共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Lakes may be acid because of natural ecological conditions or because of anthropogenic activities. Apparently there has been a recent increase in acidity of many lakes in the northeastern United States. Factors that may be contributing to this increase include the use by utilities of precipitators, sulfur scrubbers, and tall stacks; the use of petroleum; and methods of combustion of fossil fuels. 相似文献
2.
根据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)2006年提出的能源碳排放计算方法,计算了甘肃省1995～2009年化石燃料消费的CO2排放量。结果表明,1995年以来,甘肃省化石燃料消费的CO2排放量呈增加趋势,排放强度不断下降,由1995年的11.01 t/万元下降到2009年的3.42 t/万元。甘肃省化石燃料消费增长迅速,但化石燃料消费结构变化不大。未来甘肃省节能减排压力巨大,要提高化石燃料的利用效率,同时加大可再生能源在能源消费结构中的比重,尤其加大对太阳能和风能的利用。 相似文献
3.
Häfele W 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1980,209(4452):174-182
Most studies of energy supply and demand ignore either global inter-dependence or the long time spans necessary to adjust to new energy sources. The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis has therefore studied on a global scale, for seven major world regions, the balance between energy supply and demand for the next 50 years. Reported here are the results for two benchmark scenarios. In the "low" scenario world energy consumption increases from today's 8.2 terawatt-year per year to 22 terawatt-year per year in 2030; in the "high" scenario, consumption increases to 35 terawatt-year per year. The study showed that time will be the limiting constraint in adapting the energy supply infrastructure to changing resource availability; resources will be available until the second half of the next century, but a strong shift will be required to low-grade fossil fuels such as shale oil and tar sands. Each scenario studied indicated increased environmental problems associated with increased use of fossil fuels, and potential geopolitical problems associated with the world distribution of resources. 相似文献
4.
Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Increasing energy use, climate change, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels make switching to low-carbon fuels a high priority. Biofuels are a potential low-carbon energy source, but whether biofuels offer carbon savings depends on how they are produced. Converting rainforests, peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce food crop-based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia, and the United States creates a "biofuel carbon debt" by releasing 17 to 420 times more CO2 than the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions that these biofuels would provide by displacing fossil fuels. In contrast, biofuels made from waste biomass or from biomass grown on degraded and abandoned agricultural lands planted with perennials incur little or no carbon debt and can offer immediate and sustained GHG advantages. 相似文献
5.
受消费不旺等因素影响,2012年中国禽肉整体价格水平低于2011年同期,呈先降后升趋势。由于肉鸡饲料、玉米以及豆粕等饲料原料价格持续上涨,养殖效益较2011年大幅下滑,同时饲料价格上涨对禽肉价格具有一定支撑作用。从国际市场看,2012年美国禽肉价格呈先降后升趋势,欧盟鸡肉价格先升后降,整体高于2011年同期。2013年全球禽肉价格预期上涨。受成本增加及消费预期增长影响,2013年中国禽肉价格预期总体将保持涨势。 相似文献
6.
We analyzed the mortality impacts and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by household energy use in Africa. Under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, household indoor air pollution will cause an estimated 9.8 million premature deaths by the year 2030. Gradual and rapid transitions to charcoal would delay 1.0 million and 2.8 million deaths, respectively; similar transitions to petroleum fuels would delay 1.3 million and 3.7 million deaths. Cumulative BAU GHG emissions will be 6.7 billion tons of carbon by 2050, which is 5.6% of Africa's total emissions. Large shifts to the use of fossil fuels would reduce GHG emissions by 1 to 10%. Charcoal-intensive future scenarios using current practices increase emissions by 140 to 190%; the increase can be reduced to 5 to 36% using currently available technologies for sustainable production or potentially reduced even more with investment in technological innovation. 相似文献
7.
Woodwell GM Hobbie JE Houghton RA Melillo JM Moore B Peterson BJ Shaver GR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1983,222(4628):1081-1086
A study of effects of terrestrial biota on the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere suggests that the global net release of carbon due to forest clearing between 1860 and 1980 was between 135 x 10(15) and 228 x 10(15) grams. Between 1.8 x 10(15) and 4.7 x 10(15) grams of carbon were released in 1980, of which nearly 80 percent was due to deforestation, principally in the tropics. The annual release of carbon from the biota and soils exceeded the release from fossil fuels until about 1960. Because the biotic release has been and remains much larger than is commonly assumed, the airborne fraction, usually considered to be about 50 percent of the release from fossil fuels, was probably between 22 and 43 percent of the total carbon released in 1980. The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is thought by some to be increasing the storage of carbon in the earth's remaining forests sufficiently to offset the release from deforestation. The interpretation of the evidence presented here suggests no such effect; deforestation appears to be the dominant biotic effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide. If deforestation increases in proportion to population, the biotic release of carbon will reach 9 x 10(15) grams per year before forests are exhausted early in the next century. The possibilities for limiting the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through reduction in use of fossil fuels and through management of forests may be greater than is commonly assumed. 相似文献
8.
