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1.
Leone L. Mohney Donald V. Lightner Rodney R. Williams Michael Bauerlein 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1990,21(3):186-191
Nauplii of the brine shrimp, Artemia , and cultures of the soil nematode, Panagrellus redivivus , were fed a suspension of the water-insoluble antibacterial Romet-30 (sulfadimethoxine plus ormetoprim) to determine if they could be used as a mechanism for delivery of the drug to larval penaeid shrimp.
Romet-30 was added to groups of brine shrimp nauplii and nematodes in 1 L beakers to achieve a concentration of 3 mg of drug per ml of seawater. After a 4 h uptake period, predetermined numbers of organisms were assayed for antibiotic content using the micro-plate diffusion method and a Romet-30 sensitive strain of Vibrio alginolyticus as the indicator. The resulting zones of inhibition were compared to that of a standard Kirby-Bauer sensitivity disc containing 25 μg of the drug that was placed on each plate as standard control. Negative controls consisted of equal numbers of nauplii and nematodes that were not exposed to the antibiotic. Artemia nauplii and nematodes accumulated approximately 0.1 μg of the drug per nauplius and approximately 0.25 μg per nematode. They exhibited no signs of toxicity from exposure to the drug and contained the antibiotic in sufficient quantity to provide a theoretical therapeutic dose of the drug when fed to penaeid larvae.
In subsequent tests, normal and diseased larval Penaeus stylirostris readily accepted Romet-30 enriched Artemia . Diseased larvae fed the drug in this manner exhibited a statistically greater overall survival and a greater survival to the post-larval stage by Student's t -test at the 5% significance level. 相似文献
Romet-30 was added to groups of brine shrimp nauplii and nematodes in 1 L beakers to achieve a concentration of 3 mg of drug per ml of seawater. After a 4 h uptake period, predetermined numbers of organisms were assayed for antibiotic content using the micro-plate diffusion method and a Romet-30 sensitive strain of Vibrio alginolyticus as the indicator. The resulting zones of inhibition were compared to that of a standard Kirby-Bauer sensitivity disc containing 25 μg of the drug that was placed on each plate as standard control. Negative controls consisted of equal numbers of nauplii and nematodes that were not exposed to the antibiotic. Artemia nauplii and nematodes accumulated approximately 0.1 μg of the drug per nauplius and approximately 0.25 μg per nematode. They exhibited no signs of toxicity from exposure to the drug and contained the antibiotic in sufficient quantity to provide a theoretical therapeutic dose of the drug when fed to penaeid larvae.
In subsequent tests, normal and diseased larval Penaeus stylirostris readily accepted Romet-30 enriched Artemia . Diseased larvae fed the drug in this manner exhibited a statistically greater overall survival and a greater survival to the post-larval stage by Student's t -test at the 5% significance level. 相似文献
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Many coral reefs are threatened because of anthropogenic impacts such as destructive fishing methods for marine ornamentals. The marine ornamental industry is currently almost completely dependent upon wild collections. The development of commercially feasible methods to culture ornamental species could help to reduce the need for wild‐collected specimens and reduce pressure on coral reefs. Advances in larval rearing and nutrition would help overcome the bottlenecks that impede the commercial production of many marine ornamental species. This article focuses on research for improving the production of the fire shrimp, Lysmata debelius. Experiments were performed with larval fire shrimp to evaluate (1) the importance of essential fatty acid enrichment of live prey (rotifers and Artemia) and (2) feeding penaeid shrimp muscle tissue to improve survival to metamorphosis. We also provide the fatty acid composition of Day‐1 posthatch fire shrimp larvae. The enrichment of live prey with docosahexaenoic acid did not improve larval growth, survival, or time to metamorphosis, but larvae fed live prey together with pureed penaeid shrimp muscle had survival rates of 9.8 ± 1.2%. The data and protocols developed in this study provide a foundation and baseline for future fire shrimp larval studies. 相似文献
4.
The lack of approved drugs and chemicals needed to manage disease and pests in culture systems is the major constraint facing the penaeid shrimp culture industry in the United States. The industry needs the timely approval of the therapeutants for disease control for cost effectiveness and public safety. The approval process for the needed chemotherapeutants (drugs, parasiticides, disinfectants, and water quality agents) is administered by the US. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Both FDA and EPA have procedures for registration of compounds for minor use whereby needed approvals may be obtained at far less cost than is typical for uses in major agricultural industries.
