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1.
采用广义回归神经网络建立酪蛋白乳化性与疏水性关系   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
为了研究琥珀酰化修饰后酪蛋白乳化性与疏水性关系,该文以琥珀酰化牦牛乳酪蛋白为研究对象,分析了不同酰化程度酪蛋白乳化性及疏水性变化趋势,采用广义回归神经网络建立了牦牛乳酰化酪蛋白乳化性与疏水性关系模型。结果显示,琥珀酰化牦牛乳酪蛋白乳化性和疏水性均与酰化程度、pH值有关,pH值为5以上,随着酰化程度的增加,酪蛋白乳化活性增大;等电点附近,酪蛋白乳化活性较差,等电点之后乳化活性迅速增大。pH值介于2-6时,所有酪蛋白乳化稳定性较强,pH值介于6-11之间时,酪蛋白乳化稳定性差异较小,pH值为12时乳化稳定性有所增加。酪蛋白内荧光与1-苯胺基萘-8-磺酸(1-aniline napthalene-8-sulfonic acid,ANS)外源荧光最大荧光强度和最大发射波长随酰化程度及pH值变化表现出较为复杂的关系。通过广义回归神经网络(generalized-regression-neu-network,GRNN)建立了牦牛乳酪蛋白疏水性参数、pH值、酰化程度与乳化性关系,网络模型对乳化性的预测相对误差小于10%,预测结果良好。研究结果为酪蛋白乳化性研究提供了参考依据。  相似文献   

2.
利用氨水、Sephadex G-75对富铬酵母、空白酵母进行蛋白提取,采用红外光谱测定及数学方法对比分析铬作用前后蛋白质二级结构的变化,探讨铬对蛋白结构的影响。结果显示,铬与蛋白的键合导致大分子蛋白中的α-螺旋结构和无规则卷曲结构被破坏,α-螺旋结构由11.35%降至1.63%,无规则卷曲结构略有下降,β-转角结构增加,由33.88%升至52.72%,β-折叠结构几乎无变化;小分子蛋白的β-折叠结构被破坏,由61.41%降至48.54%,无规则卷曲和α-螺旋结构比例增加,由1.41%增加至13.30%,α-螺旋结构略有增加,β-转角结构几乎无变化。与铬结合的大分子蛋白中,β-转角结构占优势;与铬结合的小分子蛋白中,β-折叠结构占优势。  相似文献   

3.
为研究辐照对鲈鱼过敏原生化性质、抗原性及二级结构的影响，本试验采用0、3、5、7、9 kGy剂量电子束辐照鲈鱼小清蛋白溶液及冻干粉，测定其浓度、浊度、疏水性、分子量和抗原性的变化，以及二级结构的含量。结果表明，随着辐照剂量增大，小清蛋白冻干粉及溶液的浓度降低，疏水性提高，浊度增加，过敏条带变浅，免疫印迹条带变浅，小清蛋白与抗体的结合能力减弱，抗原性降低；α-螺旋及无规则卷曲比例升高，β-折叠及β-转角变化不明显，二级结构被破坏。综上，电子束辐照使小清蛋白生化性质及结构发生了变化，有效降低了小清蛋白的抗原性，同时发现液态小清蛋白较固态对辐照更敏感。本研究结果为鲈鱼及其制品辐照消敏研究提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

4.
挤压稳定化处理对米糠各组分蛋白结构及功能性质的影响   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  
为了研究挤压稳定化处理对米糠各组分蛋白结构和功能性质的影响，选取龙粳31号大米米糠做为原料，采用双螺杆挤压技术对该原料进行稳定化处理。结果表明：米糠各组分蛋白在挤压处理后溶解性、起泡性和持油性显著降低（P?0.05），持水性、起泡稳定性和乳化稳定性升高，谷蛋白持水性提高的幅度最大，较挤压前提高了39%。米糠谷蛋白的乳化活性与其他两种组分蛋白差异显著，清蛋白和球蛋白较挤压前分别降低5%和10%，谷蛋白乳化活性增加，较挤压前增加8%。结构特性分析结果表明产生这种差异的主要原因不是分子间作用力，而是挤压后各组分蛋白发生重组，形成大的聚集体过程中二级结构的变化截然相反，米糠清蛋白α-螺旋、β-转角和无规则卷曲含量都有所降低，β-折叠含量增势明显提高。挤压后的米糠谷蛋白结构与白蛋白显示出不同的趋势，谷蛋白的二级结构在酰胺I带变化显著，α-螺旋、β-转角与无规则卷曲的含量有所提高，β-折叠的含量下降。结果可为米糠各组分蛋白的工业化制备及在各种食品配方中的应用提供理论支撑。  相似文献   

