM yield of the Polish cultivars 21% relative to the 1 August sowing date, but decreased ForagePlus DM yield by 35%. Sowing 1 September resulted in best forage nutritive value, but the lowest DM yields for all cultivars. Calculated milk production per ton of forage for all cultivars was lowest with the 1 August sowing date. Calculated milk production per hectare was greatest for Berdysz sown in mid‐August. Oat can be sown 15 August and harvested in autumn for forage production, avoiding crown rust disease during summer in Poland. Nutritive value of autumn oat forage is adequate to meet forage requirements of lactating dairy cows. 相似文献
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江苏射阳地区红皮小麦品种不同播期筛选试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在江苏射阳县新洋农场进行16个红皮小麦品种不同播期的筛选试验,对参试品种早晚2个播期下的生育期、农艺性状、抗性及产量进行汇总分析。结果表明:早播组全生育期变幅在221~225 d,晚播组全生育期变幅在213~217 d,扬麦23全生育期均最短,华麦6号全生育期最长。早播组产量变幅为591.67~739.67 kg/667 m2,华麦6号最高,扬麦15最低;晚播组产量变幅为637.00~707.67 kg/667 m2,扬麦23最高,扬麦27最低。未防治条件下,锈病早播组发病明显重于晚播组,早播情况下华麦7号、扬江麦580-1、宁麦13(CK)锈病发生极重,华麦6号锈病早、晚播发生均轻,锈病抗性突出。总之,早播组平均产量水平低于晚播组,产量变幅明显高于晚播组,品种间产量差异较大。扬麦23、华麦1430表现最为突出,在早播组、晚播组产量均居于最前列,赤霉病、锈病均发生较轻。 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》1997,52(3):261-269
Cultivar blends can provide a measure of disease control due to host diversity. The diversity of cultivar blends also may be useful for improving agronomic performance and end-product quality. This paper reports on the performances of blends (0:1, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 1:0) of two fall-sown hard red spring wheat cultivars, Yolo (high grain yield, low susceptibility to septoria tritici blotch and leaf rust, good lodging resistance, poor grain quality) and Serra (high grain yield, high susceptibility to septoria tritici blotch and leaf rust, high susceptibility to lodging, excellent grain quality). The blends were grown in several environments in California for 3 years. The taller Serra was more competitive than Yolo in the various blends. Spike populations of Serra often were larger in blends than expected from the proportion of seed sown. Spikes of Yolo in blends had fewer spikelets than spikes of Yolo in sole crop Yolo, while spikes of Serra in blends had more spikelets than spikes of Serra in sole crop Serra. Blends had advantages over sole crops in several respects. When disease pressure was moderate or high, blends had less leaf rust and septoria tritici blotch than sole crop Serra, but more disease than sole crop Yolo. When lodging occurred, blends had less lodging than sole crop Serra. Overall, there were no significant differences in yield among the blends and sole crops of Serra or Yolo. The blends produced grain protein and baking quality equivalent to sole crop Serra and better than sole crop Yolo. The 2:1 Yolo:Serra blend was the optimum blend and is an attractive alternative to sole crop Yolo or sole crop Serra for wheat growers in the Sacramento Valley of California. 相似文献
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Romn A. Serrago Ramiro Carretero Marie Odile Bancal Daniel J. Miralles 《Field Crops Research》2011,120(3):195-359
Foliar diseases are the main biotic restriction reducing yield in wheat crops affecting both, grain number and/or grain weight, depending on developmental stage at which infection occurs (pre- or post-anthesis, respectively). Grain weight reductions due to foliar diseases were widely reported in the literature mostly associated with decreases on radiation interception during the grain filling period. However, different evidences in wheat showed variations on grain weight responses when fungicide was applied during the grain filling period, probably associated with the timing of fungicide