Aquatrine® is the only compound with specific approval for use in shrimp culture. Three others—formalin, oxytetracycline, and trifluralin—have entered the approval process. Because of human safety concerns, replacements are needed for malachite green, chloramphenicol, and the nitrofurans. Candidates for replacing these compounds include trifluralin, oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, the potentiated sulfonamides, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline. A need exists for an environmentally safe and effective agent to treat fusarium disease.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR-4), in conjunction with FDA, has begun addressing the problems of the aquaculture industry. Thus, the penaeid shrimp industry has an excellent opportunity to obtain the approvals of chemotherapeutants that are needed for continued growth toward a full potential in this country. 相似文献
Aquatrine® is the only compound with specific approval for use in shrimp culture. Three others—formalin, oxytetracycline, and trifluralin—have entered the approval process. Because of human safety concerns, replacements are needed for malachite green, chloramphenicol, and the nitrofurans. Candidates for replacing these compounds include trifluralin, oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, the potentiated sulfonamides, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline. A need exists for an environmentally safe and effective agent to treat fusarium disease.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR-4), in conjunction with FDA, has begun addressing the problems of the aquaculture industry. Thus, the penaeid shrimp industry has an excellent opportunity to obtain the approvals of chemotherapeutants that are needed for continued growth toward a full potential in this country. 相似文献
5.
D. C. Kneale A. B. Al-Hajj E. C. L. Maynard A. S. D. Farmer 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1981,12(2):15-26
Development of an intensive culture system is presently being conducted in Kuwait as a means of farming penaeid shrimp in arid lands. Efficiency of commercial-scale hatchery production of Penaeus semisulcatus and P. japonicus showed significant improvement in 1981 over previous years. Three one-month hatchery rearing cycles in three 15 m3 concrete tanks yielded a total of 9.1 million post-larval shrimp with an average density of 160 PL/liter being obtained for one of these trials. Four other trials were discontinued due to low spawning rates and disease. Installation of a heat exchange system made it possible to begin larviculture in February, two months earlier than in previous years. Research in nursery and grow-out phases of intensive shrimp culture is being directed towards raceways, although Shigueno culture systems are also being investigated. Experimental work with six 18 m × 1.5 m raceways demonstrated that low water exchange rates (1 tank volume/day), combined with high aeration (9.5 liter/min) yielded the highest shrimp biomass. Unheated greenhouse structures constructed over the raceways showed that a single layer of 0.25 mm clear plastic sheeting could maintain water temperatures up to 2.7°C above those in unenclosed tanks. Rearing trials in two Shigueno tank systems demonstrated the importance of high water flow rates (3 tank volumes/day minimum) and adequate aeration. Due to sub-optimal conditions, survival was reduced to 7.5%, however, growth rates up to 6 g/month were obtained for P. semisulcatus. 相似文献
6.
Abstract The burrowing ghost shrimp Lepidophthalmus sinuensis Lemaitre and Rodrigues and Lepidophthalmus bocourd (A. Milne Edwards) have significant impacts on pond-based culture of penaeid shrimp. Marked abbreviation of the larval cycle, an adaptation for estuarine retention in wild populations, favors accumulation of recruits into the same substrates as the parental population where densities of these burrowers sometimes exceed 650 individuals/m2 . Higher densities of burrowing shrimp appear to correlate with lower yields of penaeid shrimp because of oxygen requirements by the thalassinids and also bioturbation effects. Rich sources of organic materials in highly reduced pond substrates can be readily exploited by Lepidophthalmus species due to their physiological adaptations to low oxygen concentrations. Bioturbation and ventilatory movement of water through burrowed sediments by ghost shrimp move reduced nutrients into the water column with potential toxic effects on penaeids. Ultimately, activities of these estuarine burrowers oxidize benthic sediments and cycle nutrients into the water column, the negative impacts of which are probably restricted to aquaculture settings. 相似文献
7.
