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1.
One- to six-month-old calves, housed in the large-capacity calf house of the Nová Bystrice state farm in the district of Jindrich?v Hradec were studied for the occurrence of coccidia in the period from January 1974 to April 1975. The coccidia found in these animals included nine species of the genus Eimeria: E. zuernii, E. bovis, E. ellipsoidalis, E. subspherica, E. auburnensis. The species E. alabamensis, E. cylindrica, E. wyomingensis and E. bukidnonensis occurred just sporadically. Further, the findings included oocysts of Isopora spp. The oocysts of the coccidia E. wyomingensis and Isopora spp. were found for the first time in Czechoslovakia. The overall extensity of invasion (EI) and intensity of invasion (II) grow with age as follows: (chart: see text) The results suggest that even modern large-capacity calf houses are not free from invasion by coccidia; the calves in the house under study were invaded by ten species. Transition to vegetable feeding is accompanied by a marked rise of the EI of all the species of coccidia found in the animals.  相似文献   

2.
In the specialised rearing house for young cattle of all age groups the occurrence of endoparasites was followed. In the age group of 21 to 90 days, 56% of calves aged about 30 days eliminated oocysts of coccidia. On the whole, 49.3% of calves were infested by coccidia, 3% by enterohelminths. 90.3% of calves aged from three to six months were parasitised by coccidia, 7.4% by enterohelminths. Young cattle, aged from 6 to 12 months, were parasitised in 94.6% by coccidia and in 14.1% by enterohelminths. 86.6% of pregnant heifers at the age of 14 to 19 months had coccidia, 7.7% enterohelminths. The total farm capacity was about 950 animals. Throughout the year the number of examined animals amounted to 1,195, out of this number 958 animals, i. e. 80.2%, were infested by coccidia, 55.6% of animals by the species Eimeria bovis, 47.0% by E. zuernii, 43.3% by E. auburnensis, 39.4% by E. ellipsoidalis, 25.2% by E. cylindrica, 13.6% by E. subspherica, 3.1% by E. bukidnonensis, 1.7% by Isospora spp., 0.4% by E. brasiliensis, 0.08% by E. pellita. Enterohelminths were observed only in 96 animals, i. e. in 8.03%. Trichocephalus was found in 3.9% of animals, Cooperia in 2.4%, Ostertagia in 0.6%, Chabertia in 0.4%, Nematodirus in 0.3%, Capillaria in 0.2%, Oesophagostomum in 0.2%, Bunostomum in 0.1% and Trichostrongylus in 0.1%. The highest elimination of oocysts of coccidia was observed in August, January and February, of eggs of enterohelminths from August to October. In all age groups the most frequent was the occurrence of pathogenic species of coccidia.  相似文献   

3.
The roles of helminths and coccidia in post-weaning diarrhoea in beef calves in the dry tropics were investigated. Diarrhoea occurred approximately one month after weaning in both anthelmintic treated and untreated calves. The highest numbers of coccidial oocysts were seen 29 days after weaning and 3 necropsies confirmed Eimeria zuernii coccidiosis. In the absence of wet overcrowded conditions, disease may have been precipitated by environmental interactions leading to suppression of host immunity. Other Eimeria identified were E. bukidnonensis, E. wyomingensis, E. bovis, E. auburnensis, E. cylindrica, E. ellipsoidalis and E. subspherica. The last 5 species are believed not to have been previously documented in Australia. The presence of E. canadensis was strongly suspected.  相似文献   

