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1.
广州市土地利用多情景模拟及其生态风险时空响应 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
[目的]探讨景观生态风险对土地利用格局变化的响应规律,为促进土地资源可持续利用和维护区域生态安全提供科学支持。[方法]基于2001—2017年广州市土地利用演变情况,利用未来土地利用模拟(FLUS)模型模拟2025年自然发展情景与"三线"(生态保护红线、永久基本农田保护红线、城镇开发边界线)约束情景下的土地利用空间分布;构建景观生态风险评价模型,进而分析广州市景观生态风险状况及其对土地利用变化的时空响应。[结果] 2001—2017年,建设用地的面积大幅增加,其他用地类型面积均不断减少;建设用地、草地和未利用地的变化幅度较大。相较于2017年,广州市2025年自然发展情景下建设用地持续扩张;而"三线"约束情景下建设用地的扩张得到制约,林地、水域等用地面积减少幅度有所缓和,耕地反而略微增加。2001—2017年,广州市景观生态风险指数不断上升,风险等级空间分布呈现圈层状结构,由中心城区向外围递减,低、较低生态风险区规模总体缩小,而较高、高生态风险区规模逐渐增大。[结论]与2017年相比,2025年两种情景下的景观生态风险指数均有所提高,而"三线"约束情景下生态风险指数增幅较小,更符合广州市未来城市建设和生态保护的需要。 相似文献
2.
基于TM影像的升金湖湿地生态安全研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]分析安徽省升金湖湿地景观格局动态变化过程,建立升金湖湿地生态安全(PSR)模型,并探讨其驱动力,为进一步开展升金湖湿地保护及其恢复研究提供科学依据。[方法]在遥感和GIS技术支持下,用1986,2003,2011年的3期TM影像为基本信息源进行分析。[结果]景观格局变化幅度较大,草地和水域面积减幅较显著;多样性指数呈上升趋势而优势度指数呈下降趋势,破碎化程度加剧,斑块类型呈多样性发展;随着景观破碎化程度增强,斑块数增加,将造成湿地生态系统片断化越严重,也会影响到湿地的调蓄能力,改变整个湿地的水文情势,减弱湿地的生态效益;另外,景观格局变化下的湿地生态安全指数趋于逐年下降状态,湿地生态安全形式处于预警状态,形势不容乐观。[结论]近年来,随着经济的发展,人口数量的增加,围垦等活动的加剧,人类活动对研究区的改造导致了自然湿地面积相对减少,升金湖湿地生态功能不断下降,经济增长和人口增长成为湿地格局变化主要驱动力。 相似文献
3.
[目的] 分析湖南省张家界市2000—2020年及2030年土地利用及景观格局演变特征,提出张家界市未来发展的优化策略,为张家界市国土空间规划和生态旅游发展提供参考。[方法] 基于2000—2020年5期土地利用数据,运用ArcGIS空间分析、Fragstats景观格局指数等方法,分析了2000—2020年张家界市土地利用及景观格局时空变化,并利用GeoSOS-FLUS土地利用模拟等软件对张家界市2030年土地利用变化及景观格局进行预测。[结果] 2000—2020年张家界市土地利用变化主要表现为草地面积的大幅减少和建设用地的显著增加;2000—2020年张家界市景观格局发生了较明显的改变,景观的整体异质性和破碎化先增加后降低,斑块形状趋于规则,景观类型分布较均匀,景观聚集程度逐渐趋于稳定状态;预测结果显示,2030年张家界市土地利用主要表现为建设用地的集中扩张和草地的持续减少,其景观破碎化和异质性呈加剧态势,优势景观的最大斑块面积增加,景观形状变得更加不规则,景观有进一步分散趋势。[结论] 运用GeoSOS-FLUS模型模拟未来土地利用状况具有较高的可信度,未来张家界市应以保护、优化景观格局为主,加强优良生态系统管控。构建自然保护地体系,加强生态廊道建设,完善生态系统完整性和景观连通性。保持林地优势景观,优化建设用地布局,降低林地和建设用地的破碎化程度,保护草地生态系统的完整性。 相似文献
4.
