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1.
黄土坡面土壤侵蚀中溶质随径流迁移的水动力特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对比分析坡面水流的水动力参数与径流溶质迁移量间的关系,研究了不同地表状况下黄土坡面土壤溶质随径流迁移的水动力学特性,以求深入了解和认识坡面土壤侵蚀中溶质随径流迁移的本质机理。研究结果表明:不同坡面地表状况下,糙率系数和平均水深之比(n/h)与侵蚀过程中随径流迁移的溶质存在一定的关系,径流溶质Br-平均浓度、径流溶质Br-的平均流失率以及径流溶质Br-的相对流失量均随n/h的增加而减小。径流溶质Br-的平均流失率以及径流溶质Br-的相对流失量与水流水动力学参数n/h具有指数关系。 相似文献
2.
施加PAM的坡地降雨入渗过程及其模型研究 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
作为一种新型高效的土壤结构改良剂 PAM,在一定条件下能显著地提高土壤入渗能力 ,减小坡面径流。采用室内人工模拟降雨试验 ,研究了不同 PAM覆盖度下降雨产流随时间的动态变化及其与雨强、坡度的关系 ,以及入渗率随时间的变化规律 ,分析了 PAM、坡度、雨强对入渗率的影响。结果表明 ,地表施加 PAM后土壤的入渗率及稳定入渗率都比未施 PAM显著提高。通过对比施加 PAM后 Kostiakov入渗模型与 Horton入渗模型的显著性 ,表明 Horton入渗公式的适用性更好 相似文献
3.
添加化学改良剂的砂质盐碱土入渗特征试验研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
采用表施PAM(0.01%,0.04%,0.08%)和旱地龙(75,150,375g/m2)下不同施量对其一维垂直积水入渗进行研究,结果表明,施加化学改良剂起到减渗作用,且随施量的增加累积入渗量与湿润深度均呈先降低后升高的趋势,PAM、旱地龙施量分别在0.04%,150g/m2时累积入渗量与湿润深度均达最小;土壤含水率在5-30cm土层较高且稳定,相应的最大脱盐区则出现在10-22.5cm土层内,PAM施量在0.04%,旱地龙施量在150g/m2下土层的持水效率最高,盐分淋洗总量最大。 相似文献
4.
模拟降雨条件下不同PAM用量及其与强化剂联用对紫色土磷素流失的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用人工模拟降雨试验研究不同PAM用量及其与不同强化剂联用对紫色土坡面磷素流失的影响。结果表明:分别施加4,8,16g/m2分子量600万、水解度20%的阴离子型PAM均能显著降低坡面径流量、总磷(TP)及颗粒态磷(PP)浓度,并显著增加壤中流体积。2次降雨中,PAM应用效果均与PAM用量有关。第1次降雨以8g/m2 PAM效果最佳,相比对照,径流量减少62.28%,TP减少80.71%,PP减少95.78%;第2次降雨以16g/m2效果最佳,相比对照,径流量减少53.28%,TP减少77.52%,PP减少98.40%。相比PAM单施,分别联用石膏和石灰石后,坡面径流量增加,TP和DP浓度均显著降低。第1次降雨以石膏联用效果更佳,其中TP减少83.91%,DP减少85.34%;第2次降雨2种强化剂效果相近,TP分别减少76.10%和75.28%,DP也分别减少78.17%和79.46%。可见,施用PAM和强化剂能够显著降低磷素流失量,对农业面源污染的控制有一定作用。 相似文献
5.
PAM与不同土壤调理剂混合施用对降雨入渗和土壤侵蚀的影响 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
土壤中施用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)可以提高降雨入渗率,减少土壤侵蚀量。PAM大多施用于土壤表面。为了研究PAM与不同土壤调理剂混合施用对入渗率和侵蚀量的影响,对PAM(22.5kg/hm2)与保水剂(45kg/hm2)、粉煤灰(1 500kg/hm2)、腐殖酸(900kg/hm2)混合的6种施用方法进行了试验。结果表明,施加了PAM的土壤调理剂均能显著提高降雨入渗率和减少土壤侵蚀量。与对照相比,施加了PAM处理的降雨入渗率较对照试验提高了1.8～2.7倍,土壤侵蚀量减少约50%～70%,PAM与粉煤灰和腐殖酸混合施用提高降雨入渗率效果最为显著,PAM和保水剂混合施用减少土壤侵蚀量最多,PAM与粉煤灰和腐殖酸混合施用相比单独施用PAM均没有显著性差异。综合比较结果发现,PAM与粉煤灰混合施用增加降雨入渗率和减少径流的效果最好,PAM与保水剂混合施用抗土壤侵蚀效果最好。 相似文献
6.
施加NPD对黄土坡面径流流速和侵蚀产沙的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
天然聚合衍生物(NPD)是一种新型的高分子聚合物,是坡面土壤侵蚀化学调控措施所采用的一种新型材料,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,以裸坡为对照,研究了不同NPD施加措施(撒施和喷施)及不同施加量(1.0,3.0,5.0g/m2)条件下径流流速特征以及对侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明:(1)施加NPD的坡面径流流速随降雨历时的变化与裸坡一致,均呈先增大后逐渐趋于稳定的趋势,且流速随降雨历时的变化过程可用对数方程描述。撒施在1.0mm/min雨强下,延迟降雨初始产流时间8～19min,而喷施在3个雨强下,初始产流的时间整体上较裸坡提前1～2min;(2)与裸坡相比,施加NPD具有显著减小流速的效应,且雨强越大,减小流速的效应越差;施加不同剂量NPD减缓坡面径流流速的效益范围13.2%～54.3%。其中撒施3g/m2剂量和喷施5g/m2剂量对坡面径流流速的减小效应相对较好;(3)与裸坡相比,施加NPD具有显著的减沙效应,且减沙效应范围为30.6%～71.2%。无论是撒施还是喷施,整体表现为5g/m2计量的减沙效应最好。(4)裸土坡面的侵蚀模数对平均流速的响应关系与撒施和喷施NPD坡面的侵蚀模数对平均流速的响应关系皆可用对数方程表示,且撒施和喷施对流速的减小作用均大于减沙作用。 相似文献
7.