4.
The authors present preliminary results of the coprological examination of calves in large-capacity calf-houses. In a new large-capacity calf-house in the Benesov district in the Central-Bohemian region, 200 samples of faeces were examined according to Breza (1957) and further examinations were performed regularly in a group of 42 calves from the age of 0.5 to 6 months. The tests revealed 13 species of endoparasites, including eight species of coccidia: Eimeria auburnensis, E. alabamensis. E. bovis, E. cylindrica, E. elliposidalis, E. subspherica, E. zuernii, Isospora spp., and five species of helminths: Strongyloides papillosus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Trichocephalus ovis, Cooperia spp., and Ascaris suum. The following conclusions were derived from these findings: 1. The calves may carry the germs of coccidia and helminths on their hooves already during transportation to the new calf-house; 2. twelve- to twenty-day-old calves, coming to the calf-houses, are often already attacked by several species of coccidia and helminths; 3. the number of parasite species increases and the extensity of invasion rises with age; 4. it has been demonstrated that the invasion process of eight species of coccidia and five species of worms can take place under the conditions of modern calf-house; 5, stronglyloidosis, oesophagostomosis, and trichocephalosis can be treated as typical stable helminthoses; 6. some other speceis of helminths and coccidia occur in calves after transition to green forage with which they are probably carried to the calf-house.  相似文献   

5.
Eighteen female Holstein calves, raised as natural herd additions under conditions typical of a well-managed midwestern United States dairy farm, were used in a natural-exposure study to determine the anticoccidial efficacies of lasalocid and decoquinate. Calves were allotted to 6 treatment blocks of 3 calves each as they were weaned. Within each block, calves were randomly assigned to be given either lasalocid or decoquinate or to remain as a nonmedicated control. Calves were given medication for 90 days and remained separated from other calves for 120 days. Adjusted weight gains were consistently greater in calves that were given medication; however, differences were not statistically significant. Fecal specimens were obtained from calves at weekly intervals during the study. Overall, oocyst shedding was low. During the medication period, quantitative mean fecal shedding of oocysts was reduced eightfold in calves given decoquinate and four-fold in calves given lasalocid, as compared with nonmedicated control calves. During the period following the medication period, calves that had been controls shed fewer oocysts than did calves that had previously been given medication. A pairwise comparison of the proportion of specimens that were oocyst-positive was made to assess qualitative oocyst shedding among treatment groups. During the medication period, qualitative oocyst shedding (all species, Eimeria bovis, E zuernii, species other than E bovis and E zuernii) was greater in controls than in either lasalocid-or decoquinate-treated groups. Like-wise, lasalocid-medicated calves shed oocysts more frequently than did the decoquinate-medicated group. After medication, qualitative findings were reversed. Little diarrhea was noticed in treatment or control calves during the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

6.
Summary

A survey of coccidia infections in trade cattle, sheep, and goats was undertaken in Nigeria between April 1978 and March 1979.

Faecal examinations showed coccidia oocysts in 1,456 (56 per cent) of 2,600 calves, 832 (80 per cent) out of 1,040 sheep, and 468 (45 per cent) out of 1,040 goats. There were relatively few coccidia oocysts between October and March and peaks occurred in August and September. Nine species of Eimeria were identified in bovine faeces, and seven species in both sheep and goats.

Eimeria bovis and E. zurnii are predominant in cattle, whereas E. faurei and E. ninakohlyakimovae have the highest percentage occurrence in sheep and goats in Nigeria. The effects of seasonal influences on the abundance of coccidia oocysts among ruminants in Nigeria are stressed.  相似文献   

7.
A field survey was carried out on prevalence of bovine coccidia in 9 prefectures of Japan in the autumn of 1985. A total of 1,015 fecal samples was obtained from dairy and beef cattle more than 2 weeks old. Coccidial oocysts were found in 59.0% of all the samples examined. There were no significant differences in the prevalence between dairy and beef cattle of the same age group. The prevalence was the highest in the animals between 6 and 11 months old and decreased to 25% in those more than 24 months old. In the majority of the samples positive for oocysts, OPG (the number of oocysts per gram of feces) was less than 200. No clinical coccidiosis was found except in a few cases. Eleven Eimeria and one Isospora species were identified. Of these species, E. bovis and E. ellipsoidalis were the most prevalent, followed by E. aubrunensis, E. brasiliensis, and E. cylindrica in all the prefectures. The other species identified were E. canadensis, E. alabamensis, E. zuernii, E. wyomingensis, E. bukidnonesis, E. subspherica, and Isospora sp. in the order of frequency. Isospora sp. will be a pseudoparasite caused by the contamination with feces of passerine birds.  相似文献   