For the past three decades the quantity of petroleum (both oil and oil plus gas) found per foot of drilling effort in the United States for any given year can be expressed as a secular decrease of about 2 percent per year combined with an inverse function of drilling effort for that year. Extrapolation of energy costs and gains from petroleum drilling and extraction indicates that drilling for domestic petroleum could cease to be a net source of energy by about 2004 at low drilling rates and by 2000 or sooner at high drilling rates, and that the net yield will be less at higher drilling rates. 相似文献
9.
2014年春节后由于市场粮源较为充裕,小麦需求受制粉企业开工率下降影响较为低迷,国内普通小麦价格呈现稳中偏弱格局,而优质小麦受供应偏紧影响价格持续上涨;由于美国小麦主产区遭遇不利天气,国际小麦价格自低位回升。目前,托市收购提前启动使得国内新麦价格呈现高开格局,但是由于新季小麦丰收在望,且受需求短期内难以改变的影响,新麦价格或将呈现高开稳走的态势;美国天气状况改善,2014/15年度全球小麦供需宽松,国际小麦价格或将震荡下调。 相似文献
10.
Fossil fuel combustion and the major sedimentary cycle 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The combustion of the fossil fuels coal, oil, and lignite potentially can mobilize many elements into the atmosphere at rates, in general, less than but comparable to their rates of flow through natural waters during the weathering cycle. Since the principal sites of fossil fuel combustion are in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, changes in the composition of natural waters and air, as a consequence of this activity, will be most evident at these latitudes. 相似文献
11.
基于文献的国内外水稻研究发展态势分析 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10
【目的】利用文献数据库,客观地分析国内外水稻的发展动态,为国内外水稻科研工作者和决策者提供参考,促进水稻科研工作的可持续发展,保障粮食安全。【方法】基于Scopus数据库,采用文献计量学方法,对全球及中国、美国、英国、日本和印度发表于1998—2009年的水稻文献的数量和质量进行分析,并分析了此期间水稻文献发文量居世界前20名中国前10名的核心作者、科研机构及文献累计引用篇次居前的文献。【结果】检索到全球100多个国家在1998—2009年间发表的水稻文献42 307篇,及每篇文献的被引频次,每个国家、机构或作者的H指数。【结论】全球水稻研究论文的产出量呈逐年上升趋势,水稻论文占全球总发文量的比例也呈上升趋势,尤以中国的水稻发文量增加最为明显。水稻文献的质量在统计的5个国家中,以英美最好,日本略高于世界平均水平,中国和印度低于世界平均水平。日本、中国和美国的高产活跃作者最多;国际水稻研究所、中国的浙江大学、日本的农业生物资源研究所和美国的康奈尔大学等机构的水稻研究论文影响力较大;水稻研究的热点是分子生物学。 相似文献
12.
Rodhe H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,248(4960):1217-1219
The current concern about an anthropogenic impact on global climate has made it of interest to compare the potential effect of various human activities. A case in point is the comparison between the emission of greenhouse gases from the use of natural gas and that from other fossil fuels. This comparison requires an evaluation of the effect of methane emissions relative to that of carbon dioxide emissions. A rough analysis based on the use of currently accepted values shows that natural gas is preferable to other fossil fuels in consideration of the greenhouse effect as long as its leakage can be limited to 3 to 6 percent. 相似文献
13.
Morris SC Moskowitz PD Sevian WA Silberstein S Hamilton LD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,206(4419):654-662
Several technologies to convert coal to liquid and gaseous fuels are being developed in the United States, some with support from the Department of Energy. Substitution of these technologies for those currently being used will produce different health and environmental hazards. In this article, selected health and environmental effects of four coal conversion and four existing technologies are compared. For each technology, the emission estimates for complete fuel cycles, including all steps in fuel use from extraction to the end use of space and water heating by electricity or direct combustion, were prepared by means of the Brookhaven Energy System Network Simulator model. Quantitative occupational health and safety estimates are presented for the extraction, transportation, distribution, processing, and conversion activities associated with each technology; also included are some public health damage estimates arising from fuel transportation and air pollution impacts. Qualitative estimates of health damage due to polycyclic organic matter and reduced sulfur are discussed. In general, energy inefficiencies, environmental residuals, and hence implied environmental effects and health damage increase in the order: (i) direct combustion of natural gas and oil, (ii) direct combustion of synthetic gas and oil, (iii) central-station electric power produced from synthetic gas, (iv) central-station electric power produced from coal, and (v) central-station electric power produced by the combustion of synthetic liquid fuels. The compliance and conflict of these technologies with the amendments of the Clean Air Act and other legislation are discussed. 相似文献
14.
China's alfalfa market and imports: Development,trends, and potential impacts of the U.S.–China trade dispute and retaliations 
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下载免费PDF全文 This study examines the development and trends of China's alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China's alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.–China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China's rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons (mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China's alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports. 相似文献
15.
