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系统总结了绿叶挥发物的释放规律、代谢途径和对不同生物群落的生态调控功能,包括能诱导植物生成相关防御基因和防御化合物,自身及其诱导生成的虫害诱导植物挥发物和花外蜜露能够在植株间传递预警信号、吸引和驱避植食性昆虫、协同或抑制昆虫信息素、招引寄生蜂,还能影响病原微生物的生长。指出了在田间条件下天敌因受到背景气味、气象条件、害虫种群分布和数量等诸多因素的影响,很难达到理想的生物防治效果。因此仍需对植食性昆虫与天敌的化学遗传学和生态学、不同植物-植食性昆虫-天敌三重营养间的互作关系,以及不同植食性昆虫虫口密度对田间防效的影响等诸多方面进行深入研究,以明确虫害诱导挥发物中关键物质的多重生态功能,并确定虫害诱导挥发物的田间应用技术。 相似文献
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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a globally important crop that is often damaged by pests and diseases. Current cotton pests and diseases management is dependent on chemical pesticides. Although chemical pesticides are usually effective, long-term application of these pesticides often leads to increased insecticide resistance in the pests, fewer natural enemies, reduced natural control, and a degraded environment. Because of increased environmental awareness and the need for sustainable cotton production, the control of cotton pests and diseases using biological means like intercropping is increasingly receiving attention. Intercropping of cotton with other crops can often boost the total yield and output of the intercropping system and provide significant economic benefits without sacrificing cotton quality. Intercropping also increases the number of natural enemies, and reduces the occurrence of cotton pests and diseases by altering the ecological structure and environmental conditions in the fields. Cotton-based intercropping is an effective strategy to reduce the competition between cotton and grain or other economic crops for arable land. It is also an important way to increase the populations of natural enemies in cotton fields for the management of pests and diseases. However, inappropriate intercropping can also increase labor requirements and even result in inadequate control of pests and diseases. This review focuses on the performance and the mechanisms of intercropping for reducing cotton pests and disease as well as on the effective management of intercropping systems. The risks and limitations, as well as the study approaches needed and the prospects of intercropping for the control of cotton pests and diseases, are also discussed. This information is intended to aid researchers and growers in designing economically viable and ecologically friendly pest and disease management strategies that will reduce the use of chemicals and the cost of cotton production. 相似文献
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中国设施蔬菜害虫天敌昆虫应用研究进展 总被引：20，自引：1，他引：20
设施蔬菜是现代农业生产中极为重要的组成部分,而且设施蔬菜的发展不仅使蔬菜生产的品种和产量得到快速增长,也为有机蔬菜的发展创造了有利条件。但是,设施蔬菜种植条件也给害虫提供了适宜生长、繁殖和危害的生态环境,严重影响了蔬菜的质量和产量,成为制约设施蔬菜产业进一步发展的关键因素。化学农药的长期使用带来了一系列的生态环境和食品安全问题,而治理化学农药污染不仅要求逐步减少其使用量,更需要寻求优化升级与替代传统防治方法的技术。天敌昆虫作为传统的生物防治产品,在控制设施蔬菜虫（螨）害,保证其产量和品质中起着不可替代的作用。随着人们环境保护意识的加强和绿色农业的发展,以天敌昆虫释放为主的生物防治技术在害虫综合治理（IPM）中发挥着越来越重要的作用。中国的天敌资源非常丰富,但目前在设施蔬菜生产中应用的种类相当有限。经过几十年的努力,中国在设施蔬菜害虫生物防治及应用领域开展了大量的研究工作,在天敌昆虫资源和应用基础、技术研发和配套技术及应用等方面取得了较大进展。本文概述了设施蔬菜害虫的主要发生种类及其危害特点、主要害虫天敌资源及其生物防治的技术途径等,重点介绍了蚜虫、粉虱、叶螨、蓟马等几种重大害虫的生物防治实例,并分析了中国天敌昆虫人工繁殖（人工饲料、规模化生产）的研究进展。此外,还综述了中国温室蔬菜害虫的天敌应用技术研究成果,从天敌昆虫保护利用、释放技术、控害效果评价、规模化生产等方面对设施蔬菜应用天敌昆虫进行生物防治中存在的问题进行了讨论,并展望了该领域的未来发展方向。 相似文献
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对无公害防治的概念与发展做了概述,并对无公害农药及果园使用的无公害农药种类,生物农药在果园无公害治理中的应用,昆虫性信息素及在害虫预测预报中的应用,天敌昆虫以及果园生境调节在果园害虫无公害治理中的作用进行了讨论。 相似文献
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陇南桔园昆虫群落生态位及时序动态研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