8.
Fecal samples (2,019) from cattle in the university farm, Tohoku University, were examined for coccidian oocysts from April 1986 to January 1987, and 19.3% of them was positive for Eimeria spp. Thirteen Eimeria species were identified. Eimeria bovis (25.7%) was the most dominant species, followed by E. auburnensis (17.6%), E. canadensis (14.5%), E. alabamensis (9.7%), E. ellipsoidalis (8.1%), E. zuernii (7.0%), E. bukidnonensis (5.4%), E. brasiliensis (3.9%), E. cylindrica (1.3%), E. illinoiensis (0.4%), and E. pellita (0.2%). Fecal samples positive for coccidial oocysts amounted to 12.9% and 26.7% on average during grazing on pasture and loose housing, respectively.  相似文献   

9.
A total of 620 bovine faecal samples collected from unselected animals brought for post-mortem to the Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology or from animals in the Kabete (Kenya) practice area of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine were examined to determine the types and prevalence of Eimeria spp. present. Coccidian oocytes were detected in 67.4% of the samples and eight different species of Eimeria were recognized. The species detected (and their prevalence) were E. bovis (79.0%), E. zuernii (60.2%), E. ellipsoidalis (26.1), E. cylindrica (13.4%), E. auburnensis (28.4%), E. alabamensis (10.3%), E. subspherica (5.0%) and E. wyomingensis (6.1%). E. bovis and E. zuernii led to few cases of clinical coccidiosis and the greatest number of E. bovis in one of the samples from the clinical cases was 30,600 oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG). Age and seasonal variation appeared to have an influence on the intensity of infection.  相似文献   

10.
A longitudinal study was performed to establish estimates of prevalence of selected endoparasites in Swiss cow-calf operations and to investigate the importance of an infection with endoparasites on diarrhea and weight gain until weaning. Three hundred and eighty-six calves raised in 67 larger cow-calf herds were included in the study. Faecal samples were collected during the first three months of life and at weaning. Parasitological analyses were performed according to standard procedures including specifically the detection of Eimeria spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, Strongyloides papillosus and Trichostrongylida. The effects of an infection with endoparasites on weight gain were analyzed with a linear model accounting for effects of farm, breed, sex, calving month and weight at birth. The average prevalences of endoparasites within the first three months of life were: E. bovis 36%, E. zuernii, 19%, C. parvum 16.8%, S. papillosus 22.3% and Trichostrogylida 1.5%. The prevalence of diarrhea within the same time period was 13%. Prevalences at weaning (at the end of the grazing period) were: E. bovis 56.5%, E. zuernii 4.6%, C. parvum 3.7%, S. papillosus 14.4% and Trichostrogylida 84.5%. With the exception of E. zuernii, endoparasites were more frequently observed in healthy calves than in diarrheic calves. Weaning weights were available from 190 calves (33 herds). Statistical analyses of weaning weights revealed no evidence that an infection with helminths and/or protozoa within the first three months of life or at weaning had a negative influence on individual weight gain.  相似文献   

11.
We compared the therapeutic effect of three anticoccidial drugs (toltrazuril, sulphadimidine and amprolium) in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves experimentally infected with Eimeria bovis (E. bovis) and E. zuernii oocysts (3 x 104oocyst/calf). Buffalo calves (1.5-4 month old, 70-kg body weight) were randomly allocated into 3 groups (9 calves each). Group T was experimentally infected with oocysts and treated with toltrazuril (20 mg/kg BW twice orally at a 1-week interval). Group S was experimentally infected with oocysts and treated with sulphadimidine (125 mg/kg injected IM followed by half dose for 4 successive days). Group A was experimentally infected with oocysts and treated with amprolium (50 mg/kg orally for 7 successive days). Each group had three subgroups (three calves/subgroup) to represent timing of the drug administration: 1st day of coccidia infection (FD), onset of clinical signs of coccidiosis (CC), and onset of oocyst shedding into the faeces (OS). Clinical signs, body-weight gain (BWG) and number of oocysts per gram feces (OPG) were monitored daily for 35 days post-infection (DPI). The OPG were reduced (but the BWG was not different) in the T calves compared to S and A calves. Within the same group, treatment from the 1st day of infection reduced the OPG and increased the BWG compared to the later treatment timings.  相似文献   