Quantification of the atmospheric concentration of CO2 ([CO2]atm) during warm periods of Earth's history is important because burning of fossil fuels may produce future [CO2]atm approaching 1000 parts per million by volume (ppm). The early Eocene (~56 to 49 million years ago) had the highest prolonged global temperatures of the past 65 million years. High Eocene [CO2]atm is established from sodium carbonate minerals formed in saline lakes and preserved in the Green River Formation, western United States. Coprecipitation of nahcolite (NaHCO3) and halite (NaCl) from surface waters in contact with the atmosphere indicates [CO2]atm > 1125 ppm (four times preindustrial concentrations), which confirms that high [CO2]atm coincided with Eocene warmth. 相似文献
16.
碳达峰碳中和背景下中国森林碳汇潜力分析研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
[目的]核算我国森林资源碳储量和价值量,摸清我国森林资源家底,了解森林资源状况,合理制定林业发展规划.预测森林碳储量及碳汇潜力,提高森林经营管理水平,为我国实现碳达峰碳中和的林业发展目标提供参考.[方法]利用1973?2018年间9次森林资源清查数据,采用森林蓄积量法核算我国森林资源总碳储量及其变化情况,并按照不同林种... 相似文献
17.
2012年中国玉米产量创下20561万t的历史新高,201213年度进口玉米到货预计达到280万t,而国内玉米市场采购需求不旺,市场供应增幅超过采购需求增幅,尽管国家收购近3100万t临储玉米,但市场价格依旧呈现高位走低局面。2013年国内玉米播种面积增加,产量有望再获丰收,进口玉米预计同比大幅提高,而市场采购需求预计难有明显起色,预计201314年度国内玉米市场延续供过于求局面。国家明确2013年继续实施临储玉米收购政策,并将临储玉米收购价格提高120元t,这奠定了未来市场价格的底部区间。 相似文献
18.
【目的】基于生态平衡视角,研究“退耕还林还草”工程与能源重化工基地建设对陕西省榆林市碳源/汇平衡及其生态效应的影响过程与机制,以期为研究区制定碳减排与碳增汇政策提供科学依据。【方法】采用研究区能源消费统计数据、归一化植被指数（NDVI）、遥感数据、气象数据等,利用碳排放模型、CASA模型、固碳释氧模型等进行估算与分析。【结果】（1）2005—2009年,榆林市化石能源消费碳排放总量大幅增加,累计碳排放规模为8 576.66×104 t;原煤消费是最主要的碳源;神木县、府谷县、榆阳区的碳排放量合计占到整个区域的95%以上。（2）2005—2009年,榆林市逐年植被净第一性生产力（NPP）平均值呈小幅增加趋势,年均增加6 gC•m-2,佳县、米脂县和子洲县一带NPP增长显著;榆林市NPP平均值表现出“南高北低、东高西低”的格局,低值区域集中在以榆阳区为中心的呈东北-西南走向的区域。（3）2005—2009年,榆林市植被累计固定11 429.3×104 t CO2。（4）2005—2009年,总体上榆林市各年份碳固定总量均大于碳排放总量,且其差额逐年增加,呈现生态盈余等级升高的趋势;同时碳源/汇平衡与生态盈余特征存在显著内部空间分异,神木县、府谷县和榆阳区的生态盈余等级波动明显,生态状况逐年下降,是榆林市碳减排与碳增汇的重点区域。【结论】实施“退耕还林还草”工程,对增加植被碳汇作用显著,提高碳汇林比重是区域碳增汇的有效措施,对促使区域生态环境持续好转与减小生态压力具有现实意义。 相似文献
19.
Acid rain: china, United States, and a remote area 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The composition of precipitation in China is highly influenced by fossil fuel combustion and agricultural and cultural practices. Compared to the eastern United States, precipitation in China generally has higher concentrations of sulfate, ammonium, and calcium. Wet deposition rates of sulfur in China are 7 to 130 times higher than those in a remote area in the Southern Hemisphere. In many areas of the world, significant ecological changes have occurred in ecosystems that have acid deposition rates substantially less than those currently existing in China. 相似文献
20.
RW Graham EL Lundelius MA Graham EK Schroeder RS Toomey E Anderson AD Barnosky JA Burns CS Churcher DK Grayson RD Guthrie CR Harington GT Jefferson LD Martin HG McDonald RE Morlan HA Semken SD Webb L Werdelin MC Wilson 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,272(5268):1601-1606
Analyses of fossil mammal faunas from 2945 localities in the United States demonstrate that the geographic ranges of individual species shifted at different times, in different directions, and at different rates in response to late Quaternary environmental fluctuations. The geographic pattern of faunal provinces was similar for the late Pleistocene and late Holocene, but differing environmental gradients resulted in dissimilar species composition for these biogeographic regions. Modern community patterns emerged only in the last few thousand years, and many late Pleistocene communities do not have modern analogs. Faunal heterogeneity was greater in the late Pleistocene. 相似文献