卤虫在WSSV病毒病传播中的媒介作用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2003年8月对卤虫进行投喂(浸泡)感染,并进行中国明对虾投喂实验。各组对虾阳性感染率的单因素方差分析比较结果表明,卤虫可以携带有活性的WSSV病毒粒子,并可通过摄食导致对虾间接地携带病毒,但病毒感染能力有限。卤虫病理切片观察结果显示,攻毒后卤虫细胞核没有显著深染及核肿大现象,但无论是横切还是纵切均显示有上皮脱落、部分组织结构松散、细胞结构不完整现象。本试验确定卤虫成体可以携带WSSV并通过投喂感染对虾,使其潜在携带病毒,仔虾阶段投喂成体卤虫应经过严格检疫,制作含有经过检疫卤虫的微囊饵料作为卤虫及其他鲜活饵料的替代品或许是有效的防病措施。 相似文献
8.
V. J. Rejish Kumar Cini Achuthan N. J. Manju Rosamma Philip I. S. Bright Singh 《Aquaculture International》2009,17(5):479-489
For establishing nitrification in prawn (non-penaeid, salinity 10–15 ppt) and shrimp (penaeid, salinity 30–35 ppt) larval
production systems, a stringed bed suspended bioreactor (SBSBR) was designed, fabricated, and validated. It was fabricated
with 5 mm polystyrene and low density polyethylene beads as the substrata for ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacterial consortia,
respectively, with an overall surface area of 684 cm2. The reactors were activated in a prototype activator and were transported in polythene bags to the site of testing. Performance
of the reactors activated with the nitrifying bacterial consortia AMONPCU-1 (ammonia oxidizers for non-penaeid culture) and
NIONPCU-1 (nitrite oxidizers for non-penaeid culture) was evaluated in a Macrobrachium rosenbergii larval rearing system and those activated with AMOPCU-1 (ammonia oxidizers for penaeid culture) and NIOPCU-1 (nitrite oxidizers
for penaeid culture) in a Penaeus monodon seed production system. Rapid setting up of nitrification could be observed in both the static systems which resulted in
a higher relative per cent survival of larvae. 相似文献
9.
Microencapsulated foods are widely used in the culture of larval fish, bivalves and crustaceans. The resistance to bacterial decay of two of these diets was investigated under microbial conditions similar to those found in hatchery cultures of larval penaeid prawndshrimps. A 2–3-fold increase in total ammonia concentration and a 7–14-fold increase in total bacterial numbers were detected within 48h when microcapsules were added to larval culture water at a density recommended by the manufacturer for one day of supplementary feeding. Increased dissolved total ammonia and bacterial populations were detected within 1.5h of addition of food to penaeid larval culture water. Scenning electron microscopy indicated that microcapsules were colonized by numerous bacterial cells within 1h. Physical disintegration of microcapsules occurred after 6 to 12h. Only in sterilized penaeid larval culture water did microcapsules remain intact for a significant period. These findings are discussed in relation to development of improved methods of larval culture. 相似文献
10.
《Journal Of Applied Aquaculture》2013,25(3-4):21-35
Abstract Two commercial liquid diet supplements were evaluated as a partial replacement for live foods fed to larval and postlarval Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Larvae were stocked in 20-L buckets at a density of 113 shrimp/L and fed one of four diets (5 replicate buckets per diet): (1) a control diet consisting of the diatom, Chaetoceros neogracile, and live Artemia; (2) the control diet plus Treflan (a fungicide); (3) LiquaLife liquid larval diet supplements with reduced concentrations of C. neogracile and Artemia; and (4) Epifeed liquid larval diet supplements with reduced concentrations of Artemia. Diets were evaluated by comparing shrimp rostro-caudal length and survival to PL-8, survival to osmotic and pH stress, as well as shrimp gut fullness, gut lipid content, and fouling. Rostro-caudal length and survival to PL-8 were not significantly different among the four treatments. However, mean survival to PL-8 was 12-34% greater in the Epifeed treatment than in the other three treatments. Shrimp fed Epifeed exhibited greater survival (P < 0.05) when exposed to 7 ppt water for two hours than shrimp in the control treatments. In contrast, there was no significant difference in survival (P > 0.05) among the four treatments when shrimp were exposed to apH of 3.35 for two hours. Although shrimp fed liquid diet supplements had more fouling (P < 0.05) than shrimp in either of the control treatments, commercial liquid diet supplements can be used in penaeid shrimp hatcheries to partially replace Artemia without compromising shrimp growth or survival. 相似文献
11.