5.
为了准确评价乳的稳定性和加工性能,探讨不同前处理条件对动态光散射检测酪蛋白胶束粒径的影响,研究了稀释液的种类(超纯水、钙咪唑缓冲液、模拟牛乳超滤液和牛乳超滤液)、稀释液温(4和25℃)和稀释液的放置时间(0~48 h)对脱脂乳中酪蛋白胶束粒径的动态光散射测试结果的影响,并将酪蛋白胶束粒径的动态光散射测试结果与冷冻透射电镜图像中测得的真实结果进行比较。研究发现以超纯水和钙咪唑缓冲液作为脱脂乳稀释液时,部分胶束发生解离,影响测试结果;采用牛乳超滤液及模拟牛乳超滤液作为稀释液时,胶束的微环境没有改变,反映了胶束的真实粒径及分布;放置24 h后,牛乳超滤液及模拟牛乳超滤液将产生颗粒;温度对测试有显著的影响(P0.05):4℃的样品用25℃的稀释液进行稀释后,动态光散射的计数率和粒径分别增大了16.6%和11.4%;25℃的样品用4℃的稀释液进行稀释后,计数率和粒径分别降低了16.1%和9.8%。结果表明酪蛋白胶束粒径的测试前处理较适宜的条件为:在与样品的温度相同条件下,以配置好后24 h内的模拟牛乳超滤液或牛乳超滤液(10 k Da超滤膜)作为脱脂乳的稀释液进行稀释。通过与冷冻电镜条件下测得的酪蛋白胶束粒径的真值比较,发现该前处理条件下酪蛋白胶束粒径的动态光散射测试结果的相对误差为-5.7%~1.8%,表明该样品前处理方法可用于动态光散射方法快速检测酪蛋白胶束粒径。研究结果为快速、准确地获取酪蛋白胶束的粒径信息,进而准确分析乳的稳定性及加工性能提供参考。  相似文献   

6.
为探究盐腌对浙东白鹅肉的品质及结构的影响,研究了经不同食盐质量分数(4%、6%、8%、10%、12%)腌制后的白鹅胸肉的理化品质、质构特性以及微观结构的变化,并运用拉曼光谱技术分析了盐腌对蛋白质结构的影响。结果表明,随着盐腌食盐质量分数的增大,蛋白水解指数降低,氨基酸总量增加,肌节长度变小,鹅肉的硬度增大。拉曼光谱分析显示,蛋白质的二级结构中α-螺旋含量由49.74%下降为41.24%,β-折叠的含量由18.01%增加到26.44%。相关性分析表明,α-螺旋与食盐质量分数、水分含量以及硬度负相关,β-折叠与食盐用量、水分含量以及硬度正相关。本研究结果为盐腌鹅肉制品提供了一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

7.
氧化是调控肉类品质的一种潜在工具,肉类蛋白氧化调控理论的完善有助于其在食品工程中的应用。为了研究不同氧化体系下,牦牛肌原纤维蛋白化学修饰与功能性质之间关系,该研究分析了离子氧化体系(Iron Oxidizing System,IOS)和高铁肌红蛋白(Metmyoglobin Oxidizing System,MOS)氧化体系下在特定氧化程度(蛋白羰基含量)下牦牛肌原纤维蛋白的生化特性、二级结构和功能特性。结果发现,随着氧化强度的提升,牦牛肌原纤维蛋白会发生显著的巯基丧失、二硫键生成、二酪酸增加以及表面疏水性下降现象(P0.05)。当羰基浓度达到(1.51±0.13) nmol/mg以后,MOS体系的二硫键和表面疏水性变化比IOS系统更明显。此外,随着氧化程度的增加,α-螺旋结构比例会持续减少,而β-折叠与β-转角结够会持续增加。通过对蛋白质功能性功能性研究,还发现适当的氧化对牦牛肌原纤维蛋白的溶解性和乳化性有一定改善作用,其改善峰值和范围因氧化体系不同而有所差异,MOS的功能特性影响对氧化强度更敏感。通过相关性分析可以发现,二硫键与溶解度、浊度、乳化性等功能特性相关性显著,二级结构大多数指标则与溶解性和浊度相关性显著。综上所述,不同氧化体系对于肌原纤维蛋白的生化及功能特性的影响存在差异,MOS系统能够在较小的氧化程度下对功能特性产生改善作用,这与其同时带来的二硫键和表面疏水性更显著的变化有关。  相似文献   

