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在特定的日粮条件下,瘤胃氢化过程可以产生一些抑制乳脂合成的特殊脂肪酸。其中trans10,cis12CLA最早被证实能够抑制乳脂合成,而其它脂肪酸也可能是日粮诱导的乳脂降低综合症(MFD)的原因。通过气相和液相色谱技术分析显示,日粮引起MFD的同时,乳脂trans9,cis11CLA含量的升高与乳脂降低相一致。因此本试验通过使用富含9和11位共轭双键的CLA来进一步研究trans9,cis11CLA对乳脂合成的影响。选用4头安装瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛采用4×4拉丁方试验设计。试验处理为:连续5 d皱胃灌注①乙醇;②9,11CLA混合物(其中trans9,cis11CLA占32%,cis9,trans11CLA占29%以及trans9,trans11CLA占17%);③trans9,trans11CLA;④trans10,cis12CLA。其中trans9,trans11CLA和trans10,cis12CLA纯度均高于90%,且每天灌注量为5 g,灌注速率一致。结果表明,不同处理之间产奶量和干物质采食量均无显著差异。与对照组相比,9,11CLA混合物和trans10,cis12CLA处理组乳脂产量分别降低15%和27%。而trans9,trans11CLA处理对乳脂产量没有影响,这与以前研究灌注cis9,trans11 CLA取得的结果一致。试验结果表明:trans9,cis11 CLA是第9和第11位CLA混合物中主要引起乳脂降低的异构体,但trans9,cis11 CLA抑制乳脂合成的效果低于trans10,cis12CLA。有趣的是trans9,trans11CLA降低了乳脂去饱和酶指数,这进一步说明乳脂合成过程中脂肪去饱和现象的变化是相对独立与MFD无关。试验中,当每天皱胃灌注含5 g trans9,cis11CLA后可引起乳脂降低达15%,因此,本研究证实了特定日粮条件下trans9,cis11CLA含量的增加与MFD出现存在一定的相关性,也提供了trans9,cis11CLA异构体在MFD中发挥作用的证据。 相似文献
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植物油来源亚油酸和亚麻酸对乳脂CLA合成的影响 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
选用40头泌乳中期(169.8±8)DIM的中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,采用完全随机试验设计,研究日粮亚油酸和亚麻酸水平对乳脂CLA合成的影响。试验共设4个处理,分别为高亚油酸组(LA)、高亚麻酸组(LEA)、高亚油酸和亚麻酸组合组(HLALEA)和低亚油酸和亚麻酸组(LLALEA)。通过9周的试验结果表明,不同处理对干物质采食量、泌乳净能校正产奶量、乳蛋白及乳脂肪的含量和日产量均没有显著影响。增加日粮中LA或LEA的含量,能够显著降低乳脂C12∶0、C14∶0和C16∶0的含量(P<0.05),显著增加乳中硬脂酸(C18∶0,P<0.05)和18碳长链不饱和脂肪酸的含量(P<0.01),但对20碳以上不饱和脂肪酸的影响小(P>0.05)。随着日粮中亚油酸含量的增加,LLALEA、HLEA、HLALEA和HLA组乳脂TVA和c9t11CLA的含量呈线性增加。HLEA组、HLALEA和HLA组乳脂TVA的含量分别比LLALEA组增加1.56、3.05和4.71 g/100 g,而c9t11CLA分别比LLALEA组提高2.5、2.8和3.7倍。因此表明,日粮亚油酸对乳脂c9t11CLA合成的贡献效果高于亚麻酸,而亚油酸调控乳脂CLA合成机制主要以提供乳腺SCD合成c9t11CLA所需的底物(TVA)为主。 相似文献
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反刍动物共轭亚油酸的生物合成及营养调控 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
共轭亚油酸 (CLA ,conjugatedlinoleicacids)是一类具有共轭双键的十八碳双烯酸的位置和几何异构体的混合物 ,是专一存在于反刍动物脂肪中的具抗癌活性的天然活性成分。反刍动物脂肪中的CLA主要是cis - 9,trans - 11CLA ,它有两种来源。CLA是瘤胃生物加氢的中间体 ,其中的一部分从瘤胃中逃逸并合成乳脂和体脂。此外 ,动物自身也能从trans- 11C18∶1—另一瘤胃生物加氢的中间体合成。日粮因素能影响瘤胃生物加氢过程—提供不饱和脂肪酸基质或改变瘤胃内环境 ,故而能改变CLA的含量。因此 ,利用营养手段调控牛乳CLA的含量前景乐观。 相似文献
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选择235头健康的中国北方荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,为避免日粮和季节的影响,奶牛饲喂同种日粮,采集同一天的乳样,测定奶牛泌乳性能和乳脂肪酸组成,研究胎次对乳中CLA含量和△^9-去饱和酶指数的影响。研究结果表明：乳中c9,t11 CLA含量平均为5．14mg／g脂肪酸,变化范围1．5～10．5mg／g脂肪酸。初产奶牛的c9,t11 CLA平均含量为5．19mg／g脂肪酸,而经产奶牛的c9,t11 CLA平均含量为5．11mg／g脂肪酸,但二者间差异不显著（P〉0．05）,初产与经产奶牛之间的c9 C14：1去饱和酶指数和c9 C16：1去饱和酶指数差异显著（P〈0．05）。初产奶牛的c9 C18：1去饱和酶指数和c9,t11 CLA去饱和酶指数与经产奶牛的差异不显著（P〉0．05）。 相似文献
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试验利用饲喂红叶为主要粗饲料基础日粮的5头经产的芬兰艾尔郡牛,采用5×5拉丁方设计,每期试验21d用于评价添加植物油和亚麻芥对动物的生产性能和乳脂肪酸组分的影响。试验处理为5组:①精料中不添加脂类(对照组);②按29g/kg添加菜籽油(RO);③按29g/kg添加葵花籽油(SFO);④按29g/kg添加亚麻芥油(CO);⑤按29g/kg添加压制亚麻芥(CE)。试验动物随意采食红叶,每天饲喂的精料为12kg。试验处理对粗饲料和总的干物质采食量、全肠道消化率、乳产量和乳成分无影响。饲喂植物油会降低乳中中短链饱和脂肪酸(6∶0-16∶0)含量(包括奇数碳脂肪酸和支链脂肪酸),增加乳中C18∶0和18碳不饱和脂肪酸的浓度。乳中顺-C18∶1、反-C18∶1、非共轭C18∶2、CLA和多不饱和脂肪酸含量增加的相对比例取决于日粮中添加的油的脂肪酸组成。饲喂菜籽油可能会增加反-C18∶1(Δ位于4、6、7、8和9)、顺-9C18∶1、Δ9,11CLA、Δ10,12CLA和C18∶2n-6脂肪酸的含量,而添加CO可能会增加乳中反-13–16C18∶1、Δ11,15C18∶2、Δ12,15C18∶2、反-9,顺-13C18∶2、Δ11,13CLA、Δ12,14CLA、Δ13,15CLA、Δ9,11,15C18∶3和C18∶3n-3含量.饲喂CO和CE会引起乳中C18∶0和顺-9C18∶1浓度降低并增加乳中反-10C18∶1、顺-11C18∶1、反-9,顺-11CLA、反-9,顺-13C18∶2和顺-11,反-15C18∶2占总脂肪酸的比例。乳脂肪酸对CO和CE的响应说明亚麻芥经压制后添加比游离添加对瘤胃内C18多不饱和脂肪酸氢化为C18∶0的速率降低。总而言之,以红叶为粗饲料的基础日粮中适量添加植物油对奶牛青贮饲料的干物质采食量、营养物质的消化和乳产量无影响,但会改变乳脂组分,主要表现为降低饱和脂肪酸含量增加反式脂肪酸含量,富集特殊不饱和脂肪酸。 相似文献
