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1.
滚筒式沼渣好氧发酵反应器中试装置设计与性能试验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对沼渣好氧发酵反应器存在制肥周期长、水分脱除难等问题,该研究设计了一种滚筒式沼渣好氧发酵反应器中试装置,包括原料预处理、好氧发酵、生物除臭以及反应器控制单元。根据生物学及热力学原理,设计了好氧发酵滚筒、曝气系统等关键部件。该反应器内置3种类型抄板,盛料腔体容积为500 L;曝气采用"变频供风-可控加热-扇形布气-分段曝气"技术;集成生物除臭系统和反应器控制系统。通过好氧发酵性能试验并经物理、化学和生物学指标综合评价,结果表明,实现沼渣快速制肥,高温期持续7d,连续发酵15d后即可达到无害化和腐熟要求,油菜种子发芽指数达到90%,含水率降至30%以下。该研究为沼渣制肥装备产业化应用奠定基础。 相似文献
2.
针对好氧堆肥周期长、腐熟均一化程度低以及反应器利用效率低等问题,该研究设计了一种单层发酵室有效容积为120 L、3层相互独立的好氧堆肥反应器,可对堆肥过程的各阶段进行控制且缩短堆肥周期,实现连续进出料堆肥。利用ANSYS对搅拌系统校核分析,搅拌轴的最大应力为75.288MPa,最大变形为3.680mm,强度符合设计要求;应用EDEM和Fluent仿真分析,结果表明：搅拌轴转速为20 r/min时,反应器下料率为98.14%,反应器曝气时混合物料的气体体积分数均在90%以上,下料及曝气效果良好。采用鸡粪与玉米秸秆1:4（干质量比）混合原料进行堆肥试验,结果表明：对于连续投放的3个批次物料,同一层物料温度差异不显著（P>0.05）,且高温期温度高于50℃的时间分别为9、7和5 d,达到无害化要求;3个批次物料的pH值均在8.0～9.0之间,电导率均在2.0～3.0m S/cm之间,各层之间差异显著（P<0.05）,各批次物料间差异不显著（P>0.05）。堆肥结束后,种子发芽率均大于100%,挥发性固体降解率分别为14.99%、16.03%和13.24%,各批次堆肥产品性质... 相似文献
3.
针对目前堆肥反应器存在的原料呈压实块状、通气性能差、通风阻力大、产品难以均质化等问题,设计了螺带-螺杆式好氧堆肥反应试验装置,采用计算流体力学方法对螺带-螺杆搅拌作用的搅拌流场进行了数值模拟分析,并进行了好氧堆肥性能试验。通过流场的数值模拟,揭示了螺杆-螺带式搅拌叶片对物料具有很好的搅拌及轴向流动性能,堆肥试验结果表明:上、中、下3层的50℃以上的时间分别为7.3、6.8、5.5d,反应过程中氧气体积分数均大于8%,各层堆料的最终碳氮比介于15～20之间,发芽指数均大于88%,重金属含量符合农用标准的要求,因此该反应器可以实现好氧堆肥的无害化、均质化。 相似文献
4.
5.
冬季死猪与猪粪同步堆肥运行效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探明猪粪与死猪同步堆肥在外界低温环境条件下的运行效果及其处理负荷,试验设置双层死猪处理组、单层死猪处理组和无死猪对照组,采用有效体积0.95 m3堆肥箱、供以100 L/(m3·min)的通风率对4.6~21.4 kg保育期死猪进行冬季堆肥处理,每层3头死猪,总质量在28.0~30.0 kg。结果表明:试验期间外界环境日平均温度为-11.2~2.7℃、最低温度为-17.8℃,堆肥箱内温度在试验启动后3~5 d上升到50℃以上,双层死猪和单层死猪处理组的箱内日平均温度超过50℃的天数分别为32和23 d,满足相关国家标准的无害化要求;堆肥6和8周后死猪降解率分别为(93.6±3.5)%和(96.8±0.8)%,死猪仅剩下部分骨骼,单层与多层死猪堆肥的降解率差异不显著,高1 m的堆肥箱中可同时处理两层死猪。因此,将猪粪堆肥的原料制作方法用于死猪堆肥,动物尸体降解需要时间在6~8周,该方法可使猪场的猪粪堆肥与死猪处理同步进行,即使在中国北方也能实现周年运行。 相似文献
6.
死猪堆肥处理的通风率选择探讨 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
针对生产中死猪难处理的问题,作者对死猪堆肥技术进行了试验研究。试验采用箱式堆肥方法,设定处理1、处理2、处理3的通风速率分别为300、200和100L/(m3·min),每个处理设置4个重复;堆肥箱有效容积为0.95m3,每个堆肥箱中间单层放入3头死猪(总质量30～32kg),死猪上、下和四周是由玉米秸秆和猪粪混合的堆肥物料。在北京夏季条件下的运行结果表明,各处理堆肥箱内平均温度超过55℃的时间分别为19、19和34d,处理间差异不显著;试验6周后,死猪仅剩下大部分骨骼,此时3种处理的死猪降解率分别达到(95.5±1.4)%、(94.7±1.7)%和(95.0±0.8)%,仅处理1与处理3的死猪质量(湿基)差异显著(P<0.05);试验14d后粪大肠菌群数即能满足相关标准的无害化要求;各处理堆肥物料的同一特性参数的变化规律一致,且无显著差异,堆肥结束时物料的有机质(干基)质量分数在47%～48%,全氮和全磷(干基)的质量分数达5.7%～6.4%,超过《有机肥料》标准的总养分≥5%的技术指标要求。鉴于以上试验结果,综合考虑运行成本,建议死猪箱式堆肥的通风率不大于100L/(m3·min)和堆肥时间不少于6周。死猪堆肥在无害化处理死猪的同时,将其转化成有机肥料,将为中国规模化猪场的死猪处理提供新的技术选择。 相似文献
7.