The septate gregarine Nematopsis marinus n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cephaline) heavily infected the midgut of cultured Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in Ecuador. It is morphologically similar to other species of the genera Nematopsis, but it can be distinguished from them, by having gamonts with a prominent hemispherical protomerite that contained numerous refractile granules and unusual strong gliding movement. There is evidence that shrimp acquired the infection in the ponds, as larval or postlarval stages do not showed infection. Juveniles and adult shrimp had a prevalence and intensity of infection ranging from 50% to 80% and 10 to > 5000 parasites respectively. When voided from the gut, the gregarine keep alive in seawater. This gregarine have been associated with the marine environment and there are no records of this species in low salinity waters or freshwater. Results suggest that N. marinus could have most of the life cycle of the species within the host L. vannamei. 相似文献
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Gad Ritvo Joe B Dixon Tzachi M Samocha Addison L Lawrence William H Neill 《Aquacultural Engineering》1998,18(4):245-249
PVC pipes, 10 cm in diameter and 46 cm long, sealed at one end and filled with 18 ppt of artificial seawater and a 6-cm layer of substrate, were tested as experimental units for the culturing of penaeid shrimp. The growth substrate was prepared by mixing 70% quartz sand, 24% Georgia kaolin, 5% Gonzales bentonite and 1% Bermuda grass hay. One juvenile Penaeus vannamei was placed in each container and shrimp weight gain was monitored. In the first study (four replicates), shrimp grew to 8.15 g within 8 weeks at a rate of ≈1 g week−1 with no mortality; thereafter, growth decreased and 25% mortality was observed. In the second study (seven replicates), the average weight of shrimp was 8.66 g in 10 weeks, with 29% mortality occurring between the seventh and eighth week. Experimental unit cost was $3.30. 相似文献
14.
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) are the major viral pathogens of penaeid shrimp worldwide (Lightner & Redman 1998). Litopenaeus vannamei was introduced into China from the Americas, and quickly became widely cultured. Following its introduction, both IHHNV and WSSV have become important pathogens of cultured penaeid shrimp and have had a huge impact on the culture industry in China in recent years. 相似文献
15.
Estimates of aeration energy use in shrimp farming varied from 11.4 to 41.6 GJ/t shrimp (average = 19.8 GJ/t). Several opportunities for reducing energy use in aeration are available. Many farms adopt an excessive yield to installed aeration capacity ratio. Moreover, the proportion of installed aerator capacity in use and duration of aerator operation per day are often more than necessary during the initial two‐thirds of grow‐out, because adjustment is not made for the quantity of shrimp biomass. Farm‐made, long‐arm aerators used in Asia have several features leading to energy inefficiency and could be replaced by more efficient factory‐made, long‐arm aerators. Asian aquaculture aerator manufacturers should redesign aerators to include design features shown in research to improve efficiency. Dissolved oxygen concentration monitoring essential for verification of aeration performance is seldom performed by shrimp farmers. With good aeration technique, energy use for aeration should not exceed 10–15 GJ/t shrimp. 相似文献
16.
Abstract.— To examine the need for supplemental dietary methionine and to determine the ability of different methionine sources to meet this need for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, a growth trial was conducted. A control diet (30% crude protein) was formulated to be deficient in methionine by inclusion of high levels of dehulled, solvent‐extracted soybean meal and with no fish meal (methionine level was 0.45% of diet as fed, 1.5% of total amino acids). Three test diets were manufactured based on the control diet but supplemented with l ‐methionine, dl ‐methionine, or an analog of methionine (2‐hydroxy‐4‐methylthio butanoic acid [HMTBA], calcium salt) at the level of 0.5% as fed (equivalent to 1.5% of total amino acids). Cystine was constant among these diets at 0.5% of diet as fed. A commercial feed (30% crude protein) was included as a reference. The culture vessels were flat‐bottomed, cylindrical, black fiberglass tanks (1.5‐m diameter) initially filled with 1000 L seawater and supplied with aeration and seawater from a well at a rate of 2 L/min. At the end of the trial, all surviving shrimp were counted and weighed. The trial was run outdoors, with a mean water temperature of 25.9 C. The mean survival, final weight, growth rate, and feed efficiency of shrimp in the control group were 95.9%, 10.8 g, 0.93 g/wk, and 0.44 g/g, respectively. The mean values of all the test treatments were 96.9%, 11.6 g, 1.00 g/wk, and 0.47 g/g, respectively. The final weight and growth rate of shrimp fed the control diet were significantly lower than those of shrimp fed the methionine‐supplemented diets, indicating that this species has a requirement for dietary methionine. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in any of the parameters among the test treatments, indicating that l ‐methionine, dl ‐methionine, and HMTBA can be used to meet the methionine requirement of this species under these experimental conditions. It is concluded that the three sources of methionine examined in this trial, l ‐methionine, dl ‐methionine, and HMTBA, are similar in their ability to meet the methionine requirement of this species. 相似文献
17.