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反刍动物共轭亚油酸的合成及其对乳脂率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
共轭亚油酸(CLA)是一种主要存在于反刍动物脂肪和乳脂中的天然活性成分.亚油酸和亚麻酸能通过瘤胃微生物的一系列异构和脱氢作用合成CLA,反式油酸在反刍动物肝脏微粒体、乳腺细胞和脂肪组织中被△9-脱氢酶脱氢也能生成c9,t11-CLA,并被确认为反刍动物CLA的主要来源.反刍动物体内CLA的合成受动物品种、环境、日粮等多种因素影响,个体之间也存在差异.在日粮中添加不饱和脂肪酸提高CLA含量的同时,对乳脂率会造成较大的影响.本文综述了反刍动物CLA合成及饲喂不饱和脂肪酸对其乳脂率的影响. 相似文献
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不同植物油对奶牛瘤胃液、血浆中脂肪酸及乳脂中共轭亚油酸组成的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为改善牛奶脂肪酸构成,提高乳脂中CLA含量,研究瘤胃液、血浆和乳脂中脂肪酸的代谢规律,探寻提高乳品质的合适途径,本试验以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的经产荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方设计,研究向日粮中添加不同植物油(即葵花油、亚麻油、菜籽油,3种日粮的粗脂肪含量基本相同)对奶牛瘤胃液、血浆中脂肪酸及乳脂中CLA的影响。结果表明:(1)日粮中添加3种不同植物油,葵花油组、亚麻油组乳脂中的CLA比例均显著高于菜籽油组(P<0.05),且以葵花油组最高;乳脂中PUFA的比例则是亚麻油组显著高于菜籽油组(P<0.05);(2)3组间血浆中C14∶0、C16∶0、C18∶0的比例差异不显著(P>0.05),菜籽油组C18∶1的比例显著高于亚麻油组和葵花油组(P<0.05),而后两组差异不显著(P>0.05),亚麻油组和葵花油组t11-C18∶1的比例与菜籽油组间差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05),亚麻油组和菜籽油组中C18∶2的比例差异显著(P<0.05);(3)采食添加不同植物油日粮后,瘤胃液中各种脂肪酸动态变化的平均值差异不显著(P>0.05)。总的趋势是随着时间的延长,饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐增加,而不饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐减少。瘤胃液中CLA的比例不同时间点均较低。由本研究可知,在优化奶牛乳脂肪酸构成提高CLA含量方面,以葵花油效果最好。 相似文献
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《中国畜牧兽医》2005,32(11):27
本试验旨在研究日粮中添加植物油对高产奶牛生产性能和乳脂中共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响.采用12头泌乳早期(产后30～45 d)荷斯坦奶牛进行三重4×4拉丁方设计.每期试验基础日粮相同,设4个处理组:①对照组(不加油);②添加500 g棉籽油;③添加500 g大豆油;④添加500 g玉米油;每期试验3周,其中前2周为过渡期.试验结果表明日粮中添加植物油有提高产奶量的趋势(棉籽油组产奶量达35.0 kg/d,对照组产奶量34.4 kg/d).乳脂率降低,但乳蛋白率、乳蛋白产量和乳脂产量没有影响.大豆油组乳脂中trans-11 C18∶1含量最高 (23.8 mg/g乳脂),是对照组(12.6 mg/g乳脂)的2倍.与对照组(3.5 mg/g)相比,棉籽油组、玉米油组和大豆油组乳脂中cis-9,trans-11 CLA含量分别提高到6.0、7.1和10.3 mg/g.trans-11 C18∶1与cis-9,trans-11 CLA呈显著的线型关系.添加植物油使奶牛血浆总脂肪酸含量提高2倍,不同来源植物油的试验组差异不显著.大豆油组和棉籽油组奶牛血浆中硬脂酸含量显著高于玉米油组和对照组.添加植物油组奶牛血浆中trans-11 C18∶1显著高于对照组.日粮中添加CLA有提高产奶量的趋势,可显著提高乳脂中CLA含量,大豆油是提高乳脂中CLA含量较为理想的植物油来源. 相似文献
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《The Professional Animal Scientist》2004,20(2):118-126
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are implicated as anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherosclerosis, and anti-inflammatory agents in a variety of experimental model systems. However, evidence of dietary CLA protection against human mammary cancer risk is mixed and comes from European countries where the death rate from mammary cancer is relatively scarce. Unfortunately, epidemiological data are inconclusive, especially from retrospective studies. Prospective human study evidence will take more time. European values as great as 1.9% CLA in the fat of milk products from grass-fed ruminants has been reported; ordinary monogastric meat and egg products contain substantially less CLA in fat (0.3%). It is now recognized that the principle CLA in ruminant meat and milk is the natural diene, cis (c)-9, trans (t)-11 isomer (rumenic acid) of C18:2 (octadecadienoic acid). Another isomer, C18:2 t-10, c-12, also contributes to the unique biological activity of CLA, but does not readily accumulate in ruminant lipids and is found only in commercial preparations of mixed CLA isomers. Evidence in humans suggested that the role of the dietary mixed isomer CLA in the loss of body fat mass (BFM) was only modest compared with the results from animal model studies, and urine metabolites of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), indicative