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1.
《中国生态农业学报》2021,(9)
农田土壤有机碳气体交换与径流损失的研究大都相对孤立,对二者之间的同步观测研究较少。本文利用紫色土坡地可测壤中流的径流小区,开展了不同施肥处理下紫色土农田土壤有机碳土-气交换和土-水界面迁移过程的同步观测试验。试验处理包括:无肥对照(CK)、常规氮磷钾(NPK)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾(OMNPK)、秸秆配施氮磷钾(RSDNPK)。结果表明:1)不同施肥处理的土壤异养呼吸速率与通量均呈现:RSDNPKOMNPKNPKCK,表明施加无机肥、有机肥和秸秆还田均会增加紫色土的土壤CO_2排放,其中秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥的CO_2排放通量为4155.87 kg(C)·hm~(-2),显著大于其他施肥处理。2)不同施肥处理的土壤有机碳径流损失通量表现为:RSDNPKOMNPKCKNPK,径流损失途径也存在差异,与CK相比, RSDNPK处理在降低紫色土泥沙损失通量的同时,显著增加了壤中流可溶性有机碳(DOC)损失通量,达8.29 kg(C)·hm~(-2),各施肥处理的壤中流DOC损失通量占径流碳损失总通量的49.82%～92.11%,说明壤中流DOC损失是紫色土有机碳径流损失的主要方式。3) RSDNPK处理的土壤有机碳损失总通量显著大于其他施肥处理, OMNPK与NPK处理的总通量没有显著差异;各施肥处理的CO_2排放通量占总通量的比例均大于99%,说明气态损失是紫色土有机碳损失的主要途径。4)本文计算了不同施肥处理的单位产量碳损失通量,将作物经济效益与生态环境负荷相结合,结果表明CK的单位产量碳损失通量显著大于其他3个施肥处理。OMNPK处理的土壤有机碳含量为5.86 g·kg~(-1),大于NPK处理,说明施加有机肥有利于土壤有机碳的积累,因此在紫色土地区可以优先考虑施加有机肥配施氮磷钾肥。 相似文献
2.
长期施用有机肥对稻麦轮作体系土壤有机碳氮组分的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
3.
以建于1990年的新疆阜康荒漠生态系统观测研究站的长期施肥定位试验为平台，分析了不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（化肥常规NPK和化肥高量N2P2K）、化肥配施秸秆（化肥配施秸秆常规NPKS和化肥配施秸秆高量NPKS2）和化肥配施猪粪（NPKM）对农田土壤有机碳和无机碳含量与剖面分布及有机碳热稳定性的影响。结果表明：（1）长期施肥处理提高了土壤有机碳含量，其中耕层（0—20 cm）土壤有机碳响应最敏感，化肥配施秸秆还田处理下有机碳积累高于其他处理。（2）长期施肥处理均降低土壤有机碳稳定性，表明增加的土壤有机碳并不利于碳稳定。（3）长期施肥处理降低土壤无机碳含量，其降低程度随剖面呈下降趋势，可能由于灌溉淋洗导致深层土壤无机碳的净增加。（4）尽管长期施肥促进土壤有机碳累积，但由于降低无机碳含量及其储量，最终导致土壤全碳降低，表明土壤无机碳变化对干旱区土壤碳库变化具有决定性作用。结果表明，深入理解施肥措施对干旱区盐碱土的碳影响，需要同时考虑不同深度土壤有机碳和无机碳含量的变化。 相似文献
4.
不同施肥及秸秆还田对潮土有机质及其组分的影响 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
基于长期田间定位试验样地,研究了裸地(CK1)、不施肥秸秆移除(CK2)、不施肥秸秆还田(CK3)、施无机肥秸秆移除(NPK)、有机无机肥混施秸秆移除(1/2NPK+1/2OM)、有机肥秸秆移除(OM)、无机肥秸秆还田(NPK+S)、有机肥秸秆还田(OM+S)8种处理对土壤有机质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,CK1土壤有机质及有机质各组分含量最低,但有机质稳定性较CK2、CK3高。与CK2相比,施肥处理(NPK、1/2NPK+1/2OM、OM)、秸秆还田处理(CK3)以及秸秆与肥料混施处理(NPK+S、OM+S)均能不同程度地增加土壤有机质及其各组分的含量,提高土壤有机质稳定性。其中OM处理效果最为显著,有机质含量比CK2高155.1%;有机质各组分中可溶性有机质DOM、富里酸FA、胡敏酸HA、胡敏素HM比CK2分别高39.1%、133.7%、540.0%、152.5%;HA/FA值为0.43,比CK2高173.9%。在CK3的基础上施用肥料(NPK+S、OM+S),土壤有机质含量以及有机质稳定性均有所增加,并且有机肥(OM+S)效果好于无机肥(NPK+S)。可见秸秆还田及有机肥施用对潮土有机质及其各组分含量均有提升作用,促进有机质积累并提高其稳定性。 相似文献
5.
