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1.
Thirty two accessions of periwinkle Catharanthus roseus collected from different semitemperate to tropical geographical areas of Indian subcontinent, Madagascar, Singapore and Malaysia were characterized under field conditions for 53 growth, development, morphogenesis and alkaloid yield related characters over a few seasons at Lucknow, India. Large differences were observed among the accessions for each of the characters examined. The differences among the accessions ranged 3, 80 and 15 fold for the alkaloid yield related traits – leaf dry matter yield and leaf vincristine and vinblastine concentration, respectively. Strong correlations were observed between leaf area and leaf yield with leaf alkaloid, root and root alkaloid yields, contents of dimeric alkaloid in leaves with yields of respective alkaloids, leaf number and root alkaloid content with leaf vinblastine yield and leaf vinblastine content with leaf vincristine and vinblastine yields. Multi-variate analyses allowed classification of the accessions into 5 to 7 morphologically and presumably genetically distinct groups. Generally, the accessions coming from tropical agro-climates tended to get separated from those having origins in subtropical to semi-temperate environments. Three clusters were observed to bear complementary characters for possibly cross-parenting high alkaloid yielding transgressive segregants. One of the accessions of C. roseus in which the leaf vincristine content was 5 fold and vinblastine content one and a half fold of the respective all accession means appeared suitable for the domesticated cultivation. It was proposed that accumulation of high amounts of total alkaloids and one or more dimeric alkaloids in leaves of certain accessions may be a reflection of reproductive fitness achieved under the biotic and abiotic stresses imposed on their parent populations, sometime in their evolutionary pathway.  相似文献   

2.
The spectroscopic characteristics of the interaction of alkaloids with picrolonic acid were studied. In solvents of low and intermediate polarity, the presence of alkaloids caused a red shift of the 322 nm band of nonionized picrolonic acid to 355 nm, corresponding to the anionic resonance band. There was also a considerable increase in absorptivity, which was dependent on both the basicity (pKa) and molar concentration of the alkaloid present. Arylamines, aromatic N-heterocycles, and alkaloids lacking an aliphatic amine moiety did not show observable shifts. The interaction was developed into a spectrophotometric assay for the following alkaloids in pharmaceutical preparations: atropine, ephedrine, codeine, emetine, quinine, and strychnine. The method is sensitive to 2 mug alkaloid/ml, with an accuracy of not equal to 1.5% and a standard deviation of not equal to 1.05 - 1.31%.  相似文献   

3.
A sand culture experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different seawater (5% and 10%) treatments on plant growth, inorganic ions, indole alkaloid concentrations and yields of Catharanthus roseus, in an effort to increase the alkaloid yield by artificial cultivation. The total fresh and dry weights and tissue K+ concentrations decreased, but Na+ concentrations increased in the plant roots, stems and leaves of C. roseus under seawater stress as compared to the control. The concentrations and yields of vindoline, catharanthine, vinblastine and vincristine increased under seawater stress. The concentrations and yields of these alkaloids were higher in 5% seawater-treated plants than those in the 10% seawater-treated plants. Considering the industrial production, 5% seawater treatments could reduce the cost of producing alkaloid. In the control plants, the highest alkaloid concentrations reached a peak at 100 days after planting, suggesting that plant harvest must be optimized in terms of growth duration.  相似文献   

4.
Several lupines (Lupinus spp.) present on western U.S. rangelands contain alkaloids that are teratogenic to livestock and cause congenital birth defects in calves (crooked calf disease). Periodically, large losses of calves due to lupine-induced "crooked calf disease" occur in northern Oregon and eastern Washington state. Five lupine populations from this area representing three species (L. leucophyllus, L. sulfureus, and L. sericeus) were evaluated taxonomically and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the major alkaloids in each lupine species were identified. The teratogenic alkaloid anagyrine was present in both of the lupine species responsible for the high outbreaks in east-central Washington and northeastern Oregon. However, the alkaloid profiles of the two lupines identified as L. leucophyllus were dissimilar, as were the alkaloid profiles of the two lupines identified as L. sulfureus. Botanical classification is not sufficient to determine potential teratogenicity, and it must be followed by chemical characterization to determine risk to livestock.  相似文献   