Jennette B de Pedro Emilia T Quinitio & Fe Dolores Parado-Estepa 《Aquaculture Research》2007,38(14):1554-1562
The toxicity of formalin and trifluralin to the larval stages of the mud crab Scylla serrata was compared in a static bioassay. Prophylactic doses of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 μg L−1 formalin and 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 μg L−1 trifluralin were used. Toxicity was assessed on the basis of survival of larvae after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h exposure to the test chemicals and metamorphosis to the next larval stage. Result shows that larval survival in all stages was significantly reduced at concentrations of 20 and 25 μg L−1 formalin whereas larvae were able to tolerate all trifluralin treatments. However, larvae became more tolerant to high formalin concentrations as the larval stage progressed. Survival was better at 5, 10 and 15 μg L−1 formalin and in all trifluralin treatments than the control in almost all the larval stages. Faster metamorphosis was observed at 5 and 10 μg L−1 formalin and 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 μg L−1 trifluralin concentrations. Doses of formalin and trifluralin obtained from the toxicity experiments were applied as prophylaxis to newly hatched larvae in white plastic basins. Prophylactic doses of 5 and 10 μg L−1 formalin and 0.05 and 0.1 μg L−1 trifluralin applied every other day were found to be effective in enhancing survival and larval development to megalopa compared with control. However, no megalopae survived to crab instar in all formalin treatments. Although the use of fungicides in rearing systems resulted in higher survival compared with controls, other strategies (i.e. maintenance of good water quality and hygienic practices in the hatchery) should be further investigated as an alternative to the use of chemicals in hatcheries. 相似文献
18.
Biosecurity and Genetic Improvement of Penaeid Shrimp: Applications to the Marine Ornamental Industry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The marine ornamental industry relies almost exclusively on wild-caught fish, invertebrates, and live rock to meet the market demands of aquarium hobbyists. For the industry to expand, appropriate technologies are needed to mitigate disease problems and reduce the dependence on wild stocks. Biosecurity protocols and techniques for genetic improvement have recently been applied to the culture of penaeid shrimp for human consumption, and these approaches may be applicable to an emerging marine ornamental industry. Biosecure production systems for penaeid shrimp are being developed in response to disease problems and growing concerns about environmental pollution from pond effluent. Biosecure systems rely on minimal water exchange and provide shrimp farmers with an opportunity to move production away from the coastline. In addition to the development of biosecure production systems, researchers at the Oceanic Institute have established a selective breeding program for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. To date, significant improvements in shrimp growth and disease resistance have been made through selective breeding. It is likely that advances in biosecure technologies and genetic improvement will be applicable to the culture of marine ornamental shellfish and finfish and will contribute to an economically viable and environmentally sustainable industry. 相似文献
19.
对虾发光病病原菌的致病性及病理学观察 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文报道了对虾发光病病原菌的致病性、发病症状和病理变化。结果表明:哈维氏弧菌对虾类有极强的致病性,并引起组织和器官不同程度的病变。病理变化表现为:肌纤维颗粒变性,纵裂,坏死:肝胰腺空泡变性,坏死;淋巴器官坏死等。注射感染的发病虾,肝胰腺出现血细胞浸润,说明对虾对细菌感染有一定的防御能力。 相似文献
20.
本文综述了对虾池塘人工调节水质措施的生态作用，旨在为养殖者提供有效的调节水质方法，并兼顾养殖的经济效益和环境效益，为养殖业的可持续发展提供技术保障。本文将水质调节措施分为物理、化学和生物三大类别，每一个类别双包含了若干具体的方法。 相似文献