为探明氮、磷、钾化肥减施下有机物料对砂姜黑土固碳培肥的影响,于2018—2020年开展大田试验,设置常规单施化肥(F)、常规施肥+生物炭(F+B)、化肥减量20%+生物炭(80%F+B)、常规施肥+秸秆还田(F+S)、化肥减量20%+秸秆还田(80%F+S)5个处理,分析水稻季化肥减量配施生物炭或秸秆还田对土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量、所占比例,碳库管理指数及养分含量的影响。结果表明,相较于单施化肥,常规施肥下增施生物炭土壤总有机碳含量显著提高19.6%。化肥减量配施有机物料显著提高了土壤水溶性有机碳、颗粒有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量,较F处理分别增加21.6%~28.6%、46.2%~61.1%和16.2%~36.3%,其中80%F+S处理土壤易氧化有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量、所占比例及土壤碳库管理指数均最高。F+B处理土壤有效磷和速效钾含量最高,较F处理分别提高11.1%和30.8%,其他处理有效磷含量则降低6.5%~15.7%。主成分分析表明,活性有机碳组分和碳库管理指数在80%F+S处理中具有较高载荷,而F+B处理土壤有效磷、pH和速效钾因子得分较高。化肥减施下秸秆还田有利于提高砂姜黑土活性有机碳含量、所占比例及碳库管理指数,而常规施肥下配施生物炭能够促进土壤总有机碳积累和磷、钾有效性。本研究结果可为沿淮平原稻麦轮作区化肥减量增效、农业废弃物资源化利用提供技术支撑。 相似文献
6.
长期施肥对浙江稻田土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
以浙江省稻田长期定位试验站为依托,研究长期不同施肥措施对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响。研究结果表明,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,栏肥与化肥配施(NPKOM)、单施栏肥(OM)、秸秆与化肥配施(NPKRS)和单施秸秆(RS)处理均显著提高了2 mm和2~0.25 mm水稳定性大团聚体的含量和团聚体平均重量直径(p0.05),强化了团聚体对土壤有机碳的物理保护作用。此外,长期有机无机配施(NPKOM和NPKRS)处理显著提高了各个粒级团聚体中有机碳含量,并且显著增加水稳定性大团聚体有机碳的贡献率,而长期单施化肥和单施秸秆处理并未有效增加土壤总有机碳含量。不同施肥处理下,2~0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳占土壤总有机碳的34.2%~48.6%,是土壤有机碳的主要载体。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)技术对2~0.25 mm和0.053 mm团聚体进行结构表征,发现长期单施有机肥或者有机无机配施下芳香族C较CK提高29.9%~45.2%,较NPK处理提高22.3%~36.6%,提高了土壤有机碳的芳构化。在有机碳积累方面,施用有机肥,尤其是栏肥与化肥配施,同时强化了团聚体对有机碳的物理保护以及促进了化学抗性有机碳组分的积累,是加强稻田土壤有机碳库积累的合理施肥模式。 相似文献
7.
不同施肥方式对东北春玉米农田土壤水热特征的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
《水土保持学报》2015,(4)
通过国家(公主岭)黑土肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验,采用中子仪和土壤温度自动监测系统,探讨长期不同施肥方式对土壤水分与温度变化特征,以及水分利用效率和玉米产量的影响。结果表明,以5cm土温为例,不同施肥方式农田土壤日温度的变化均近似呈正弦函数变化,在整个生育期间,休闲区(Fallow)土壤日最高温度和最低温度都低于其它处理;自拔节期后,CK处理土壤日最高温度高于其它处理,并最先达到温度最高值;有机无机配施处理(M2NPK和SNPK)土壤日最高温度显著低于化肥NPK处理(P0.05),尤其秸秆还田(SNPK)土壤日最低温度和日温变化幅度也小于化肥NPK处理。CK处理0—20cm表层土壤含水量低于其它处理,但30—90cm层次土壤含水量明显高于其它处理(P0.05);有机无机配施处理(M2NPK和SNPK)较化肥NPK处理能显著增加剖面30—90cm层次土壤含水量。自拔节期后,在0—40cm和0—120cm土层,有机无机配施处理(M2NPK和SNPK)土壤储水量显著高于化肥NPK处理;有机无机配施M2NPK处理玉米水分利用效率也显著高于化肥NPK处理(P0.05),表明有机无机配施不仅对表层土壤具有降低温度的效应,还可明显增加剖面土壤含水量和储水量,提高玉米水分利用效率。 相似文献
8.