5.
An efficient high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the analysis of alkaloids in hardinggrass (Phalaris aquatica L.) was developed. The method employed HPTLC glass plates precoated with silica gel 60F-254 as the stationary phase. The solvent system consisted of ethyl acetate/chloroform/7 N NH4OH in methanol (8:2:1, v/v/v). Using unidimensional double-development, bands were well separated for 10 alkaloid standards as well as alkaloids observed in hardinggrass plant extracts. Identities of compounds observed using HPTLC were validated by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Software was used to quantify individual alkaloids in plant samples based on HPTLC retention factors and intensities relative to standards of known concentration. Correlation coefficients of 0.99 were obtained between estimated and actual concentrations for four standards (methyltyramine, hordenine, gramine, and 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine), with linearity in the range of 120-3840 ng/spot. The HPTLC method is repeatable and specific for beta-carboline, tryptamine, gramine, and tyramine type alkaloids in mixed standard and plant extracts. Initial results indicate substantial variation in alkaloid composition among and within hardinggrass populations.  相似文献   

6.
The glycoalkaloid content in 12 commercial varieties of Mexican potatoes was measured by HPLC in both the peel and the flesh of the potato. The principal glycoalkaloids alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine were present in higher concentration in the peel than in the flesh of all varieties. The main alkaloid in the peel of the potatoes was alpha-chaconine and comprised about 65-71% of the total glycoalkaloids. The high concentration of alpha-chaconine in peel, which is more toxic than alpha-solanine, gives more protection to the tuber against predators. The total alkaloids in the peel of Alpha, Juanita, Michoacan, Norte?a, Rosita, and Tollocan varieties were higher than the limit recommended for food safety. However, the peel represents less than 10% of the total tuber in most of the varieties. The total alkaloids contained in the peel of Atzimba, Lopez, Marciana, Montsama, Murca, and Puebla was lower than the limits recommended for food safety. The glycoalkaloid content in the boiled peeled potatoes was less than 9 mg/100 g but in Alpha, Montsama, and Puebla varieties, both glycoalkaloids were absent. According to the results, the consumption of the 12 commercial varieties of Mexican potatoes does not represent any danger to human health.  相似文献   

7.
采用盆栽试验施K2O量设0、15、60、240 mg/kg 4个水平,研究钾肥对苦参生长、生物总碱含量和生物总碱产量的影响.结果表明,施用钾肥对苦参生长以及苦参总碱含量均有显著促进效应.施K2O 60 mg/kg处理根鲜重、根干重显著高于对照和施K2O 15 mg/kg水平,根鲜重较对照增加14%;根干重增加8.6%;叶绿素含量、苦参总碱含量和苦参总碱产量也显著高于对照,叶绿素总含量较对照增加5.6%;苦参总碱含量增加38.7%;单株苦参总碱产量增加50.5%.钾对单株干重增加效应主要是由于主根干重增加所致;施钾有利于提高叶绿素含量,进而提高苦参总碱含量.获得较高的单株苦参总碱产量适宜的施K2O量是60 mg/kg.  相似文献   

8.
离体培养条件对平贝母生物碱含量的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
以平贝母试管苗为材料,通过测定生物量增殖倍数、折干率、生物碱含量等指标,对基本培养基种类、培养方式、培养周期、植物生长调节剂种类及配比、蔗糖浓度、病毒唑用量等可能影响平贝母生物碱产量的因素进行研究。结果表明,以LS为基本培养基,附加5%蔗糖,固体培养周期为60d时,利于提高鳞茎生物碱含量及生物碱产量;液体培养基虽有利于平贝母鳞茎增殖与子贝的分化,但不利于增加生物碱产量;植物生长调节剂对刺激培养物生长有显著促进作用,其中以BA1.0mgL与NAA0.5mgL组合为佳;5mgL病毒唑能明显提高鳞茎的增殖倍数。试验最佳离体培养基为LS+BA1.0mgL+NAA0.5mgL+病毒唑5mgL+5%蔗糖;培养60d生物碱产量可达1.62mgL。  相似文献   

