共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 296 毫秒
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胡凤娇 《河南畜牧兽医(综合版)》2004,25(9):19-20
随着畜牧业生产规模的不断扩大和集约化程度的不断提高,畜牧生产过程中产生的大量氨气、硫化氢、粪臭素、三基氨等恶臭气体和粪尿中的氮、磷元素、重金属等,造成了严重的环境污染,极大地影响了城乡居民的身体健康。因此采取有效的治理措施,最大限度地降低畜牧业生产对环境的污染,对其废弃物进行无害化处理和综合利用,促进畜牧业可持续发展,是畜牧生产中亟待解决的问题。1畜牧业造成环境污染的有害因素及危害1.1粪便污染畜禽粪尿中含有大量的未被消化吸收的有机物(氮、磷和药物添加剂的残留物),是污染空气、土壤和水流的有害物质。由于畜禽对… 相似文献
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<正>一、养猪与环保要想做好环保,必须先了解有哪些污染。1个万头猪场每年排放纯粪尿3万吨,再加上集约化生产的冲洗水,每年可排放粪尿及污水6~7万吨。每粪尿年60多亿吨。(一)对空气的污染畜牧场臭气的产生,主要是两类物质,即碳水化合物和含氮有机物,其中氨气对空气影响最大。另外粪便在无氧条件下大量未被消化的营养物质便会发酵产生氨气、粪臭素、硫化氢、低级脂肪酸等有毒、有害气体。尤其 相似文献
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减少养禽业中氮、磷排泄及污染的营养措施 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
随着家禽业生产规模的不断扩大和集约化程度的不断提高，家禽排泄物中氮、磷对环境的污染也日趋严重，家禽生产过程中积累的大量粪尿不仅会污染表土层和地下水．其产生的有害气体还会污染大气，并由此产生一系列公害。因此减少养禽业中排泄物的污染已成为当务之急，而通过营养措施减少养分排泄量是主要途径之一。 相似文献
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<正>1畜禽养殖业对环境的影响随着人们生活水平的提高,环境保护问题越来越引起人类的重视。目前,引人关注的环境污染有氮、磷、铜、锌、砷、硒、有毒有害气体(如氨、硫化氨等)、抗生素残留等,其中最为关注的是氮和磷的污染。动物在为人类提供大量优质畜产品的同时,也向环境排放大量的粪尿和有害气体。据估计, 相似文献
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Effects of feeding and animal performance on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium excretion by Holstein cows 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hideki KOJIMA Shin-ichi KUME Kazuhisa NONAKA Tomoko OSHITA Takaharu KOZAKAI Hiroyuki HIROOKA 《Animal Science Journal》2005,76(2):139-145
Thirty‐four Holstein dry cows and 16 lactating cows were used in balance trials to identify the effects of feeding and animal performance on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) excretion by dairy cows, and to develop prediction models for these excreta. Orchard grass silage, corn silage, alfalfa silage or timothy hay were offered to dry cows. Orchard grass silage or alfalfa silage, and concentrates were offered to lactating cows. In the statistical analysis, the independent variables were bodyweight (kg), dry matter (DM) intake (kg/day), milk yield (for lactating cows only, kg/day), water intake (free water plus water in feed, kg/day), intake (g/day) of N, P and K and dietary contents (% of DM) of crude protein, P and K. The dependent variables were N, P and K excretion (g/day) in feces and urine. In both dry and lactating cows, intake of N, P and K had large effects on corresponding excretion. The results indicated that a decrease in the intake of N, P and K could decrease the corresponding excretion. Further research by path analysis showed that K intake positively affected urinary N excretion in dry cows indirectly, through water intake and urine volume. 相似文献
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Data of 50 balance measurements were collected from dry and lactating Holstein cows to clarify the effects of urinary excretion of nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and sodium (Na) on urine volume in cows. In dry cows, orchardgrass silage, timothy hay, alfalfa silage and corn silage were offered to meet the TDN requirement. Orchardgrass silage or alfalfa silage diets were offered in switch back trials in lactating cows. There were no relationships between urinary excretion and plasma concentrations of K or Na in cows, but urinary N excretion increased with the increase of plasma urea nitrogen. There was positive correlation between urinary excretion and urinary content of Na, but urinary K contents increased rapidly by 1.3% with the increasing urinary K excretion and thereafter remained almost constant. The increasing urinary K and N excretion enhanced urine volume in cows, but urine production in cows was accurately estimated from the regression equation of urine K excretion on urine volume. Urine volume was not affected by urinary Na excretion. These results suggest that the increase of urine volume in cows affected by the increasing urinary excretion of K and N may be due to the maintenance of urine or plasma osmolality. 相似文献
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随着人们生活水平的不断提高,中国奶牛养殖数量和规模的不断扩大,奶牛正常的生理活动产生的大量气体(CO2和CH4)对土壤、空气和水造成了日益严重的污染。大气中CO2和CH4等微量气体浓度的增加所导致的温室效应已越来越受到各国的重视。奶牛胃肠道发酵所产生的CH4是牧场温室气体排放的主要来源之一,控制奶牛CH4排放能有效减缓温室气体的排放。因此,在畜牧业生产中,有必要有效降低反刍动物产生的CH4。奶牛生产中CH4的排放涉及饲料营养、瘤胃发酵调控、遗传选择和牧场管理等方面,现针对如何降低奶牛生产中CH4产生的研究情况做简要综述。 相似文献