[目的]探究不同浓度PAM的防侵蚀效果，进而为东北黑土区土质堤防治理提供理论依据。[方法]采用人工模拟降雨试验，共设置2个降雨强度(60,90 mm/h),5个PAM浓度(0,2,3,4,5 g/m2),观察不同雨强下PAM对坡面产流产沙、坡面侵蚀特征的影响，分析了各侵蚀形态下的水力学参数。[结果](1)在同一PAM浓度下，坡面平均产流率、平均产沙率随雨强的增大而增大。(2)在两个雨强下，平均产流率存在拐点，3 g/m2的平均产流率最小；平均产沙率随着PAM浓度的增长而降低，5 g/m2平均产沙率最小。(3)降雨强度60 mm/h,坡面的侵蚀形态主要表现为溅蚀和面蚀；降雨强度90 mm/h,坡面侵蚀特征表现为面蚀，部分伴有细沟侵蚀。(4)雷诺数(Re)小于500,均为层流，弗罗德数(Fr)小于1,属于缓流。降雨强度对水流剪切力、水流功率和单位水流功率的影响均大于PAM浓度。[结论]东北黑土区坡面施加PAM,可有效改良土壤结构，土壤水分入渗能力增强，减少了坡面侵蚀产沙，对于土质堤防侵蚀防治起到了一定的效果。 相似文献
8.
聚丙烯酰胺应用对黄土复合坡面降雨产流的影响 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
复合坡是自然界常见的主要坡型。通过室内人工降雨模拟试验,研究了复合坡面降雨产流规律以及聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM)应用对其的影响。试验采用2种复合坡型(凹型坡和凸型坡)的12个坡度组合和4个PAM施用量,共48个试验处理。结果显示,PAM应用显著缩短了初始降雨产流时间,初始产流时间平均比对照处理提前63.7%~71.6%。PAM应用明显改变了坡面径流随降雨历时的变化规律。PAM应用后,除了大坡度(≥10°)、小量PAM应用(0.5 g/m2)的凸型坡外,降雨径流系数在整个降雨过程中基本维持稳定。PAM应用增大了降雨径流系数和径流量,且径流系数和径流量随着PAM施用量的增大而增大。凸型坡的径流量平均比凹型坡的大14.7%~31.8%。当PAM施用量为0.5、1.0和2.0 g/m2时,凹型坡和凸型坡的径流量分别比对照处理增加55.7%、100.2%、147.3%和16.6%、69.3%、108.9%。在黄土坡地上大剂量(≥1.0 g/m2)应用PAM可明显增大坡面径流量,实际应用中应制定合理的PAM施用量。 相似文献
9.
模拟降雨条件下黄土坡地土壤溶质迁移特征试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
土壤质地和溶质性质对土壤溶质地表迁移过程有较大影响.通过室内模拟降雨试验,以杨凌壤土、安塞黄绵土和神木绵砂土为研究对象.研究了土壤NO3-、NH4+、PO43-、K+和Br-的迁移特征.结果表明,塿土的溶质地表流失量均高于黄绵土和绵砂土.尤其是吸附性强的NH4+和PO43-、NO3-与Br-坡面流失以随地表径流流失为主,且主要集中在产流开始的初期阶段.3种土壤处理中径流溶质最高浓度ρmax(mg/L)大小顺序为:ρmax塿土＞ρmax＞黄绵土＞max绵砂土,土壤溶质随入渗水分的迁移能力由大至小依次为:Br-＞NO3-＞K+＞NH4+＞PO43-.塿土等效径流迁移深度EDR最大,黄绵土次之,砂绵土最小,各溶质EDR与溶质垂向迁移能力无明显相关性. 相似文献
10.
《水土保持研究》2020,(6)
为研究解决寒区粉壤土堤防背水坡面的水土流失问题,基于室外模拟降雨试验,研究第二松花江流域粉壤土堤防坡面施加聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)后在不同坡度和下垫面条件下对坡面侵蚀特征的影响。试验包括4个坡度(10°,15°,20°,25°)和5种PAM浓度(0,2,3,4,5 g/m~2)。结果表明:降雨强度和下垫面条件相同时,坡度从10°增大至25°,坡面平均产流率先增大后减小,产沙率随坡度增大而增大。降雨强度和坡度相同时,聚丙烯酰胺浓度2 g/m~2增大至5 g/m~2,平均产流率相较于0 g/m~2降低了10.6%～20%;平均产沙率随浓度的增大而减小。将坡度和浓度的平均产沙率进行拟合,得出产沙率与坡度呈现正相关性,与浓度呈现负相关性。0 g/m~2坡面的侵蚀形态主要表现为溅蚀和面蚀特征,施加PAM使得坡面侵蚀严重区域面积相较于0 g/m~2减小54.57%,起到了一定控制侵蚀的效果。可见,在坡面上施加一定量的聚丙烯酰胺可以使土壤水分入渗能力增强,减少侵蚀产沙,在实际工程中具有运用的价值。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献