明确广西海岸带土地动态变化趋势及其驱动因子,为优化该区土地利用结构和制定合理管控政策提供参考是全面、系统、合理地利用海岸带资源,进行生态文明建设的重要依据。基于多时相遥感数据,辅以随机森林分类、转移矩阵、景观格局指数和地理探测器等方法,系统分析了2010—2018年快速发展时期广西海岸带土地利用类型时空格演变规律与景观格局,并综合探讨了其演变的驱动因子。结果表明:(1)2010—2018年广西海岸带土地利用交错增减,变化显著。建设用地、林草地、人工湿地和自然湿地面积增加,建设用地年均增加101.89 km2,集聚特征突出,主要转入源为耕地; 耕地、其他用地和水体面积缩减,耕地年均缩减162.66 km2,分散特征明显,主要转出为林草地。(2)分时段土地利用动态度差异较大。2010—2014年其他用地和2010—2018年建设用地单一动态度最大,分别为-10.48%,8.80%; 2010—2018年水体单一动态度最小(-0.11%); 综合动态度逐段上升,2010—2018年达1.52%,属快速变化型; 林草地、耕地和建设用地间交替转化活跃。(3)土地利用景观格局呈斑块破碎化、多样化和均匀化演变趋势,景观的异质性和复杂性增强。(4)人文因子是土地利用变化的主导因子,平均贡献率为17.82%; 自然因子影响较小,平均贡献率仅9.72%。人文因子和自然因子协同作用加速了广西海岸带土地利用及景观格局变化。 相似文献
5.
《中国水土保持》2015,(6)
以青海省湟水流域为研究区,采用中分辨率TM影像和HJ-1卫星CCD数据,利用2000、2005、2010年3个时相的土地利用遥感解译数据,计算了森林、草地、水域、农田、城镇用地和未利用地6个一级分类的土地利用类型转移矩阵,提取了景观格局指数,在此基础上分析了土地利用变化与景观格局的演变特征。结果表明,湟水流域土地利用变化最明显的是农田、城镇用地和草地,其中农田呈持续减少态势,城镇用地和草地呈增加态势;从土地转移矩阵来看,城市扩张带来的建设用地增加是造成流域农田减少的主要原因,而草地的增加主要受益于退耕还林还草和流域生态建设等政策的实施。从景观斑块类型的变化来看,变化最大的是农田和城镇,10年期间,农田在面积减少的同时景观分离度增加,城镇用地在面积增加的同时景观聚集度增加,这说明城镇用地在由中心向外扩张的过程中,空间分布较紧凑且连接性较好;与此同时,草地的斑块个数、斑块密度呈明显减小趋势,而农田与城镇用地的斑块个数、斑块密度总体呈增加趋势,这说明人类活动的不断扩张导致了湟水流域景观破碎度增加。从景观整体水平来看,景观水平指数中边缘密度、形状指数、香农多样性指数、香农平均度指数均呈增加趋势,这说明湟水流域景观结构异质性呈增加趋势。 相似文献
6.
黄河三角洲人类活动强度的湿地景观格局梯度响应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了研究黄河三角洲湿地景观格局沿人类活动强度的梯度变化规律,该文基于土地科学和景观生态学原理,在RS、Arc GIS和FRAGSTATS软件支持下,以1989、1999、2009和2014年四期遥感影像为数据源,利用人工目视解译方法构建研究区景观类型图。基于解译结果,选取耕地、工矿用地、居民点和交通用地等土地利用指标来反映人类活动强度,采用自然间断法将人类活动强度从强到弱分带。文章分析了黄河三角洲不同人类活动强度样带不同时期的湿地景观格局变化特征,以及2014年主要景观类型的格局特征对人类活动强度的梯度响应。结果表明:人类的干扰活动使得不同景观类型在人类活动强度各样带表现出明显的空间差异。在景观水平上,随着人类活动强度的降低,样带景观的丰富度和斑块数增加,2009年斑块数量达到8 000个;多样性和均匀度指数呈先增后减趋势,景观聚集度和连通性持续增加,在第10样带达到99.42%,破碎化程度不断降低;在类型水平上,水库坑塘、水产养殖场、盐田和未利用地在梯度带中较好地反映了景观格局的变化特征,其中各景观类型的形状指数和分维数随人类活动强度的梯度变化呈现明显的变化趋势,景观形状趋于复杂化,面积比例、斑块密度和最大斑块指数的梯度变化较大,波动明显,盐田在人类干扰最大时斑块指数达到26%。该文揭示了景观格局沿人类活动强度的梯度变化规律,可为研究区湿地生态恢复及可持续利用提供参考。 相似文献
7.
