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1.
通过测定6种白腐菌火木层孔菌Phellinus igniarius及粗毛盖菌Funalia gallica、三色革裥菌Lenzites tricolor、冬拟多孔菌Polyporellus brumalis、偏肿拟栓菌Pseudotrametes gibbosa和血红密孔菌Pycnoporus sanguineus分解山杨材一定时间后的木质素含量，研究木材白腐菌对山杨材木质素生物降解机制。测定结果表明，按照木质素的减少百分率，这6种白腐菌对山杨材木质素的分解能力依次为血红密孔菌、偏肿拟栓菌、三色革裥菌、冬拟多孔菌、冬拟多孔菌、火木层孔菌；6种白腐菌对山杨材木质素及综纤维素的分解量X1、X2及分解时间Y这3个量之间存在多元回归关系；冬拟多孔菌是较多分解木质素、较少分解纤维素的木材白腐菌。 相似文献
2.
6种木材白腐菌对山杨材木质素分解能力的研究 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
由于不同的木材腐朽菌的生理特性不同 ,所分泌的酶及酶的活性各不相同 ,因此 ,不同的腐朽菌分解木材的各种成分及相对速度就各不相同 ,而且对于木质纤维基质会有不同的中间代谢产物。本项研究选择了火木层孔菌 (Phelliusigniarius)及另外 5种木材分解能力较强的阔叶树上的白腐菌 :粗毛盖菌 (Funaliagallica)、三色革裥菌 (Lenzitestricolor)、冬拟多孔菌 (Polyporellusbrumalis)、偏肿拟栓菌 (Pseudotrametesgibbosa)和血红密孔菌 (Pyc noporussanguineus) ,研究了它们对山杨木材木质素的分解能力 ,测定了经 6种白腐菌分解一定时期的山杨木材木质素的含量 ,作为木材白腐菌对山杨木材木质素生物降解机制的初步研究 ,旨在为山杨木材生物制浆造纸提供应用基础理论研究 ,同时也可为木质素合理的生物转化为有用的化学品、生物漂白、酶处理防止机械浆的返黄、废水治理、纤维素酶解糖化的微生物前处理等提供相关的借鉴研究 ,以期在生产实践中减轻环境污染并充分利用木质素资源。在无菌的条件下 ,将山杨木片样品分别放入以上 6种白腐菌的平板培养基中受菌侵染 ,一定时间后取出 ,去除木片表面的菌丝体 ,然后分别测定未腐朽材和受菌侵染 4 0d、6 0d、80d和 12 0d时木片样品中木质素的含量 ,分析 6种白腐菌对山杨木 相似文献
3.
《林业科学》2016,(8)
【目的】研究白囊耙齿菌5种胞外分泌木质纤维素酶活性变化以及胞内蛋白质组的表达差异,探讨该菌对不同基质的利用机制,为筛选用于生物制浆、林木病腐防治和工业污染物降解的高效菌株提供科学依据。【方法】选用白桦、红皮云杉木屑作为诱导物,不加木屑为对照,研究白囊靶齿菌5种主要胞外分泌木质纤维素酶的活性以及胞内蛋白质组的表达差异。【结果】木屑诱导下的木质纤维素相关胞外酶活性大都高于对照样品,且锰过氧化物酶和漆酶活性在处理组与对照组间的差异达显著和极显著水平;木质素降解酶系中漆酶活性最强,木质素过氧化物酶次之,锰过氧化物酶最弱;纤维素降解酶系中葡聚糖外切酶活性远大于葡聚糖内切酶活性,2种酶活性总体上趋于稳定,表达量较高,受培养时间的影响变化不明显;白桦和云杉木屑处理组中检测到32个胞内明显差异表达蛋白点,2个处理组各有3个特异的差异表达蛋白点。白桦木屑诱导下的特异表达蛋白与膜蛋白、膜运输和能量提供有关,而云杉诱导组特异表达蛋白均与蛋白合成有关。【结论】不同树种木屑底物诱导下白囊耙齿菌胞外木质纤维素酶活性存在显著差异。同时胞内蛋白质的表达也存在明显差异,在分解白桦木屑时分泌蛋白的胞内外运输可能是决定木材降解能力的关键,而在分解云杉木屑时其相关分泌蛋白的大量合成将起决定作用。 相似文献
4.