9.
The intake of lupin-based foods could imply the exposure of consumers to quinolizidine alkaloids. The objectives of this study were to assess the genetic variation among and within 11 geographic regions of Lupinus albus ecotypes, verify the quinolizidine alkaloids amount of alkaloid-poor L. albus and Lupinus angustifolius varieties, and assess the effect of two climatically contrasting Italian environments on the alkaloid content. The quantitation was performed by GC-MS, and in all samples lupanine was the most abundant quinolizidine alkaloid, followed by albine and 13alpha-hydroxylupanine for L. albus and by 13alpha-hydroxylupanine and angustifoline for L. angustifolius. Some regions tended to have a high (Azores) or low (Egypt, Near East, Maghreb) total alkaloids content, but the variation among ecotypes within regions was larger than that among regions following the estimation of variance components. Alkaloid-poor varieties tended to have higher total alkaloid contents when grown in the subcontinental climate site, exceeding in some cases the limit of 0.200 mg/g.  相似文献   

10.
White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) has unexploited potential as a crop plant due to its high seed yield as well as protein and oil content in seeds. Well-characterized collections of gene resources are very important for breeding as a source of genetic variation. This paper presents the results of analyses for total content and qualitative composition of alkaloids in seeds of 367 L. albus accessions from the Polish Genebank. Accessions were divided into four classes of origin: wild collected material, land races, breeding lines, and cultivars. Apart from the expected broad variation as well as strong differentiation in the alkaloid content, a clear influence of domestication was observed. This was shown as an apparent decrease in the alkaloid content in breeding lines and cultivars classes. The total alkaloid content varies from 0.02 to 12.73% of the seed dry weight. Six major alkaloids (abundance >1%) were revealed: lupanine (28.22–94.49%, mean 76.06% in total content), 13-hydroxylupanine (0.10–32.78%, mean 8.23%), multiflorine (0.00–21.67%, mean 5.52%), albine (0.00–18.55%, mean 4.48%), angustifoline (0.24–12.14%, mean 2.07%), 11,12-seco-12,13-didehydromultiflorine (0.00–12.28%, mean 1.74%). Owing to its abundance, lupanine was found to be the most closely correlated to the total alkaloid content.  相似文献   

11.
Bioassay-directed isolation of antifungal compounds from an ethyl acetate extract of Ruta graveolens leaves yielded two furanocoumarins, one quinoline alkaloid, and four quinolone alkaloids, including a novel compound, 1-methyl-2-[6'-(3' ',4' '-methylenedioxyphenyl)hexyl]-4-quinolone. The (1)H and (13)C NMR assignments of the new compound are reported. Antifungal activities of the isolated compounds, together with 7-hydroxycoumarin, 4-hydroxycoumarin, and 7-methoxycoumarin, which are known to occur in Rutaceae species, were evaluated by bioautography and microbioassay. Four of the alkaloids had moderate activity against Colletotrichum species, including a benomyl-resistant C. acutatum. These compounds and the furanocoumarins 5- and 8-methoxypsoralen had moderate activity against Fusarium oxysporum. The novel quinolone alkaloid was highly active against Botrytis cinerea. Phomopsis species were much more sensitive to most of the compounds, with P. viticola being highly sensitive to all of the compounds.  相似文献   

12.
The alkaloid chemistry of the venom of hybrid fire ant, Solenopsis richteri × Solenopsis invicta, was investigated using silica gel chromatography and GC-MS techniques. In addition to most cis alkaloids of parental species, S. richteri Forel and S. invicta Buren, the cis alkaloid fraction of the body extract of hybrid fire ants also contains five significant new alkaloids. Hydrogenation of the cis alkaloid fraction yielded only five piperidines, 4', 12', 12, 20', and 20. Sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride selectively reduced C═N double bond in piperideine alkaloids to give a mixture of cis and trans piperidines. However, reduction of the five new components yielded several new peaks with much longer retention times and increasing molecular weights over 30. It is evident that the chemical identities of the five new peaks are quite different from those known piperidines or piperideines found in Solenopsis fire ants.  相似文献   

