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1.
采用盆栽试验,将两种小分子有机物(氨基酸、糖醇)为主剂的螯合钙肥与单质硝酸钙和市场钙肥产品糖醇钙(糖醇螯合钙)比较,研究叶面喷施和根施两种施肥方式对小白菜生长、品质和养分吸收的影响。结果表明：与硝酸钙和糖醇钙相比,无论是喷施还是根施,两种小分子有机物质螯合钙肥都能在不同程度上提高小白菜的钙吸收量,提高其生物量,改善品质;喷施和根施小分子有机物螯合钙肥Ⅰ与分别施用硝酸钙相比,小白菜生物量分别提高了33.63％和31.55％;喷施和根施小分子有机物质螯合钙肥Ⅱ与施用硝酸钙相比,小白菜的生物量分别提高了18.95％和49.95％。与硝酸钙相比,两种小分子有机物质螯合钙肥喷施可使植株钙累积量分别平均提高5.31％和6.84％;根施则使植株钙累积量分别提高13.51％和45.31％。另外,喷施、根施两种小分子有机物质螯合钙肥与施用硝酸钙与糖醇钙相比,均不同程度地提高了小白菜的Vc和可溶性蛋白含量,降低了硝态氮含量。因此,以氨基酸和糖醇为主剂的螯合钙肥无论采用喷施还是根施,都能对小白菜起到良好的增产提质效果。  相似文献   

2.
糖醇和氨基酸对小白菜钙营养及生长、 品质的影响   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
【目的】小分子有机物在农业上的应用研究大多针对其促进作物生长、 改善品质等的营养效果,较少研究其对养分有效性及吸收利用的影响,对中微量元素吸收利用影响的研究更少。本研究选用糖醇和氨基酸为研究对象,研究了小分子有机物质对小白菜生长、 品质和养分吸收以及对钙有效性的影响。【方法】以小白菜为供试作物进行盆栽试验。试验以喷清水为对照,设置氨基酸(甘氨酸、 谷氨酸), 糖醇(甘露醇和木糖醇)和硝酸钙单独喷施,氨基酸(甘氨酸、 谷氨酸)和糖醇(甘露醇和木糖醇)分别与硝酸钙配合喷施,共计10个处理,每个处理6次重复,随机区组排列。试验中氨基酸喷施浓度为250 mg/L,糖醇喷施浓度为150 mg/L,硝酸钙喷施浓度为Ca2+ 130 mg/L。收获后测定植株生物量和维生素C、 可溶性糖、 硝酸盐和可溶性蛋白的含量,分析植株矿质元素氮、 磷、 钾和钙的吸收量。【结果】 1)叶面喷施糖醇和氨基酸明显促进了小白菜生长和养分吸收,并改善了其品质。与喷施清水(CK)相比,喷施糖醇和氨基酸可使小白菜生物量平均增加9.17%,维生素C、 可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别平均增加20.96%、 50.78%和30.66%,硝酸盐含量平均降低31.07%,氮、 磷、 钾吸收量分别平均增加12.43%、 15.24%和42.16%,钙吸收量增加显著,平均增加25.65%; 2)糖醇和氨基酸分别与硝酸钙混合施用可有效促进钙的吸收,提高硝酸钙在小白菜上的应用效果。与单独喷施硝酸钙相比,糖醇和氨基酸与硝酸钙混合喷施可使小白菜生物量平均增加17.44%,小白菜维生素C、 可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别平均增加14.23%、 45.27%、 33.43%,对氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收量分别平均提高38.25%、 16.13%、 25.11%,对钙养分的吸收量平均增加27.75%;与单独喷施小分子有机物(氨基酸和糖醇)相比,糖醇和氨基酸与硝酸钙混合喷施使小白菜生物量平均增加12.04%,对钙养分的吸收量平均增加17.60%。【结论】叶面喷施糖醇和氨基酸能有效增加小白菜生物量、 改善其品质并促进其对养分的吸收,糖醇和氨基酸分别与硝酸钙混合施用可有效促进钙的吸收,提高硝酸钙在小白菜上的应用效果。因此,小分子有机物糖醇和氨基酸可用作钙肥的有效助剂,用以促进作物对钙的吸收利用,提高钙养分的有效性和钙肥的应用效果。  相似文献   