8.
为明确热处理过程中肌肉蛋白与萜类化合物的相互作用规律及机制,以肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）和肌浆蛋白（sarcoplasmic protein,SP）为研究对象,测定不同加热时间下表面疏水性、总巯基含量、粒径、二级结构含量等理化特性。选取炖煮猪肉中3种关键萜类化合物（3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、芳樟醇）,结合气相色谱-质谱联用,探究热处理过程中MP和SP对萜类化合物吸附能力与蛋白构象变化的相关性,并通过分子对接揭示肌肉蛋白与萜类化合物结合机制。结果表明：随加热时间延长,MP和SP的表面疏水性和总巯基含量先上升后下降,粒径持续上升,α-螺旋结构转化为β-折叠和无规则卷曲结构。加热5 min内,MP和SP二级结构展开,结合位点暴露,对萜类化合物吸附能力增强;继续加热后,MP和SP聚集使结合位点被掩埋,对萜类化合物吸附能力降低,且由于SP更高的聚集程度,加热10～60 min内吸附能力弱于MP。分子对接结果证明,疏水相互作用为3-蒈烯和柠檬烯与肌肉蛋白结合的主要驱动力,而芳樟醇通过疏水相互作用和氢键与肌肉蛋白结合。结果表明热处理可以通过改变肌肉蛋白构象控制风味结合位点暴露或掩埋,从而影响肌肉蛋白与萜类化合物的相互作用,研究结果可为热加工肉制品的风味调控提供理论指导。  相似文献   

9.
刘蕾  袁芳  高彦祥 《农业工程学报》2016,32(Z2):423-429
为了提高β-胡萝卜素乳液稳定性,该研究利用α-乳白蛋白(α-LA)为乳化剂,考察了不同α-LA添加量(0.25%~3.00%)对10%的水包油(O/W)β-胡萝卜素乳液粒径、电位、快速稳定性、包埋率、界面α-LA含量和化学稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着α-LA添加量的增加,β-胡萝卜素乳液粒径减小,电位增加,包埋率提高;当α-LA添加量大于1.50%时,乳液粒径、电位和包埋率不再随着α-LA添加量的增加而变化(P0.05)。乳液的Turbiscan扫描指数(TSI)在α-LA添加量大于1.50%之后没有显著性变化,β-胡萝卜素乳液趋于稳定。随着α-LA添加量的增加,水油界面上α-LA含量显著增加(P0.05)。当α-LA添加量大于1.00%时,β-胡萝卜素在乳液中的保留率不再随着α-LA添加量的增加而增加。研究结果表明α-LA是一种可以应用在β-胡萝卜素乳液中的乳化剂,在α-LA添加量为1.50%时,可以得到物理和化学稳定性较好的β-胡萝卜素乳液,为食品工业中应用β-胡萝卜素提供了参考。  相似文献   

10.
马燕  梁琪  宋雪梅 《核农学报》2022,36(5):998-1007
为探究超声牦牛乳的酶促凝胶流变特性,并进一步分析超声后牦牛乳的蛋白疏水性和脂肪球粒径如何影响凝胶网络的形成,本研究以牦牛乳为原料,进行超声处理(时间5 min和10 min,功率300、400和500 W)后,编号为US1(300 W,5 min)、US2(300 W,10 min)、US3(400 W,5 min)、US4(400 W,10 min)、US5(500 W,5 min)和US6(500 W,10 min),以未处理的牦牛乳作为对照(CK),通过小振幅振荡时间扫描获取凝胶形成的流变信息。结果表明,超声处理后牦牛乳的脂肪含量、蛋白质含量以及pH值无显著变化(P>0.05),而均质效率和乳液稳定性显著提高(P<0.05);超声处理能够增加凝胶的储能模量,使得牦牛乳酶促凝胶的弹性增加。US5和US6的储能模量增幅最多(分别为6 824和7 189 Pa),但凝胶时间长。与CK相比,超声牦牛乳US1、US2、US3和US4的凝胶时间分别缩短了1.78、3.72、5.75和4.74 min;超声处理在改变乳蛋白表面疏水性的同时减小了脂肪球尺寸。与CK相比,US3最大荧光强度显著增加了51.22%(P<0.05),脂肪球粒径分布范围为0.300~4.002 μm,集中在1.974 μm处。US4最大荧光强度显著降低了5.31%(P<0.05),脂肪球粒径呈双峰分布,范围为0.131~4.502 μm。综上所述,经过不同时间和不同功率的超声处理后,US1~US6乳蛋白表面疏水性和脂肪球尺寸受到影响的程度不同,使得凝胶网络体系存在差异,从而表现出不同的凝胶特性。本研究为超声技术在牦牛乳凝胶类制品加工中的应用提供了理论基础。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

16.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

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