以遥感影像为主要数据源,利用3S技术,对1986-2006年间桂林市区景观格局变化进行分析.结果表明:20a间,桂林市区林地、建设用地、裸地呈增加趋势,农田、草地、水体呈减少趋势,建设用地的变化速度最快,景观变化最剧烈;从景观水平上看,斑块数、聚合度、多样性和均匀度指数呈增加趋势,平均斑块面积、边界密度、面积加权分维数和结合度呈降低趋势.从类型水平上看,林地破碎化降低、自然特征增加;农田破碎化加剧、趋向于分散经营;建设用地破碎化增加、集中化趋势明显;水体破碎化、复杂性均有所增加;草地变化剧烈.退耕还林政策的实施、果业种植和乡村旅游的发展、城镇扩张以及农业开发活动是景观格局演变的主要驱动因素. 相似文献
8.
基于土地利用变化的民勤县土地生态风险研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用1987、2000、2008年民勤县TM遥感影像数据,基于GIS技术和统计分析方法,分析民勤县土地利用/覆被生态风险的时空特点和结构演变,并选取土地利用综合指数和景观格局指数研究土地利用变化对土地生态系统造成的风险进行评价。结果表明:民勤县土地利用/覆被存在的生态风险主要集中在草地和未利用地,两者的面积占研究区总面积的75%以上。耕地、草地、未利用地三种土地类型间的相互转化是民勤县22年间最主要的土地利用变化。在人类活动对土地的扰动作用日益加强和区域经济社会发展目标趋同性的双重影响下,土地利用的广度和深度上不断增大,研究区斑块数量明显增多,景观破碎化程度加重,景观多样性指数和分形维数指数上升,土地生态风险程度增大。 相似文献
9.
[目的]探究辽宁省庄河市滨海湿地景观格局变化及其驱动力,为该市滨海湿地的合理利用和生物多样性保护提供决策支持和科学依据。[方法]以庄河市2000,2010年2期遥感影像为基础数据,在遥感和GIS技术支持下,运用景观格局指数模型来分析研究区景观格局的变化特征和该区景观格局变化的驱动因素。[结果]10a间,庄河市滨海湿地的面积减少了7.44%;景观斑块数(NP)由2000年的3 425块增加到2010年的3 563块,增加了4.03%;景观多样性指数(H)由2000年的0.631 5增加到2010年的0.855 4;景观优势度指数(D)从2000年的0.835 9降低到2010年的0.736 4;景观均匀度指数(E)从2000年的0.578降低到2010年的0.514。[结论]庄河市滨海湿地的景观破碎化程度在加剧。在自然驱动力和人文驱动力作用下,湿地面积大幅减少,生态功能不断下降,使得研究区生态环境恶化,从而严重影响庄河市的经济发展。 相似文献
10.
对工业区建设后景观破碎化程度进行预测,可获得景观变化信息,为生态保护措施制定提供依据。以Spot卫星遥感数据解译获取的棋盘井工业区土地利用图为基础,利用ArcGIS和Fragstats软件进行景观破碎化程度评价与预测。结果表明：当前园区基质为未利用土地和草地景观,面积比例为82.30%,破碎化程度较高;规划用地情景下,居民与工矿用地面积从2.68%上升到16.84%,草地面积减少且破碎化程度加剧。景观生态优化情景下,林地、草地景观面积特征、密度特征、形状特征指标改善,破碎化程度降低,生态完整性提高。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
14.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献
19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献