报道了陇南桔园昆虫群落生态位和时序动态规律。用群落生态方法探讨了各种群的竞争共存机制。结果表明,４种主要害虫在树冠上各占据相应的生态位。矢尖蚧和吹绵蚧的竞争主要表现在空间分化上;桔全爪螨占有较大的空间,而在时间序列上出现频率小;桔蚜占据较小的空间。 相似文献
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对化防区、生防区、混防区3个不同类型美国杂交杏李园中捕食性节肢动物群落的结构、动态等方面进行了研究。结果表明:混防区中的天敌密度与生防区中的差异不显著,而生防区能有效地控制害虫数量,生防区和混防区中捕食性节肢动物群落的平均密度和种类高于化防样田,表明化防区对天敌的影响很大。生防区和混防区天敌群落的物种丰富度、多样性和均匀性高于化防区,且随着农药使用水平的增强,美国杂交杏李园中占统治地位的天敌种群趋于集中。 相似文献
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[目的]为建立转基因棉田害虫的综合防治体系、合理保护和利用天敌和转基因棉的环境安全性评价提供一定的理论和实践依据。[方法]对3种不同类型棉田(转双价棉、转Bt棉和常规棉田)害虫和天敌种群的时空动态进行研究。[结果]3种类型棉田的害虫和捕食性天敌的种类基本相同,但数量差异较大。双价棉田害虫561头/百株,Bt棉田害虫589头/百株,常规棉田害虫1 018头/百株。不同时期害虫和天敌优势种类不同,害虫和天敌种群呈现有规律的时空变化,转双价棉田与转Bt棉田差异不显著,转基因棉田与常规棉田的差异达到显著水平。[结论]转基因棉对害虫有明显抗性。群落特征指数分析表明,转基因棉田群落稳定性高于常规棉田,群落稳定性随棉花生长期呈现规律性变化。 相似文献
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生物防治是利用生物界本身存在的天敌等措施来防治病虫害的方法。作为一种环境友好型和资源节约型的防控技术措施,生物防治发展前景广阔。总结了生物防治在设施蔬菜生产中的应用,包括以虫治虫、以菌治虫、利用其他动物治虫等内容,以期为设施蔬菜的生物防治提供参考。 相似文献
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蜘蛛作为农业生态系统中主要天敌经常用来作为其害虫防治预警系统的指示生物,越冬蜘蛛的相关研究可为来年农业生产方式的选择与综合生物防治等决策提供参考,越冬蜘蛛种群分布和群落特征等也具有地质或岛屿等大尺度生态景观时空变化的指示作用。通过对江西柘林湖景区岛屿与周边景观中越冬蜘蛛资源的种群分布、群落结构特征、越冬蛛态、性偏离比率和行为等进行的初步研究,发现该詈区共有越冬蜘蛛20科35属43种,其中,有5种江西新记录种和19种未确定种;蜘蛛科属数量较多,种类相对较少;岛屿特色蜘蛛类群丰富且集中,库区周边多见灌丛草甸、果园、湿地和园林类群等,越冬蛛态、行为和性偏离比率受蜘蛛生活史与气候生态因子影响明显。另外,结合现代生态学和保护生物学原理,初步探明了柘林湖景区岛屿隔离与地质作用对越冬蜘蛛多样性形成及动态变化所产生的影响,提出了该景区生态旅游规划与资源保护利用的新思路。 相似文献
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依据综防理论，研究了江汉稻区水稻生育期病虫发生规律和抗耐害能力以及天敌、有益微生物、环境、耕作栽培等稻田生态系统的生物和非生物组份全系统的调节作用。提出了以农业防治为基础，科学合理地使用农药，积极保护天敌，充分发挥作物、天敌、环境的综合效应，将病虫损失控制在经济允许水平以下的水稻病虫综防规范化技术。 相似文献
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梨园芳香植物间作区主要害虫及其天敌的相互关系 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
【目的】探讨间作芳香植物对梨园主要害虫与天敌相互作用的影响。【方法】以梨园设置薄荷、孔雀草、罗勒间作区和自然生草区为处理,清耕区为对照(CK),基于梨园各个间作处理区节肢动物组成和时序变化的测试,应用主成分分析、生态位及灰色关联度理论对梨园各间作区中主要害虫及天敌类群进行系统研究。【结果】梨园各间作处理区主要害虫及其天敌的个体数时序变化趋势基本一致,芳香植物间作区主要害虫和天敌的发生量在梨树年生长期内分别明显低于和高于清耕(对照)区;与清耕(对照)区相比梨园芳香植物间作区起主导作用的害虫及天敌的类群不同,且相对集中于有限的几个种类,害虫如梨木虱、康氏粉蚧、蚜虫、金龟子和梨网蝽,天敌如瓢虫、食蚜蝇、草蛉、蜘蛛和寄生蜂;梨园间作芳香植物比对照显著增加主要害虫及天敌的生态位宽度,且使天敌的生态位宽度明显大于害虫,同时增加主要天敌如瓢虫、食蚜蝇与害虫的生态位重叠指数,呈现出对害虫明显的跟随效应和控制作用;灰色关联度分析进一步发现,同一害虫在不同间作区的主要天敌不同,梨园芳香植物间作区主要害虫与天敌相互关系呈现出多层次性。【结论】梨园间作芳香植物对控制梨园害虫数量,增加天敌数量,且对梨园主要害虫与天敌相互关系具有调节作用。 相似文献
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Local agro-ecological knowledge and its relationship to farmers’ pest
management decision making in rural Honduras 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Integrated pest management (IPM) has been widely promoted in the developing world, but in many regions its adoption rates
have been variable. Experience has shown that to ensure IPM adoption, the complexities of local agro-production systems and
context-specific folk knowledge need to be appreciated. Our research explored the linkages between farmer knowledge, pest
management decision making, and ecological attributes of subsistence maize agriculture. We report a case study from four rural
communities in the highlands of southeast Honduras. Communities were typified by their agro-environments, IPM training history,
and levels of infestation by a key maize pest, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith). Although variable, infestation levels generally did not justify pest management intervention. Consequently, crop
losses from this pest were considered of low importance and most farmers proceeded in a rational fashion by refraining from
action in their fields. Farmers attributed the low degree of pest infestation predominantly to abiotic causal factors (rainfall,