3.
喷施钙肥对‘夏黑’葡萄果实糖酸积累的影响   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
探讨大田条件下,喷施钙肥对葡萄果实糖酸积累等果实品质的影响,为葡萄生产上合理补充钙肥提供理论依据。试验于果实转色期对‘夏黑’葡萄果穗喷施硝酸钙、氨基酸钙两种钙肥,以喷施清水为对照,硝酸钙溶液浓度设置为0.3%、0.5%,氨基酸钙溶液浓度设置为0.1%、0.08%,研究外源喷施钙肥对葡萄果实糖酸积累及其它果实品质的影响。研究结果表明:外源喷施0.1%氨基酸钙溶液可促进果实成熟期果糖和葡萄糖的积累,抑制酒石酸和草酸的降解,果实硬度和可溶性糖含量相比对照分别增加35.71%、38.66%,可滴定酸含量较对照下降30.17%。外源喷施0.5%硝酸钙溶液可促进果实成熟期果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的积累,促进酒石酸、柠檬酸的降解,增加草酸的积累,果实硬度、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量较对照显著增加,分别增加了47.74%、7.99%和43.34%,可滴定酸含量相比对照下降28.89%。综合糖酸含量和其他果实品质来看,‘夏黑’葡萄果实转色期喷施0.5%硝酸钙溶液效果更佳。  相似文献   

4.
土壤施钙对芒果果实钾、钙、镁含量及品质的影响   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  
以"台农1号"芒果为试材,田间试验研究了花前土施不同用量硝酸钙对芒果果实钾、钙、镁含量及产量、品质的影响。结果表明:(1)与不施钙相比,土施钙肥可明显提高果实糖酸比,其原因主要是降低了可滴定酸含量,提高了可溶性糖含量,同时可显著提高果实Vc含量,降低贮藏期果实发病率,在土施钙150 g/株时产量最高,增产率为14.25%。(2)在一定钙用量范围内,土施钙肥可显著提高果肉钙含量,使果皮、果肉与果核的钾、镁含量下降。(3)果皮、果肉及果核钙含量与钙肥用量呈正相关,钾、镁含量与钙肥用量呈负相关。(4)果实可溶性糖含量、Vc含量及糖酸比与钙肥用量呈正相关,果实可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、失重率、发病率与钙肥用量呈负相关。土壤增施钙肥有利于提高芒果果实品质,提高果实耐贮性。  相似文献   

5.
糖醇螯合钙肥对马铃薯产量、品质及养分吸收的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  
采用恒温水浴加热的方法合成糖醇螯合钙(自制钙肥),与美国布兰特公司生产的糖醇螯合钙(市售钙肥)同时进行马铃薯大田喷施试验,研究糖醇钙对马铃薯产量、品质和钙素吸收、迁移转化的影响。研究结果表明:①与不施钙肥(喷施等量清水)相比,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理分别增产10.9%和12.1%,大薯率分别提高5.4%和3.7%,两种钙肥处理均降低了中、小薯率;自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理块茎硝态氮含量分别下降28.8%和31.6%,自制钙肥处理马铃薯的可溶性蛋白的含量和氮素积累量分别增加7.2%和20.9%,市售糖醇钙处理马铃薯的可溶性蛋白含量和氮素积累量均降低3.2%。②钙肥处理均提高了马铃薯各器官的钙素含量,在出苗后80 d,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理的马铃薯根中钙含量分别增加8.0%和9.0%,茎中钙含量分别增加10.1%和6.8%,叶片中钙含量分别增加1.8%和6.8%,块茎中钙含量分别增加26.7%和20.0%。③施用钙肥均提高了马铃薯各器官与全株的钙素累积量,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理的马铃薯根中钙素累积量均提高20.0%,茎中钙素积累量分别提升97.1%和55.7%,叶片中钙素积累量分别提升56.5%和45.8%,块茎中钙素积累量分别提高56.3%和50.0%,全株钙素积累量整体提高62.1%和47.0%。自制钙肥处理的马铃薯根、茎、块茎和全株的钙素累积量均显著高于市售钙肥。综上,在同等钙浓度下,两种钙肥均促进了马铃薯产量提升,与市售钙肥相比自制螯合钙肥更利于钙素的吸收和迁移。  相似文献   

6.
钙对果树果实品质有重要改善作用,而品质又决定了其商品价值和种植效益。研究钙对冬枣品质和果实贮藏的影响作用,对于改善冬枣商品性能,促进冬枣产业发展具有重要意义。然而,针对冬枣施用钙肥效应的研究鲜见报道,尚未有研究对醋酸钙等有机钙肥的应用效果进行探讨。通过在果实白熟期对冬枣叶果喷钙,研究单喷施氯化钙、醋酸钙以及两者配合喷施对冬枣品质指标以及常温下贮藏性能的影响。结果表明,采前喷钙可显著提高冬枣可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、Vc、钙、总黄酮含量和果实硬度,改善了冬枣品质;与单喷施氯化钙相比,采前喷施醋酸钙可显著提高可溶性固形物、钙和总黄酮含量;氯化钙与醋酸钙配合喷施处理对枣果品质的改善效果与单施醋酸钙的效果相似。在常温贮藏条件下,采前喷施醋酸钙促进了冬枣可溶性固形物含量的升高,加速了酸度降低,减缓了Vc消耗,同时减轻了贮藏期间软化现象。与单喷施氯化钙相比,喷施醋酸钙处理更有利于冬枣保持水分,延长其货架期。综合分析认为,在冬枣白熟期喷施醋酸钙是改善果实品质和耐藏性能的有效措施。  相似文献   