在不同pH值的反应条件下,通过正硅酸四乙酯的水解缩合得到二氧化硅;运用溶胶凝胶法制备几种热处理木材提取物/二氧化硅微胶囊,并采用真空-加压浸渍改性杨木。通过流失试验和耐腐试验,研究微胶囊对改性杨木耐腐性的影响;通过酶活性试验探究了微胶囊的抑菌机理。结果表明：热处理木材提取物/二氧化硅微胶囊木材防腐剂可以提高木材的抗流失性和耐腐性;微胶囊抑菌成分主要通过影响白腐菌中木质素酶（锰过氧化物酶、漆酶）、纤维素酶（外切纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶）、半纤维素酶活性达到阻碍白腐菌生长的目的;微胶囊仅对褐腐菌中纤维素酶（内切纤维素酶）活性有抑制作用。 相似文献
5.
以黑龙江省东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场的3种典型木材腐朽菌为试验材料,采用TRAP分子标记的手段,针对5种木质素与纤维素相关酶基因LiP、MnP、Lac、CBHⅡ、CDH设计引物,初步分析这些编码基因的多态性。试验确定了3种木腐菌TRAP分子标记的反应体系和反应程序。经过对32对引物进行筛选试验,共确定11对引物,包括3对标记MnP编码基因的引物、3对标记Lac编码基因的引物、3对标记CBH编码基因的引物,以及2对标记CDH编码基因的引物。结果表明:3种木腐菌的TRAP-PCR标记共产生了265条条带,其中多态性条带206条,占总条带的77.74%,多态性最高为100%,最低为60%,证明了TRAP分子标记可以应用于木腐菌的遗传分析。 相似文献
6.
6种白腐菌腐朽后的山杨木材和木质素官能团变化的红外光谱分析 总被引：22，自引：2，他引：20
选择火木层孔菌及 5种木材降解能力较强的阔叶树上的白腐菌 :粗毛盖菌、偏肿拟栓菌、三色革裥菌、冬拟多孔菌和血红密孔菌 ,采用国内外红外光谱分析的标准方法 ,用傅里叶红外光谱仪测定未腐朽材木粉和受 6种白腐菌腐朽 12 0d后的腐朽材木粉试样的红外光谱图。刮取未腐朽的山杨木材样品和受 6种白腐菌腐朽 12 0d时的山杨木材样品表层少许 ,在干燥条件下 ,分别放入KBr中 ,磨细 ,压片 ,然后在FTIR光谱仪上进行测定 ,得到经 6种白腐菌降解 12 0d后的木材木粉和未腐朽材木粉其木材和木质素官能团谱峰位置和谱峰相对吸收强度的振动变化状况 ,进而分析腐朽后的山杨木材和木质素官能团的变化情况 ,以作为木材白腐菌对山杨材生物降解机制的进一步研究。结果表明 ,受 6种白腐菌腐朽后的山杨木材和木质素官能团都受到一定程度的降解 ,但各自的变化情况有所不同。对木质素的降解主要是存在于侧链上 ,虽然苯环骨架变化不明显 ,但木质素苯环间的羰基、CH2 结构、紫丁香基和愈疮木基等侧链已部分被降解。从各吸收峰相对吸收强度的变化大小来看 ,血红密孔菌、冬拟多孔菌、三色革裥菌和偏肿拟栓菌对木质素降解的程度大于粗毛盖菌和火木层孔菌对木质素降解的程度 相似文献
7.
白腐菌在木质纤维素降解中的应用进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
木质素由于具有各种生物学稳定的复杂键型而不易被微生物降解,进而阻碍了纤维素的降解利用,而纤维素是重要的能源性物质,同时又是纸浆的主要成分,因此有效利用木质纤维素的关键是木质素的去除。本文总结白腐菌在生物制浆、乙醇制备的预处理、堆肥和饲料的制备方面的应用,概括提高白腐菌利用效率的方法,并对使用白腐菌处理木质纤维素材料进行展望。 相似文献
8.