application or with the amount of available resources per grain set when fungicides are applied. The present study was designed to determine the causes of grain weight reduction due to foliar diseases complex (including leaf rust, Septoria leaf blotch and tan spot) in wheat crops growing under contrasting agronomic and environmental conditions (i.e. different years, locations, cultivars and N supply). The experiments were carried out during 4 years under field conditions in different locations of Argentine and France. Five different commercial wheat cultivars were sown on early and late sowing dates; and two contrasting N availability and two fungicide treatments (protected and unprotected) were applied. Grain number was not affected by foliar diseases as their appeared after anthesis. Grain weight was strongly, poorly or not affected by foliar diseases and was not associated individually with both, the sink size and the source size. However, when the grain weight response due to fungicide application was plotted against the healthy area absorption per grain (HAAG), a significant negative association (r2 = 0.81; p < 0.0001) was found for the Argentine experiments. When the HAAG was corrected by the grain weight potential (HAAGW) all experiments conduced in Argentine and in France fit well to a common negative linear regression (r2 = 0.74, p < 0.0001) for the relationship between grain weight variation and HAAGW demonstrating that grain weight potential is an important feature to consider in diseases control programs. Foliar diseases forced the crop to use the accumulated reserved increasing the utilization rate of the water soluble carbohydrates (WSCUR), depleting as a consequence the water soluble content at physiological maturity (WSCPM) in all experiments. The association between WSCUR and the healthy area absorption per grain corrected by grain weight of healthy crops (HAAGW) suggest that foliar diseases in wheat cause source limitation, forcing to the crop to use the WSC reserve which could be insufficient to fill the grains previously formed. 相似文献
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播期和播量对冬小麦尧麦16群体性状和产量的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
为确定高产小麦尧麦16的适宜播期和播量,采用田间裂区设计,研究不同播期和播量对该品种群体性状、产量结构及产量的影响。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,小麦营养生长期缩短,成熟期却不推迟。同一播期下,播量对小麦生育进程无影响;早播增加冬前至拔节期总茎数,而对生育后期总茎数无影响。增加播量可显著增加各生育时期总茎数;随着播期推迟,同一播量水平的干物质积累量明显降低。相同播期下,干物质积累量、叶面积指数随播量的增加而递增;相同播量下,随着播期的推迟叶面积指数降低。小麦叶面积指数随生育时期的推进先升高后下降,在抽穗期达到最大。随着播量增加,产量和有效穗数逐渐增加,穗粒数和千粒重呈下降趋势;与播量相比,播期对尧麦16产量及产量结构的影响较大。尧麦16的最佳播期为10月7日,播量为300×10~4粒·hm~(-2);9月27日至10月2日播种,播量为225×10~4粒·hm~(-2),10月12日至10月17日播种,播量为375×10~4粒·hm~(-2),也可以获得较高的产量。 相似文献
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2017-2018年以早熟(鑫鑫1号)、中熟(富民985)和晚熟(沈玉21)品种为试验材料,分析3个播期对不同熟期品种玉米子粒产量、茎秆力学特性及倒伏率的影响。结果表明,晚熟品种早播子粒产量最高,比中播和晚播处理分别增加7.6%和28.4%。中熟品种早播,茎秆拉力(SBF)、基部第3节间穿刺强度(RPSTI)和第4节间压碎强度(RCSFI)较中播和晚播处理分别提高10.0%~24.7%和15.1%~57.3%。晚熟品种早播,SBF、RPSTI和RCSFI较中播和晚播处理分别提高27.2%~33.8%和34.0%~70.7%,中熟和晚熟品种播期推迟倒伏率最大增幅分别达49.2%和61.2%。综上,推荐采用中晚熟品种适期早播以提高玉米产量和生理成熟后茎秆质量,降低倒伏风险。 相似文献
12.
Favourable prices and new technologies have recently stimulated the adoption of wheat–soybean double crops in the south-eastern Pampas. To assess the largely unknown long-term performance of this strategy, we used CERES-Wheat and CROPGRO-Soybean with slight adaptations to account for double cropping. Models and climate records were combined to analyse management practices allowing for earlier soybean sowing, which was assumed to be the key for high soybean yield and whole-system performance. Practices investigated were: (i) short-season wheat cultivars; (ii) non-selective herbicides for faster drying of wheat before harvest; (iii) relay double cropping, where soybean is sown on standing wheat before crop maturity in contrast to sequential cropping where soybean is sown after wheat harvest. 相似文献