7.
为探究叶面喷施钙肥对金丝小枣钙素营养、果实发育及品质的影响,以20年生乐陵金丝小枣为试材,以喷清水为对照,进行叶面喷施有机钙(柠檬酸钙,0.2%)和无机钙(硝酸钙,0.2%)试验,生长期间分4次测量果实生长指标以及叶片、果实中钙含量,收获期对一些果实品质指标进行测定。研究结果表明:叶面喷施有机钙和无机钙均可提高金丝小枣果实和叶片的Ca含量、果实可溶性糖含量、单果重、果形指数。喷施两种钙肥还可显著提高叶片SPAD值,改善叶片氮素营养。喷施柠檬酸钙可显著提高果实优质果比例,并降低劣质果比例。两种钙肥均可改善金丝小枣营养状况,促进金丝小枣果实发育,并且柠檬酸钙的效果优于硝酸钙。  相似文献   

8.
喷施不同铁肥对草莓铁养分吸收和品质的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
以草莓"甜查理"为试材,研究叶面喷施硫酸亚铁、EDTA-Fe和小分子有机螯合铁3种铁肥对草莓生长发育、品质和铁养分吸收的影响。结果表明:1)喷施3种铁肥均能提高叶片活性铁含量、SPAD值以及过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。其中,喷施小分子有机螯合铁处理的效果明显优于硫酸亚铁和EDTA-Fe处理,较清水对照分别显著提高76.44%、6.25%、180.00%和61.72%;2)与对照相比,施用小分子有机螯合铁和EDTA-Fe的草莓果品铁含量分别显著提高35.46%和27.79%,而喷施硫酸亚铁处理对其影响不显著。同时,喷施小分子有机螯合铁果实的糖酸比和可溶性固形物最高,较对照分别提高了18.70%和30.89%,差异显著;3)相关分析结果表明,叶片活性铁含量均与SPAD值、过氧化氢酶及过氧化物酶活性呈极显著线性正相关,果实铁含量与糖酸比呈显著线性正相关。因此,喷施铁肥可提高草莓叶片相关酶的活性和铁养分含量,促进其生长发育,并在一定程度上调控草莓果实铁元素的累积,同时改善果实品质,3种铁肥中以小分子有机螯合铁肥在草莓上应用效果最佳。  相似文献   

9.
不同品种樱桃番茄氨基酸组成及风味分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为评价不同品种樱桃番茄的风味及营养价值,比较分析了8个品种樱桃番茄的可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量、有机酸含量、糖酸比、Vc含量、氨基酸含量和氨基酸组成。结果表明,红果樱桃番茄品种的部分风味指标(可溶性固形物、总糖、有机酸、Vc)、氨基酸组成及营养价值(总氨基酸、必需氨基酸含量及氨基酸模式谱)优于黄果品种,尤其是红果品种浙樱粉1号和浙樱红1号,其中,浙樱粉1号樱桃番茄可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量、有机酸含量、Vc含量、呈味类氨基酸(鲜味、甜味、芳香类)含量及氨基酸营养价值均处于较高水平。红果樱桃番茄品种之间的总糖含量、Vc含量,以及黄果樱桃番茄品种之间的有机酸含量、总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量和甜味类氨基酸含量等指标均呈现出较低的变异系数。氨基酸营养价值分析表明,缬氨酸和亮氨酸是樱桃番茄的2个主要限制氨基酸。本研究结果为高品质樱桃番茄的品种选育提供了理论指导。  相似文献   

10.
氨基酸螯合中微量元素肥料对新高梨品质的影响   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
在南京市傅家边农业科技园的梨园研究套袋与不套袋的情况下,氨基酸螫合中微量元素肥料对新高梨品质的影响.结果表明:套袋与不套袋条件下,与对照及有机肥处理相比,施用氨基酸螯合中微肥均能显著增加果实的单果重,显著降低果实中的可滴定酸含量:套袋结合施用氨基酸螯合中微肥,新高梨的果形指数显著大于对照及有机肥处理:施用低水平的氨基酸螯合中微肥能显著提高套袋果和未套袋果果实的Vc含量,施用量增加一倍时,Vc含量则有所降低:氨基酸螫合中微肥处理对果实可溶性固形物含量的影响不显著.总的来说,施用低水平的氨基酸螫合中微肥对新高梨品质的改善效果尤佳.  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

16.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

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