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1.
红壤裸露坡地次降雨土壤侵蚀规律   总被引：14，自引：11，他引：14  
揭示红壤裸露坡地次降雨土壤侵蚀规律可为红壤坡地水土流失防治和水土保持效益评价提供科学依据。该文基于典型红壤区裸露坡地试验小区134场次降雨气象、水文观测资料,选取雨量、历时和雨强为特征指标,综合采用快速聚类和判别聚类,划分确定出3种雨型:A雨型(高频次、短历时、小雨量、大雨强),B雨型(中频次、中历时、中雨量、中雨强)和C雨型(低频次、长历时、大雨量、小雨强)。其中,A雨型是造成红壤裸露坡地土壤侵蚀的主要降雨类型。通过Pearson相关分析和Mann-Kendall检验表明,红壤裸露坡地土壤侵蚀主要受雨强和雨量共同影响,雨强的指标中以最大30 min雨强与其关系最为密切,是导致土壤侵蚀变化的直接因素,雨量则通过改变雨强产生一定的间接影响。土壤侵蚀强度随最大30 min雨强增大过程中,在15 mm/h处存在明显转折,最大30 min雨强小于该值前,侵蚀强度呈缓慢增大,大于该值后,侵蚀强度快速增大。土壤侵蚀与雨量整体呈同步增大,但不同雨型的单位雨量侵蚀能力表现为A雨型B雨型C雨型。在排除前期降雨影响的前提下,利用数理统计方法建立了南方红壤裸露坡地次降雨土壤侵蚀强度与雨量和最大30 min雨强的幂函数统计关系,用于3类雨型下的侵蚀预报时整体精度较好,且更适于短历时暴雨。以上研究将为深入揭示红壤坡地土壤侵蚀规律和构建预报模型提供有益参考。  相似文献   

2.
不同植被下降雨类型对红壤坡地土壤侵蚀特征的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
根据武汉市蔡甸区西湖流域径流小区记录的146场次降雨资料,研究了植被类型和降雨类型对红壤坡面产流量与土壤侵蚀量的影响。基于K均值分类,将当地降雨划分为A型降雨（中雨量、弱雨强、长历时和高频次）、B型降雨（极大雨量、极强雨强、短历时和低频次）、C型降雨（大雨量,强雨强、中等历时和低频次）和D型降雨（小雨量,弱雨强、短历时和高频次）四种雨型。发现裸地与果林地的产流输沙量大,水沙关系稳定,水土保持能力在各类侵蚀性降雨下均较弱,A雨型和C雨型是导致此类坡面土壤侵蚀的主要雨型。阔叶林、针叶林、牧草地和草坪地坡面的产流输沙量小,水沙关系不稳定,植被的水土保持能力总体较强,但是在B雨型下偏弱,B雨型和C雨型是导致此类坡面土壤侵蚀的主要雨型。  相似文献   

3.
降雨类型对北方土石山区坡面土壤侵蚀的影响   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5  
该文基于北京市房山区蒲洼径流小区2013-2015年观测的105场自然降雨,采用实测水文数据与WEPP模型模拟降雨侵蚀过程相结合的方法,对比了北方土石山区不同雨型下的坡面土壤侵蚀差异。结果表明:1)自然降雨中,单场降雨的侵蚀能力表现为B型雨(低频率、短历时、中雨量、大雨强)A型雨(中频率、长历时、大雨量、中雨强)C型雨(高频率、中历时、小雨量、小雨强),其中,侵蚀性降雨中A型雨降雨频率最高、对研究区土壤侵蚀的累计贡献率最大;而C型雨几乎不会引发土壤侵蚀。2)诱发北方土石山区棕壤坡面土壤侵蚀的临界雨量为8 mm、临界雨强为9.5 mm/h。3)利用WEPP模型通过设置最大30 min雨强I30出现的不同时间将3类雨型进一步划分为4个子雨型,结果表明同一雨强出现的降雨时序差异会影响土壤侵蚀的发生程度,且子雨型下土壤侵蚀量整体表现为递增型峰值型递减型均值型,其中A型雨4个子雨型下侵蚀量差异最显著。研究结果可为北方土石山区棕壤坡面土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立及土壤侵蚀防治提供参考依据。  相似文献   