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晚播条件下施氮量对稻茬小麦氮素吸收及产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为给安徽省江淮稻麦轮作区域晚播稻茬小麦高产栽培的氮肥合理施用提供依据,选用当地主栽品种扬麦18和皖垦麦076为试验材料,设置5个施氮水平(0、90、180、270和360 kg·hm~(-2)),分析施氮量对晚播小麦氮素积累与分配、糖氮比、氮素同化酶活性及产量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥能显著提高小麦各器官的氮积累量以及营养器官花前贮存氮素转运量、转运效率和转运氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率,氮素收获指数随着施氮量的增加而降低。随施氮量的增加,小麦各生育时期不同器官的糖氮比值显著降低。小麦的氮素分配比例在生育前期以叶片最高,成熟期籽粒中氮素分配比例显著高于其余部位,而小麦的可溶性糖分配比例在生育前期以茎鞘最高,成熟期籽粒较高。在0～270 kg·hm~(-2)施氮量范围内,增施氮肥后,两个小麦品种的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性均显著提高,穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量均明显增加。继续增加施氮量至360kg·hm~(-2)时,氮素同化酶活性和产量无显著变化,说明施氮过多对小麦氮素同化和产量无益。土壤氮贡献率、氮肥农学利用效率和氮素偏生产力均随施氮量增加而降低。推荐江淮区域稻茬小麦晚播条件下适宜施氮量为180～270kg·hm~(-2)偏下限,可兼顾高产及氮素高效吸收和利用。 相似文献
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《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):121-124
AbstractField experiments were conducted at the experimental field of Kyushu University, northern Kyushu in 1996 and 1997 to investigate the possibility of a double cropping of sorghum using early maturity cultivars. The effects of sowing date (early or late) and the cultivar on the yield were also examined. On the average, grain yield from double cropping was 556 g m?2 in 1996 and 746 g m?2 in 1997. Sowing date greatly influenced the major traits of the summer crop, but not significantly those in the spring crop, except for the days to heading. Late summer sowing decreased grain yield as much as 41.9%, decreased 100-grain weight by 22.4% and extended days to heading. Early sowing, early in April and late in July or early in August, is recommended for spring and summer crops, respectively, in a double cropping system to obtain a high grain yield. SA 403, D12, C8, C9, D5 C10-1 F4 line and D5 × C8 (F1 hybrid) were considered to be suitable for a double cropping system. 相似文献
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为及时、准确地掌握小麦产量动态信息,基于无人机遥感平台,分别分析了小麦4项生理指标［地面实测叶面积指数、叶片含氮量、叶片含水量及叶片叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）］及10项植被指数与产量的相关性,以筛选出与产量最为敏感的生理指标与植被指数,并比较了3种建模方法（一元回归UR、多元逐步回归SMLR和主成分回归PCAR）在小麦各生育时期估产的适用性,进而得到小麦最优估产模型。结果表明：（1）不同生育时期两类变量与产量的相关性变化特征一致,均表现为抽穗期>灌浆期>成熟期;不同生理指标、植被指数与产量的相关性在各生育时期均存在差异,生理指标表现为叶片含氮量>LAI>SPAD>叶片含水量;而植被指数在各时期表现不同;（2）以生理指标与植被指数为自变量,采用SMLR模型构建的抽穗期估产模型拟合精度最高,R、RMSE和nRMSE分别为0.828、362.53 kg·hm-2和12.35%;（3）小麦估产模型在各生育时期的预测精度表现为抽穗期>灌浆期>成熟期。 相似文献
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为探索冬小麦-夏玉米一体化种植中小麦的适宜群体配置模式,设置20 cm-20 cm（R1）、12 cm-12 cm-12 cm-24 cm（R2）及13 cm-20 cm（R3）三种行距处理方式和120 kg·hm-2（S1）、157.5 kg·hm-2（S2）及195 kg·hm-2（S3）三种播量,研究了行距和播量对小麦冠层结构特征和光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,不同处理对各指标的影响因小麦生育时期的变化而不同。在孕穗至开花期, R1S1处理的小麦叶片SPAD值、净光合速率（Pn）及气孔导度（Gs）高于其他处理,开花期后R2S2处理表现出明显的光合优势。其中,R2S2处理的小麦LAI、叶倾角（MTA）在开花期后高于其他处理,在花后10 d之后其SPAD、Pn值最高。在不同处理中,R2S2处理产量最高,这主要归因于其有较高的穗数和千粒重。因此,在本试验条件下小麦高产的最佳群体配置是行距12 cm-12 cm-12 cm-24 cm和播量157.5 kg·hm-2。 相似文献
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不同覆膜方式下超高产春玉米花粒期叶片衰老特性研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
以内单314为试验材料,在行间覆膜(SPF)、行上覆膜(UPF)及不覆膜(NPF)3种处理下,对超高产春玉米花粒期不同层位叶片的保护酶活性、光合特性及产量进行研究。结果表明,超高产春玉米花粒期不同层位叶片POD活性表现为下位叶>穗位叶>上位叶;CAT、SOD活性表现为上位叶>穗位叶>下位叶。灌浆期玉米不同层位叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率变化趋势表现为穗位叶>上位叶>下位叶;乳熟期不同层位叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率表现为上位叶>穗位叶>下位叶。表明在玉米花粒期,行间覆膜处理可以提高玉米上位叶及穗位叶的净光合速率、POD活性、CAT活性及SOD活性,减小气孔导度,降低叶片蒸腾速率,延缓叶片衰老,维持花粒期生理功能,保证子粒充分灌浆,提高千粒重,进而提高产量,实现超高产。 相似文献