temperature). The role of natural enemies in controlling this pest (i.e., biological control) was deemed of low importance
by farmers; nevertheless, a broad array of such organisms was mentioned by farmers as operating in their maize crop. Farmers’
knowledge of natural enemies only partially matched scientific knowledge and was associated with the ecological features of
their respective field settings. Local knowledge about natural enemies was mainly restricted to abundant and easily observable
predatory species. Farmers who were knowledgeable about biological control were also familiar with a larger variety of pest
management alternatives than uninformed farmers. Management options covered a wide range of curative techniques, including
conservation biological control. Farmers who relied on insecticides to manage pest outbreaks knew less about biological control
and pesticide alternatives. In contrast, farmers who received IPM training mentioned more types of natural enemies and were
familiar with a broader range of alternative pest management tactics. Our research suggests that IPM training modifies local
knowledge to better fit its environmental context. This paper provides insights in the environmental context of local agro-ecological
knowledge and its linkage with pest management decision making. It also constitutes a basis for modifying IPM extension programs
to deliver locality-specific technologies while strengthening the local knowledge base.
Kris
A. G. Wyckhuys is a Belgian bio-science engineer and entomologist currently employed as postdoctoral researcher at the University of Minnesota.
For his PhD research at Purdue University he quantified social and ecological contributions to farmers’ adoption of insect
pest management technologies in Honduran subsistence maize. He has a keen interest in the ecological facets of IPM and biological
control, as well as in technological innovation in smallholder production systems, ethno-entomology and traditional pest management.
Robert J. O’Neil is a Professor of Entomology specializing in biological control, predator–prey dynamics, and implementing biological control
in IPM systems. His current work focuses on the ecology and management of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, an
invasive pest of soybeans in North America. 相似文献
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鸡骨草害虫和天敌的组成及变化规律,是鸡骨草害虫生物防治的基础及理论依据。通过定期随机调查表明:鸡骨草生长期,田间节肢动物涉及10目25科36种,主要害虫为稻绿蝽、稻棘缘蝽、斑腿蝗、中华稻蝗、棉蚜;优势天敌是小步甲、丽草蛉、异色瓢虫、天幕毛虫黑卵蜂、绒茧蜂;5至7月上旬是群落的建立阶段,7月上旬至9月上旬为群落发展阶段,9月下旬至11月底为群落消解阶段;6月下旬至7月上旬是主要害虫的发生高峰期;7月初至8月是优势天敌发生高峰;鸡骨草生长中后期,田间天敌发生稳定,基本能控制害虫的发生。 相似文献
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为制定创新合理的害虫管理方案提高杏园生态稳定性及经济效益,以北京延庆仁用杏主产区的杏园为例,研究了仁用杏园在3种管理模式(自然生草、间作黄芩、清耕)生态条件下的物种多样性指数、害虫亚群落物种数和个体数量和天敌亚群落物种数和个体数量的全年发生动态和特征。结果表明:自然生草园和间作黄芩园物种多样性指数较高;自然生草园害虫数量最高,其次为清耕园,间作黄芩园最低;间作黄芩杏园的天敌比例最高,其次为清耕园和自然生草园。杏园间作黄芩管理模式可以吸引天敌,控制害虫数量,维护杏园生态稳定。 相似文献
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研究了安徽沿淮中稻不同生育期药剂处理对主要害虫及天敌的影响。结果表明,在水稻分蘖至拔节期和孕穗期至成熟期,锐劲特-锐劲特处理组合对水稻主要害虫稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱的控制效果最好,其次是Bt+杀虫剂-锐劲特组合和Bt-锐劲特组合。这几种药剂处理对天敌均有一定的保护作用。从害虫防治、天敌保护和延缓害虫产生抗药性综合考虑,Bt+杀虫剂-锐劲特组合以及Bt-锐劲特组合是比较合理的药剂处理组合。 相似文献
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苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫机理及害虫对其抗性机制的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)杀虫晶体蛋白具有高度专一性,其只对靶标害虫有效,对天敌等其他昆虫无害,转Bt基因植物和Bt杀虫剂是目前世界上产量最大、应用最广泛的生物防治技术。通过对Bt的发现和分类、Bt的结构与功能、Bt毒蛋白的杀虫机理、昆虫对Bt的抗性机制及昆虫体内Bt受体蛋白与抗性的关系等研究现状的论述与分析,对Bt作物害虫抗性治理策略和前景进行了展望。 相似文献