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采用随机区组试验设计,研究废弃基质还田对土壤速效钾、速效磷、碱解氮等化学特性和制种玉米（Zea mays）植物学性状、产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明,有机生态型无土栽培废弃基质还田后,制种玉米产量T1处理（4 m3废弃基质＋N24P12K6）最高,但和T3处理（4 m3废弃基质+ N6P3K 1.5）、对照（N24P12K6）间未达到显著水平;T1处理的穗粒重、百粒重、产量最高,与对照相比分别增加7.3 g、2.03 g、2.07 kg;T1处理的土壤有机质、速效钾、速效磷、碱解氮含量最高,与对照比较,分别增加了0.4 g·kg-1、24.61 mg·kg-1、0.68 mg·kg-1、0.65 mg·kg-1;T3处理经济效益最高,与对照比较,增收1 791.6元·hm-2,化肥投入减少2 207.8元·hm-2。处理间土壤化学性质和玉米植物学性状差异不明显。 相似文献
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Renal clearance and fractional excretion of electrolytes over four 6-hour periods in cattle 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
S A Fleming E L Hunt J E Riviere K L Anderson 《American journal of veterinary research》1991,52(1):5-8
Four consecutive 6-hour urine sample collections were performed on 7 healthy adult Holstein cows fed a diet of coastal Bermuda hay with ad libitum water consumption. Urine (via indwelling urinary catheter) and venous blood samples were collected at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. Total 24-hour urine production for the 7 cows ranged from 4,515 to 7,130 ml/d (mean +/- SD, 5,633 +/- 946 ml/d) or 0.02 to 0.04 ml/kg of body weight/d (mean +/- SD, 0.03 +/- 0.007 ml/kg/d). Renal clearance (C) of creatinine (Cr), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) varied significantly (P less than 0.05) among individuals, but did not vary significantly among the four 6-hour collection periods. Clearance of chloride (Cl) and phosphorous (P) did not vary significantly either among individuals or among the four 6-hour periods. Clearance of potassium (K) varied significantly (P less than 0.05) among individuals and among the four-6-hour periods. Creatinine clearance was significantly (P less than 0.01) correlated with C(Cl), C(Ca), C(P), and C(Mg) when all data were considered. Significant (P less than 0.05) correlations were also found between C(Cl) and C(K), C(Ca), C(P), and C(Mg); between C(Ca) and C(P) and C(Mg); and between C(P) and C(Mg). Fractional excretion (FE) of Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, and Mg did not vary significantly among the four 6-hour periods. Fractional excretion of Na, Ca, and Mg (P less than 0.01) and K and P (P less than 0.05) varied significantly within individuals among the 6-hour periods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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本试验旨在为合理利用花生秧及提高氮素利用率提供理论依据。选择产奶量一致、处于泌乳中期、体重相近、胎次相同的12头中产荷斯坦奶牛,分为3组,每组4个重复。根据3×3拉丁方试验设计,试验分3期进行,每期预饲15d,采样期6d。分别饲喂含有不同花生秧与玉米青贮配比的全混合日粮(TMR),3种TMR中花生秧与玉米青贮的干物质(DM)配比分别为1.0∶3.9(A组)、1.0∶1.2(B组)、1.0∶0.4(C组)。结果表明,1)花生秧与玉米青贮配比对中产荷斯坦奶牛的干物质采食量、生产性能及血液指标没有显著影响(P0.05);2)奶牛的各乳成分组成均没有显著性差异(P0.05),但随着花生秧比例的增加,牛奶体细胞数有降低的趋势,B组较A组的体细胞数下降了35.4%;3)随着日粮中花生秧添加比例的增加,经济效益有所提高;4)日粮B显著降低了粪氮占摄入氮的比例(P0.05)。花生秧与玉米青贮配比在1.0∶1.2时,奶牛氮素利用及经济效益效果最佳。 相似文献
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Yusuke TABATA Daisuke TOGO Masayuki KITAGAWA Kazato OISHI Hajime KUMAGAI Shinichi KUME Hiroyuki HIROOKA 《Animal Science Journal》2009,80(4):475-485
The objective of this study was to quantify nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) utilization and their cycling in a beef-forage production system. A survey was conducted at the Kyoto University experimental farm in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, and included 9.5 ha of meadow and about 160 head of beef cattle. Forages cultivated on the meadow were ensiled and offered to breeding cows. The whole farm was regarded as a beef-forage production system. The system consisted of three components: animals, manure and soil/crop. Nutrient inputs, flows through the soil-plant-animal pathway and outputs were quantified for 2 periods for the whole farm. Nutrient utilization was evaluated by nutrient balances, utilization efficiencies (ratio of nutrient export to nutrient input) and cycling index. The average nutrient balances of N, P and K for the whole farm (kg/year/ha) were 435.7, 136.3, and 262.8, and the average nutrient utilization efficiencies were 0.08, 0.06, and 0.01, respectively. The characteristics of nutrient balances and utilization efficiencies for each component differed among the nutrients. The average cycling indices for N, P and K were 0.19, 0.17 and 0.49, respectively. This study illustrates the importance of internal nutrient cycling for improving nutrient utilization in beef production systems. 相似文献