of lipid oxidation stress, have been elevated during supplementation. In addition, the fatty acid C18:1 t-11 (vaccenic) is now believed to be the principle precursor of endogenous c-9, t-11 CLA in both ruminants and monogastrics. This finding helps explain the discrepancy between measured c-9, t-11 CLA originating from the rumen and that secreted in cow’s milk. Manipulation of ruminant meat and milk by feeding marine or vegetable oils is clearly associated with increases in vaccenic acid as well. This relationship requires a re-examination of human foods for vaccenic acid content and quantitative measures of CLA endogenous synthesis in humans as well to formulate dietary strategies to capture CLA’s potential protective health benefits. 相似文献
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P.M. Kgwatalala E.M. Ibeagha-Awemu J.F. Hayes & X. Zhao 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2009,126(5):394-403
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) catalyses the synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the mammary gland of ruminant animals. Considerable variations in CLA and MUFA have been reported among animals of the same contemporary group. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of the SCD1 gene would influence the production of SCD1 enzyme and consequently its activity in the mammary gland, which may account for some of the observed within breed variations in CLA and MUFA. The 5' and 3'UTRs of the SCD1 gene of 46 Holsteins and 35 Jerseys were analysed for SNPs by sequencing. No SNPs were identified in the 5'UTR, while 14 SNPs were identified in the 3'UTR region. Further analysis revealed three haplotype structures or regulatory variants in Holsteins: named H1, H2 and H3 and only H1 and H3 in Jerseys. An IRES motif was found in the H1 variant. A subsequent association study involving the milk fatty acid profiles of 862 Holstein cows found the H1 regulatory variant to be associated with higher C10 and C12 desaturase indices and consequently with higher contents of C10:1 and C12:1 relative to the H3 variant. The effects of the H2 variant were intermediate to those of H1 and H3. SNPs in the 3'UTR of the SCD1 gene could therefore explain some of the within-breed variations in MUFA content of milk fat. 相似文献
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人们发现共轭亚油酸(CLA)具有抗癌及其他对动物健康有益的生物学活性。CLA主要存在于反刍动物来源的食品中,奶制品是人类饮食中CLA的主要来源。许多营养学家研究提高乳中CLA含量的营养学方法,发现日粮脂肪酸能够影响乳中CLA含量。本文综述了CLA在奶牛体内的合成代谢途径以及影响奶牛乳脂中CLA含量的主要日粮因素。 相似文献
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We conducted a series of experiments to evaluate the effects of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in lactating dairy cows. In all experiments, multiparous Holstein cows in mid to late lactation were abomasally infused with CLA for 5 d. The initial study established that trans-10, cis-12 CLA markedly reduced milk fat yield whereas cis-9, trans-11 CLA, the predominant CLA isomer in milk fat, had no effect. Across the three investigations, infusions of the pure trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer (3.5 to 14.0 g/d) resulted in a 25 to 50% decrease in milk fat yield and this was energetically equivalent to 6 to 11% of net energy intake. Effects were specific for milk fat as there were little or no changes in feed intake and the yield of milk or milk protein. In Exp. 1, infusing trans-10, cis-12 CLA had no effect on circulating plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, or