为探索和优化脱水蓝藻藻泥好氧堆肥无害化处理工艺参数,利用堆肥反应器,研究了C/N分别为5（T1）、15（T2）和25（T3）的处理对蓝藻藻泥腐熟进程及微囊藻毒素（MC）降解速率的影响。结果表明,堆肥过程中各处理间的pH、总碳量及其形态、总氮量及其形态、总磷含量、总钾含量、种子发芽指数差异显著。与蓝藻自然堆置相比,添加辅料增加堆体C/N可提高蓝藻的腐熟速度。堆肥35d后,T2和T3处理的堆肥成品均已满足有机肥行业标准,种子发芽指数均高于80%;但MC-LR和MC-RR仍有较大的降解潜力,从无害化的角度考虑,蓝藻高温堆肥时间不应少于50d。C/N过高增加了氮素的损失,如何进一步降低氮素的损失,提高堆肥过程中MC的降解将是今后蓝藻堆肥研究的重点。 相似文献
8.
为探索北方寒区规模化养牛场牛粪无害化处理模式,确定牛粪无害化处理关键技术,编制牛粪无害化处理操作规程。2007—2008年,以牛粪为原料进行了不同调理剂、翻堆次数、接种剂和不同环境温度条件下的无害化处理试验,对牛粪无害化处理的主要指标进行了测定。结果表明,不同调理剂都能完成牛粪无害化处理过程,调理剂不同可影响堆肥的养分含量,调理剂的选择要根据应用目的而定;翻堆次数对牛粪无害化处理指标影响不大,为节省成本,可3d左右翻堆1次;不同环境温度对牛粪无害化处理进程影响较大,环境温度≥10℃时,牛粪可在7～10d内完成无害化处理,环境温度在10～-10℃时,无害化处理时间一般为15～20d,北方寒区能满足这一条件的时间是每年的4—11月;环境温度低于-10℃,需采取保温措施才能完成牛粪无害化处理过程;当环境温度较高时,接种菌剂对牛粪无害化处理进程影响不大,当环境温度较低时,接种菌剂可促进牛粪无害化处理进程。 相似文献
9.
蚯蚓辅助堆肥处理蔬菜废弃物及其温室气体减排效果 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
蚯蚓辅助堆肥是近年兴起的处理有机废物的有效方法,为探明蚯蚓辅助堆肥法处理蔬菜废弃物的效果及其温室气体排放规律,该文以牛粪和新鲜番茄秧作为原料,在蚯蚓养殖场分别设置蚯蚓辅助堆肥和常规堆肥处理,对比研究了腐熟度指标变化和温室气体排放规律。结果表明:蚯蚓辅助堆肥堆垛温度较低,达不到无害化温度标准(50～55℃以上持续5～7d),但可满足蚯蚓生存需求,蚯蚓生物量在堆肥前期(0～10d)较低,为14.6×103～20.8×103条/m3,其后随着堆体温度的降低逐渐增长,至堆肥结束时达到90.2×103条/m3。综合pH值、电导率(EC)、碳氮比(C/N)、发芽率指数(GI)等腐熟度指标分析,蚯蚓辅助堆肥处理的腐熟度优于常规堆肥处理,并提前达到腐熟,堆肥周期缩短;蚯蚓辅助堆肥氮素损失较常规堆肥减少30.8%,CH4、NH3和N2O排放比常规堆肥分别减少12.8%、17.4%和46.1%,温室气体总量减排35.9%,因此蚯蚓辅助堆肥可有效降低堆肥过程中的氮素损失和温室气体排放量。研究结果可为有机固体废弃物循环利用和温室气体减排控制提供参考。 相似文献
10.
用猪粪等原料作堆肥底物,并分别添加质量分数为0%、5%、10%、20%的苹果渣以及1%的柠檬酸作添加剂,记作CK、AP1、AP2、AP3、N。采用自行设计的强制通风静态垛堆肥反应器,进行为期30 d的好氧混合堆肥。根据苹果渣与猪粪混合堆肥过程中各养分变化来研究苹果渣对堆肥效果的影响及其保氮效果,为猪粪有机肥的规模化生产提供理论支持,实现农业资源的可持续化。结果表明:各试验堆肥均达到无害化和腐熟化的要求;各处理全P和全K含量总体呈上升趋势,但添加20%的果渣处理不利于P含量的积累;苹果渣中的果酸可以降低堆肥的pH值,从而减少NH_4~+-N向氨气的转化,降低氮素损耗起到保氮效果;添加10%的苹果渣处理的全氮含量最高,保氮效果最好,添加5%的苹果渣处理对NH_4~+-N的积累最好;苹果渣作为猪粪好氧堆肥调理剂可以提高堆肥效果,实现农业资源的可持续化。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献