生物炭及秸秆长期施用对紫色土坡耕地土壤团聚体有机碳的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
依托紫色土坡耕地长期施肥试验观测平台,研究生物炭、秸秆对紫色土坡耕地团聚体有机碳分布的影响。长期施肥试验处理包括不施肥(CK)、无机氮磷钾肥(NPK)、秸秆还田(RSD)、生物炭与无机氮磷钾配施(BCNPK)、秸秆与无机氮磷钾配施(RSDNPK)。利用湿筛法,进行土壤团聚体粒径分组,随后测定各粒径团聚体含量及其有机碳含量,并计算团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)。结果表明,RSD、RSDNPK和BCNPK处理的表层SOC含量比CK处理增加43.1%～90.5%,SOC储量提高65.1%～74.3%,其中RSDNPK处理、BCNPK处理较NPK处理SOC显著增加25.2%～33.1%(P0.05), SOC储量显著提高23.2%～30.0%(P0.05)。团聚体MWD和GMD均为RSD处理RSDNPK处理BCNPK处理NPK处理CK处理; RSD处理0.25～2 mm的团聚体含量高达45.5%,较CK处理提高57.7%;秸秆和生物炭配施处理(RSDNPK处理和BCNPK处理)0.25～2mm的团聚体含量为41.3%～45.7%,而0.053mm粒径团聚体含量却降低54.1%～55.4%。NPK处理、RSD处理与CK处理的增长趋势相似,呈随团聚体粒径减小,团聚体有机碳含量先增大后减小,继而再增大的趋势;而RSDNPK、BCNPK处理则呈随粒径减小团聚体有机碳含量增加的趋势。生物炭和秸秆的施用能显著提升土壤有机碳含量,增强土壤结构稳定性,但生物碳的施用对提升土壤有机碳含量效果优于秸秆的施用,秸秆的施用对稳定土壤结构效果更优,因此生物炭和秸秆的施用可作为紫色土耕地土壤肥力维持和提升的有效管理措施。 相似文献
9.
分析了不同施肥处理对玉米产量和土壤养分的影响,以及不同生育期内土壤纤维素酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶的动态变化。结果表明,5个不同施肥处理产量均高于CK;秸秆配施无机肥加秸秆腐熟剂(FS)处理和有机肥配施70% NPK(OF)处理的效果最佳,有机无机复合肥(OI2)、有机无机复合肥(OI1)和常规无机肥(CF)处理次之,不施肥处理(CK)最低。FS处理较常规施肥处理提高了4.87%,有机肥配施70%常规无机肥(OF)处理较常规施肥处理的产量提高了3.39%。施肥处理均能提高3种酶的活性,并且表现出较强规律性:土壤过氧化氢酶在玉米拔节期出现活性高峰,土壤纤维素酶和土壤脲酶在玉米大喇叭口期出现活性高峰;FS处理在各个时期的酶活性较高。综上所述,秸秆还田配施化肥加秸秆腐熟剂有利于增加土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量,提高作物产量。 相似文献
10.
长期不同施肥模式对潮土有机碳组分的影响 总被引：10，自引：6，他引：4
采用物理分组方法分析了长期不同施肥模式条件下潮土有机碳组分变化及其分布规律。结果表明,与不施肥（CK）比较,长期氮、磷、钾平衡施用（NPK）、秸秆还田（NPKS）和有机无机肥配施（NPKM和1.5NPKM）均显著提高了潮土粗自由颗粒有机碳（cfPOC）、微团聚体内物理保护颗粒有机碳（iPOC）及矿物结合有机碳（mSOC）的含量,其中以粗自由颗粒有机碳增幅最高,达114.5%～278.9％,对施肥最敏感,能较好反映长期施肥下土壤有机碳库的变化。矿物结合有机碳是潮土固存有机碳的主要形式,它占总有机碳的67.0%～80.4%。除偏施化肥（N和NP）外,其它施肥模式增加的总有机碳有49.1%～58.1%进入矿物结合有机碳组分;26.2%～31.7%进入粗、细自由颗粒有机碳组分;15.7%～20.9%进入物理保护有机碳组分。偏施化肥（N和NP）有利于自由颗粒有机碳的增加。综上分析,长期有机无机肥配施或秸秆还田是提升潮土不同组分有机碳库的较好施肥模式。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献