4.
针对湘中低山丘陵区地形地貌条件多样、水土流失影响机制复杂的问题,选取湖南省中部井头(黄壤)、秋波(紫色土)以及莲荷(红壤)3个径流场不同水土保持措施径流小区,综合探究湘中丘陵区不同土壤类型、水土保持措施以及侵蚀性雨型等因子对坡面产流输沙规律的影响特征。结果表明:在年降水量相近的条件下,年径流深和年侵蚀量均为红壤紫色土黄壤;各水保措施小区的减流效益较差,但其减沙效益较好,以黄壤草地措施、紫色土水保林以及红壤经果林和草地措施减沙效益较为明显,年侵蚀减沙率分别达87.89%,55.88%,37.99%和41.07%;大雨强、短历时、低雨量、高频率的降雨占各小区侵蚀降雨场次的比例均在50%以上,该类降雨也是黄壤和红壤各小区坡面产流输沙以及紫色土各小区产流的主导雨型。中雨强、长历时、高雨量、低频率降雨是引起各小区单次降雨径流泥沙流失量最大的雨型。研究结果对完善水土流失的相关理论和规律具有重要的意义,对区域水土保持工作的开展提供了重要的指导作用和理论价值。  相似文献   

5.
[目的]降雨是黑土坡耕地水力侵蚀的动力来源,研究天然降雨条件下坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征对水土流失防治具有重要意义。[方法]基于黑龙江省海伦市光荣小流域2021—2022年不同坡度(3°,5°和7°)顺坡垄作径流小区观测的43场次侵蚀性降雨事件,采用K-Mean聚类法对比分析不同雨型和坡度下径流与输沙特征,并探讨影响坡耕地径流与输沙的影响因素。[结果]研究区以短历时、大雨强、小雨量的降雨(雨型3)为主,其次是中等历时、中等雨强、中等雨量的降雨(雨型2),长历时、小雨强、大雨量的降雨(雨型1)极少发生。相同雨型下,累积径流深和输沙量均随坡度的增加而增大。相同坡度下,不同雨型对累积径流深响应不同,累积输沙量整体表现为雨型3贡献最高(50.90%～57.90%),雨型2次之(37.60%～44.10%),雨型1最低。雨型2事件降雨侵蚀力和坡度对径流深产生直接影响,径流深和坡度对输沙量产生直接影响。雨型3事件降雨侵蚀力通过直接和间接作用影响径流深,进而影响输沙量。[结论]对所有雨型事件,降雨侵蚀力和坡度是影响坡耕地径流深的主控因子,径流深和坡度是影响坡耕地输沙量的主控因子。  相似文献   

6.
神府东胜煤田弃土弃渣体径流水动力学特性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
[目的]对神府煤田开发建设过程中造成的弃土弃渣体的径流水动力学特性进行研究,并分析土壤剥蚀率与各水动力学参数之间的关系。[方法]采用野外模拟降雨试验方法。[结果](1)弃土弃渣体的土壤剥蚀率Dr随雨强增大显著线性递增;(2)雷诺数Re总体上随着雨强增大而增大,随降雨历时先增大后保持稳定;佛罗德数Fr受雨强影响不显著,在产流0~12min内波动较大,随后在某一常数附近上下波动;阻力系数f随降雨历时呈递增趋势,受雨强影响不显著,次降雨平均阻力系数f大小表现为:沙少石多弃渣体弃土体沙多石少弃渣体;(3)各下垫面土壤剥蚀率Dr与水流剪切力、水流功率P之间均呈显著的线性函数关系。[结论]研究区不同类型下垫面次降雨径流水动力学参数变化各具特点,土壤剥蚀率与各水动力学参数之间存在显著相关关系。  相似文献   

7.
不同雨型下紫色土区坡耕地产流产沙特征   总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5  
利用遂宁水土保持试验站5个径流小区1984—2015年次降雨和径流输沙数据,基于降雨过程定量划分出4种雨型,分析了雨型对不同坡度坡耕地产流产沙的作用。结果表明:径流深与各时段最大雨强均呈极显著相关(p0.01),随着坡度的增加,最大相关系数所对应的雨强时段越短;冲刷量均与Ⅰ平均呈极显著相关,且相关系数最大。径流深、冲刷量与雨强拟合关系均为幂函数,分别为"凸型"和"凹型"增函数,且拟合度区间分别为[0.79,0.88]和[0.90,0.97],说明冲刷量和雨强的关系更密切。各雨型下的产流产沙量随坡度的增大而增大,同一坡度下基本表现为雨型Ⅳ(短历时、大雨强)雨型Ⅲ(中历时、中雨强)雨型Ⅱ(长历时、中雨强)雨型Ⅰ(长历时、小雨强),其中,雨型Ⅳ明显大于雨型Ⅰ且达到显著水平(p0.05),且在15°小区的响应最为明显。雨型Ⅳ是造成该区坡耕地水土流失的主要降雨类型,且径流深和冲刷量随坡度的增大而增加,故应在水土保持工作中着重采取相应措施进行防治。  相似文献   