leptin. Basal NEFA concentrations were also unaffected, but lipolytic response to an epinephrine challenge was reduced (33%) when cows received trans-10, cis-12 CLA; this minor change in lipolytic response would be consistent with the slightly more positive net energy balance when cows received trans-10, cis-12 CLA. In Exp. 2, infusing differing amounts of trans-10, cis-12 CLA had only minor effects on basal NEFA concentrations, but again cows receiving trans-10, cis-12 CLA tended to have reduced (24%) lipolytic response to trans-10, cis-12 CLA compared to the control period. In Exp. 3, infusing trans-10, cis-12 CLA had no effect on basal glucose concentrations or glucose response to an insulin challenge. The fractional rate of glucose clearance in response to insulin was also not altered by treatment. In summary, the effects of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in lactating dairy cows appear to be specific for the mammary gland, resulting in reduced milk fat synthesis; adipose tissue response to a homeostatic signal regulating lipolysis (epinephrine), whole-body response to a homeostatic signal regulating glucose homeostasis (insulin), and plasma variables associated with lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis were relatively unaffected by treatment with trans-10, cis-12 CLA. 相似文献
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A. A. A. Jacobs J. Dijkstra W. H. Hendriks J. van Baal A. M. van Vuuren 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2013,97(2):353-362
Stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) is an important enzyme in the bovine mammary gland, where it inserts a cis‐double bond at the Δ9 position in a wide range of fatty acids. Investigating SCD expression in the bovine mammary gland generally requires invasive biopsy to obtain mammary tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of milk somatic cells as a non‐invasive alternative to biopsy for measuring mammary SCD expression in dairy cows. Both milk somatic cells and mammary tissue were collected from 14 Holstein‐Friesian cows and used for analysis of SCD expression by real‐time PCR. The SCD5 mRNA levels in mammary tissue compared with SCD1 were low, and for several milk somatic cell samples, SCD5 expression was even below the limit of detection. A significant relationship was found between SCD1 expression in milk somatic cells and in mammary tissue. In addition, SCD1 expression in milk somatic cells was significantly related to Δ9‐desaturase indices in milk, which are commonly used as an indicator of SCD1 activity within the mammary gland. Our study showed that milk somatic cells can be used as a source of mRNA to study SCD1 expression in dairy cows, offering a non‐invasive alternative to mammary tissue samples obtained by biopsy. 相似文献
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8头泌乳中期的奶牛被随机分为2组，分别是对照组（每头牛：基础日粮＋棕榈酸钙200g／d）和试验组（每头牛：基础日粮＋共轭亚油酸钙200g／d），试验期14d，检测了奶产量、乳成分，分析奶牛的血液变化，并采用荧光定量PCR对乳汁体细胞中脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACACA）的基因表达进行检测。结果显示，与对照组相比，试验组奶牛的乳产量、乳蛋白、乳糖和乳汁体细胞含量没有显著影响，但是显著降低了乳脂肪含量（P〈0．05），对照组和试验组奶牛乳脂肪含量分别为0．0326g／mL和0．0244g／mL。检测血液指标发现，共轭亚油酸钙显著升高了奶牛血液中高密度脂蛋白的含量（P〈0．05）。基因分析发现，试验组奶牛乳汁体细胞中LPL、ACA—CA的基因表达显著下调，表明共轭亚油酸钙抑制了奶牛乳腺细胞脂肪酸合成酶的基因表达。 相似文献
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Influence of conjugated linoleic acids and vitamin E on milk fatty acid composition and concentrations of vitamin A and α‐tocopherol in blood and milk of dairy cows 