13.
A rapid electrospray mass spectrometry method was developed for screening larkspur (Delphinium spp.) plant material for toxic norditerpenoid alkaloids. The method was calibrated using two standard alkaloids, methyllycaconitine (1) and deltaline (2), with a recovery of 92% from spiked samples and relative standard deviations of 6.0% and 8.1% for the two alkaloids, respectively. Thirty-three samples of plains larkspur, Delphinium geyeri, were analyzed. Methyllycaconitine (1) concentration was 0.27% +/- 0.08% during a 1-month period in 1997 establishing the relative risk of poisoning from the plant to be low. The method was also applied to the trace analysis (<1 ppm) of 1 in serum samples from sheep dosed different levels of the alkaloid. Electrospray ionization combined with sequential tandem mass spectrometry and HPLC coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry were used to detect and tentatively identify three new norditerpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium nuttallianum [bearline (6), 14-acetylbearline (7), 16-deacetylgeyerline (8)]. The tentative structure of the new alkaloids was predicted from the tandem mass spectra fragmentation patterns and assigning the substitution pattern for methoxy and acetyl groups at the C-14 and C-16 carbons.  相似文献   

14.
Using HPLC-ESI-MS, several saturated and 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids were detected, mainly as their N-oxides, in fresh pollen collected from flowers of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-producing plants Echium vulgare, E. plantagineum, Senecio jacobaea, S. ovatus, and Eupatorium cannabinum, and/or pollen loads from bees (bee pollen) that foraged on those plants. A major alkaloidal metabolite in S. ovatus was tentatively identified, using its mass spectrometric data and biogenic considerations, as the previously unreported, saturated alkaloid, 2-hydroxysarracine. Heating had very little effect on the 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides from a variety of sources. Considered in conjunction with international concerns about the adverse effects of these alkaloids, the results strongly indicate a need for monitoring pollen supplies intended for human consumption, at least until conditions for processing and/or selection are clearly defined such as to significantly reduce the hepatotoxic (and potentially carcinogenic and genotoxic) pyrrolizidine alkaloid content of bee pollen.  相似文献   

15.
The characterization of herbal materials is a significant challenge to analytical chemists. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.), which has been chosen for toxicity evaluation by NIEHS, is among the top 15 herbal supplements currently on the market and contains a complex mixture of indigenous components ranging from carbohydrates and amino acids to isoquinoline alkaloids. One key component of herbal supplement production is botanical authentication, which is also recommended prior to initiation of efficacy or toxicological studies. To evaluate material available to consumers, goldenseal root powder was obtained from three commercial suppliers and a strategy was developed for characterization and comparison that included Soxhlet extraction, HPLC, GC-MS, and LC-MS analyses. HPLC was used to determine the weight percentages of the goldenseal alkaloids berberine, hydrastine, and canadine in the various extract residues. Palmatine, an isoquinoline alkaloid native to Coptis spp. and other common goldenseal adulterants, was also quantitated using HPLC. GC-MS was used to identify non-alkaloid constituents in goldenseal root powder, whereas LC-MS was used to identify alkaloid components. After review of the characterization data, it was determined that alkaloid content was the best biomarker for goldenseal. A 20-min ambient extraction method for the determination of alkaloid content was also developed and used to analyze the commercial material. All three lots of purchased material contained goldenseal alkaloids hydrastinine, berberastine, tetrahydroberberastine, canadaline, berberine, hydrastine, and canadine. Material from a single supplier also contained palmatine, coptisine, and jatrorrhizine, thus indicating that the material was not pure goldenseal. Comparative data for three commercial sources of goldenseal root powder are presented.  相似文献   

16.
Cultivation of Crotalaria juncea L. (Sunn Hemp cv. 'Tropic Sun') is recommended as a green manure crop in a rotation cycle to improve soil condition, help control erosion, suppress weeds, and reduce soil nematodes. Because C. juncea belongs to a genus that is known for the production of toxic dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids, extracts of the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of 'Tropic Sun' were analyzed for their presence using HPLC-ESI/MS. Qualitative analysis identified previously unknown alkaloids as major components along with the expected macrocyclic dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid diesters, junceine and trichodesmine. The dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids occurred mainly as the N-oxides in the roots, stems, and, to a lesser extent, leaves, but mainly as the free bases in the seeds. Comprehensive spectrometric and spectroscopic analysis enabled elucidation of the unknown alkaloids as diastereoisomers of isohemijunceine, a monoester of retronecine with an unusual necic acid. The dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid contents of the roots, stems, and leaves of immature plants were estimated to be 0.05, 0.12, and 0.01% w/w, respectively, whereas seeds were estimated to contain 0.15% w/w.  相似文献   