木质纤维素具有储量大、可再生等特点,是生物质精炼的重要原料。通过酶水解将高聚糖转化为葡萄糖、木糖等单糖,是目前木质纤维素生物质精炼的重要途径。传统观点认为,酶水解体系中的底物木质素和溶解木质素都会阻碍木质纤维原料中纤维素的酶水解,主要表现为木质素阻碍了纤维素酶对纤维素的可及性、木质素对纤维素酶的非生产性吸附和溶解的木质素或类木质素结构(木质素衍生的酚类分子)对纤维素酶的抑制作用。但是近几年的研究表明,在酶水解体系中加入适量的水溶性木质素可有效促进含木质素底物中纤维素的酶水解。笔者总结了近年来水溶性木质素对木质纤维素生物质酶水解的研究进展,从纤维素酶-木质素相互作用的角度探讨了水溶性木质素对纤维素酶水解的促进作用,提出了水溶性木质素与纤维素酶之间的作用机理,即水溶性木质素与底物木质素对纤维素酶存在竞争吸附,水溶性木质素与纤维素酶的吸附域结合形成木质素-纤维素酶复合物,可有效减少底物木质素对纤维素酶的非生产性吸附,从而提高木质纤维素生物质的酶水解转化效率。 相似文献
9.
研究阔叶树上的6种木材白腐菌火木层孔菌、粗毛盖菌、偏肿拟栓菌、三色革裥菌、冬拟多孔菌和血红密孔菌对山杨材腐朽前后木材中游离酚酸种类和含量的变化情况.结果表明:受6种白腐菌腐朽后的山杨木材中酚酸的种类和含量各不相同,在山杨材被分解120 d后,偏肿拟栓菌、三色革裥菌、血红密孔菌和冬拟多孔菌的9种游离酚酸总含量远大于粗毛盖菌和火木层孔菌的9种游离酚酸总含量,表明前4种对木质素分解能力较强的菌种获得了较高含量的酚酸;但从9种游离酚酸总的含量上看,与各菌种对木材和木质素的分解百分率不尽相同,初步分析的原因表明在木质素被分解的过程中除了有这9种游离酚酸产生以外,可能还会产生其他的游离酚酸以及苯环二聚体、三聚体和各种寡聚体以及杂环的形式,所有这些苯环结构总体造成了对木质素分解百分率的差异. 对9种酚酸进行分析测试,只构成对木质素分解的一部分,不足以用来解释对木质素的全部分解能力,其他的酚酸和游离酚酸以外的苯环结构还有待进一步研究分析测试;从各种游离酚酸单个含量上看,各种白腐菌的种类和含量都各不相同,表明不同白腐菌对同一木质纤维基质的分解途径、中间降解产物各不相同.另外,未腐朽的木材中本身就含有一些微量的酚酸成分,这些酚酸在生物分解过程中会降解和转化成其他成分, 是否有可能转化成其他种类的酚酸还有待进一步证明. 相似文献
10.
几株半知菌对马尾松落叶的分解——木质纤维素酶的活性动力学 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用固体发酵方法,研究Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp., Cephalosporium sp., Tricherderma sp., Pestalotiopsis sp.和Aspergillus fumigatus 6种土壤半知菌降解马尾松凋落叶片过程中产生的漆酶(Laccase)、木质素过氧化物酶 (LiP)、锰过氧化物酶 (MnP)、羧甲基纤维素酶 (CMCase) 和滤纸糖酶 (FPA)的动力学曲线,以及各种酶活性与底物降解的关系.结果表明:Pestalotiopsis sp. 能够产生相对较高的漆酶活性和引起底物的总有机物质(TOM)质量损失最大;Alternaria sp. 产生的MnP酶活性最高;Pestalotiopsis sp. 产生的CMCase和FPA酶活性也为最高.试验中6种菌前期的降解速率依赖于CMCase 和 FPA酶活性的高低,后期则由木质素酶和纤维素酶协同作用来决定.依据6种菌的酶生产动力学曲线、TOM 质量损失和降解速率,可将其划分为2种功能类型:功能群Ⅰ为纤维素分解菌,包括Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp., Cephalosporium sp.和Tricherderma sp. 4种;功能群Ⅱ为木质纤维素分解菌,包括 Pestalotiopsis sp.和Aspergillus fumigatus 2种.试验中也发现:Pestalotiopsis sp.产生漆酶的活性较高,同时是一株比较有效降解木质纤维素底物的菌种. 相似文献
11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
15.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
17.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
18.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
19.
Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
20.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献