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下载免费PDF全文 S. Schäfers U. Meyer D. von Soosten L. Hüther C. Drong K. Eder E. Most A. Tröscher W. Pelletier A. Zeyner S. Dänicke 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2018,102(1):e431-e441
The objective of this trial was to investigate the influences of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA ) and vitamin E (Vit. E) and their interactions on fatty acid composition and vitamins in milk (α‐tocopherol, retinol and β‐carotene) as well as on α‐tocopherol in blood of pluriparous cows from week 6 ante partum until week 10 post‐partum (p.p.). We assigned 59 pluriparous German Holstein cows to four treatment groups with the treatment factors CLA and Vit. E at two levels in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Milk fatty acid composition and milk vitamins were analysed on lactation days 7 and 28. α‐tocopherol in blood serum was analysed on days ?42, ?7, 1, 7, 14, 28 and 70 relative to parturition. Milk concentration of α‐tocopherol was influenced by Vit. E (p < .001) and CLA (p = .034). Percentage of cis ‐9, trans ‐11 CLA in total milk fat was influenced by treatment with CLA (p < .001), while for percentage of trans‐ 10, cis ‐12 CLA an interaction between treatment and day (p = .019), driven by an increase in both CLA groups from day 7 to day 28, was found. Serum ratios of α‐tocopherol to cholesterol were influenced by Vit. E (p < .001). Results suggest that treatment with CLA during late pregnancy and early lactation is suitable to enhance the proportion of trans‐ 10, cis ‐12 CLA in milk and thereby influencing nutritional properties. As treatment with Vit. E did not have an impact on milk fatty acid composition, it might be possible to increase the antioxidative capacity of the dairy cow without affecting milk properties. Consequently, combined treatment with CLA and Vit. E might elicit synergistic effects on the cow and milk quality by increasing the proportion of CLA in milk fat as well as the excretion of Vit. E and the Vit. E levels in serum. 相似文献
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Keiichi TANAKA 《Animal Science Journal》2005,76(4):291-303
Milk and meat products derived from ruminants contain a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of C18:2 with conjugated double bonds, and cis‐9, trans‐11C18:2 (conjugated linoleic acid, CLA) is the predominant isomer. The presence of CLA in ruminant products relates to the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids by rumen bacteria. Although, it has been suggested that cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA is an intermediate that escapes complete ruminal biohydrogenation of linoleic acid, is absorbed from the digestive tract, and transported to tissues via circulation. Its major source is endogenous biosynthesis involving Δ9‐desaturase with trans‐11C18:1 produced in the rumen as the substrate. CLA has recently been recognized in animal studies as a nutrient that exerts important physiological effects, including anticarcinogenic effects, prevention of cholesterol‐induced atherosclerosis, enhancement of the immune response, reduction in fat accumulation in body, ability to enhance growth promotion, antidiabetic effects and improvement in bone mineralization. The present review focused on the origin of CLA in ruminant products, and the health benefits, metabolism and physiological functions of CLA. 相似文献