17.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants are widely distributed throughout the world and are particularly common in the genus Senecio. The structural types and concentrations of the alkaloids vary among plant species. In addition, within a species of plant, concentrations vary with environment and location. Many pyrrolizidine alkaloids are toxic and cause poisoning in livestock and in humans. Rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic techniques are needed to identify poisoned animals and to determine the particular plants and conditions under which livestock are likely to be poisoned. In this study, two competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for riddelliine, riddelliine N-oxide, and other closely related pyrrolizidine alkaloids were developed using polyclonal antibodies. One assay is class specific toward the free base forms of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids; the other assay showed cross-reactivity to both the free base and N-oxide forms of the alkaloids. The assay with the lowest limit of detection had an I(50) of 803.9 pg with a limit of detection of 47.5 pg for riddelliine. Spike and recovery studies for riddelliine in bovine blood ranged from 45 to 74%. The assay that showed cross-reactivity between the N-oxide and free base forms of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids allowed estimation of the total pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in Senecio riddellii in admixture with alfalfa. These findings suggest that these techniques will be excellent tools to diagnose poisoned animals and identify highly toxic plants.  相似文献   

18.
雷公藤提取农药用总生物碱工艺的优化(简报)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为杀虫活性物质雷公藤生物碱的产业化开发利用奠定基础,以雷公藤根皮中总生物碱提取率为评价指标,综合考察pH值、提取时间、乙醇浓度、固液比和提取次数5个关键因素的影响,以L16(45)正交试验设计优选了雷公藤总生物碱的提取工艺条件,并利用人工神经网络进行仿真、评估和优化,最终获得了雷公藤根皮中总生物碱的提取优化工艺:根皮粉细度30目,pH2.5,固液比1︰10,乙醇浓度65%,提取时间2h,提取2次。该优化工艺条件不仅可减少成本,降低能耗,而且使雷公藤总生物碱提取率略有提高,在实际生产中具有较好的应用价值。  相似文献   

19.
Neotyphodium species are fungal endophytes best known for their protection of grass hosts and production of bioactive metabolites including ergot alkaloids. Perennial ryegrass-Neotyphodium sp. Lp1 symbiota that have altered ergot alkaloid profiles (resulting from knockouts in two different endophyte genes) were fed, along with controls, to rabbits to test the effects of ergot alkaloids on food preference and satiety. Interestingly, rabbits dramatically preferred plants that were endophyte-infected but free of ergot alkaloids over endophyte-free plants (P = 0.01). Accumulation of ergot alkaloids of the clavine class counteracted the added appeal of endophyte-infected plants. In satiety tests, consumption of ergovaline (the ultimate ergot pathway product in wild-type endophyte), but not of several other ergot alkaloids, during an initial meal had a negative effect on subsequent rabbit chow consumption (P < 0.05). The data indicate that clavines were sufficient to reduce the appeal of endophyte-infected grasses, whereas only ergovaline reduced appetite.  相似文献   

20.
A trial was conducted on the effect of salinity and method of fertilizer application on two varieties of cultivated tomato, i.e. VF 145 and Edkawi. Salinity ranged from 0.52 to 11 dS/m, and fertilizer was applied by either broadcasting in small doses or added with irrigation water. Weight of shoots, fruit yield, and sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), chloride (Cl), free proline contents in both developing and mature leaves, and total soluble salts and ascorbic acid contents in fruits were taken as evaluating criteria. Salinity depressed both growth and fruit yield, and simultaneously increased ion concentration in plant leaves. Sodium and Cl accumulated with salinity, being greater in mature leaves, while proline accumulation in developing leaves was much higher than in mature leaves. Total soluble salts and ascorbic acid were not affected. Liquid fertilization resulted in higher fruit yields than that obtained with the solid fertilizer treatments as well as better alleviating the depressive effects of salinity on plant growth and yield, especially at the lower salinity level where it was more beneficial to fruit yield. The VF 145 tomato variety was found a bit more sensitive to salinity than the Edkawi variety, and was affected differently by salinity, regarding both the yield and the pattern of organic and inorganic ion accumulation. Our results suggest that there exists a physiological mechanism that is involved in the salt tolerance difference observed between the two varieties that needs to be investigated.  相似文献   

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