8.
[目的]探究降雨特征对南京市低山丘陵区典型小流域水土流失的影响,为低山丘陵区尺度上产汇流分析及水土保持综合治理提供理论支撑。[方法]以南京市低山丘陵区桥头小流域为研究对象,利用2015—2018年156场降雨事件的水文泥沙数据,运用K-均值聚类法对降雨类型进行划分,采用LSD多重比较法分析不同雨型的特征,建立主要指标的多元拟合回归方程,探讨不同降雨条件下小流域产流产沙特性。[结果](1)降雨量、30 min最大雨强(I_(30)),降雨侵蚀力是桥头小流域产流产沙的重要影响因素,小流域的156场降雨事件中,主要以降雨量75 mm,I_(30)20 mm/h且径流系数0.2,含沙量1 g/L的水沙特征为主。(2)降雨类型分为Ⅰ(小雨量、小雨强),Ⅱ(大雨量、中雨强),Ⅲ(中雨量、小雨强),Ⅳ(中雨量、大雨强),Ⅴ(小雨量、中雨强)5种,Ⅰ雨型发生频率最高,Ⅳ雨型发生频次最低。(3)Ⅱ,Ⅳ雨型的产流产沙能力均高于其他雨型,Ⅲ雨型次之,Ⅰ,Ⅴ雨型最小。Ⅰ,Ⅲ,Ⅴ雨型的产水产沙特性差异不显著。(4)产沙模数和洪峰流量多元回归方程拟合效果较好,拟合回归系数R~2都在0.75以上且通过显著性检验,回归方程可用于相关指标的定量计算。[结论]降雨量,I_(30),降雨侵蚀力是桥头小流域产流产沙的重要影响因素;不同雨型的降雨特征差异性显著,Ⅱ,Ⅳ雨型是区域产流产沙的主要雨型;利用多元回归方程可以进行指标定量计算。  相似文献   

9.
为探讨不同雨型下的植物措施对棕壤坡面土壤侵蚀特征的影响,利用k-均值聚类方法将2018—2019年山东省泰安市下港坡面径流场16次侵蚀性降雨进行分类,结合径流场产流、产沙等监测数据,分析了不同雨型对4种植被措施下坡面土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明：(1)以降雨历时、降雨量和平均雨强为特征指标,侵蚀性降雨可分为A类(长历时、大雨量、大雨强)、B类(中历时、中雨量、中雨强)和C类(短历时、小雨量、小雨强)3种雨型。(2)与种植玉米相比,A、B雨型下,减流量均呈现板栗花生间作>苹果树>李子树的趋势。在土壤流失量方面：A雨型下,与李子树相比,减沙量呈现板栗花生间作>苹果树>玉米的趋势;B雨型下,与玉米相比,板栗花生间作的减沙率为84.2%,李子树的减沙率为31.2%,苹果树的减沙率为85.1%;C雨型下,减沙量呈现苹果树>李子树>板栗花生间作的趋势。(3)种植玉米的坡耕地土壤侵蚀情况最为严重,平均每年的土壤流失量为18.04 t/hm2;与之相比,板栗花生间作可降低79.57%的土壤侵蚀率,苹果树和李子树可分别降低73.36%,18.55%的...  相似文献   

10.
[目的] 分析不同降雨特征和不同下垫面条件下江苏省连云港市低山丘陵区土壤侵蚀产流产沙规律,为当地水土流失防治和提高水土保持效益提供科学依据。[方法] 以黑林水土保持监测点为研究对象,采用K均值聚类法对当地2013—2020年侵蚀性降雨类型进行分类,识别侵蚀性降雨特征,采用灰色关联法分析该监测点5个坡面径流小区降雨量、产流量、产沙量之间的相关性,通过双累积曲线法比较不同下垫面条件下产流产沙能力差异,分析人类活动对地表扰动的水土保持效应。[结果] ①侵蚀性降雨主要发生在汛期,以Ⅰ型(小雨量、小雨强)降雨为主,频次占比66%,其次为Ⅱ型(中雨量、中雨强)降雨和Ⅳ型(大雨量、中雨强)降雨,Ⅲ型(大雨量、大雨强)降雨最少; ②产沙量与降雨量和径流深密切相关,相关系数分别为0.64～0.85,0.61～0.86; ③Ⅲ型降雨引起的次降雨含沙量最大,Ⅳ型降雨引起的土壤流失总量最大; ④农地的产沙能力最大,林地次之,自然荒地最小,减少地表土壤的人为扰动,横向起垄种植,选择覆盖度高的植物更有利于提高当地的水土保持效益,总体上林地水保效益优于农地。⑤不同下垫面间产流产沙差异随着雨量和雨强的增大逐渐减小。[结论] 连云港市低山丘陵区侵蚀性降雨主要发生在汛期,不同雨型不同下垫面间产流产沙特征差异明显,林地水保效益优于农地。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

16.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

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