12.
For two consecutive years, determinations were made of the prevalence and abundance of coccidian oocysts from crossbred beef calves raised on Bahia grass pastures in the coastal plain area of Georgia. Of the 534 fecal samples collected during the survey, 461 (86.3%) contained one or more species of coccidian oocysts. The total mean oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) was significantly different (P less than 0.10) between the two years. Thirteen species of Eimeria were found during both years of the survey. Eimeria bovis was the most prevalent species found in the survey; E. ellipsoidalis, however, had the greatest number of OPG. Eimeria bukidnonensis, E. pellita, and E. brasiliensis were the least prevalent species and also had the lowest numbers of OPG. Only one clinical case of coccidiosis was seen. A nine-month-old calf had E. zuernii coccidiosis; it excreted E. zuernii oocysts in several fecal samples before the clinical disease appeared.  相似文献   

13.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate lasalocid as a coccidiostat in Holstein calves and to compare lasalocid with monensin and decoquinate. In experiment 1, calves in 3 groups (6 calves/group) were each inoculated with 500,000 sporulated oocysts, 88% of which were Eimeria bovis and 12% were E zuernii. Calves in each group were given lasalocid-medicated feed at 0.50 (group 3), 0.75 (group 4), or 1 mg/kg (group 5) of body weight/day for 45 days. Two control groups (6 calves/group) were also evaluated; calves in control group 2 were inoculated and nontreated, and calves in control group 1 were noninoculated and nontreated. At 0.50, 0.75, or 1 mg/kg/day, lasalocid was equally effective in preventing induced coccidiosis (E bovis and E zuernii) in calves. Compared with inoculated nontreated controls, treated calves had significantly (P less than 0.05) fewer oocysts in feces and had fewer clinical signs of coccidiosis from days 16 to 30 after inoculation. Experiment 2 was conducted to compare the effectiveness of monensin, lasalocid, and decoquinate for the prevention of experimentally induced coccidiosis. Calves (n = 48) were allotted into 4 groups (12 calves/group); each was inoculated orally with 275,000 sporulated oocysts, predominantly E bovis and E zuernii, and each was given nonmedicated feed (group 6) or feed medicated with 33 mg of lasalocid (group 7), decoquinate (group 8), or monensin (group 9)/kg of feed for 46 days. Calves given medicated rations had significantly (P less than 0.05) fewer oocysts in their feces and fewer clinical signs of coccidiosis than did calves given nonmedicated rations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

14.
Clinical coccidiosis is associated with high fecal contamination and stress situations, mainly in animals under 1 year of age. Artificially fed dairy calves are one of the categories most prone to suffer from this parasitic disease. The study was carried out in a commercial dairy farm. Feces samples of heifer calves between 2 and 8 weeks old were taken monthly for oocyst counts and Eimeria spp. identification. Of the 862 feces samples analyzed, 48% presented oocysts. When grouping the results of monthly samplings of each age group, it was observed that this percentage increased in the group of calves between 20 and 40 days of life, reaching the peak average of 85% of infection prevalence in the group with between 26 and 30 days of age. The discharge of oocysts observed between 21 and 35 days of age was superior to the rest (p<0.05). This trend appeared every month throughout the whole year. However, during March, April, June, September and November, the curves in the group categories were higher than in the remaining months (p<0.05). Twelve Eimeria species were identified, being E. ellipsoidalis, E. bovis, E. zuernii and E. auburnensis those in highest numbers. E. ellipsoidalis had an important predominance in the opg composition, >75% up to 25 days of life (p<0.05). E. bovis reached peak values in the 26 and 30 days group (p<0.05), remaining without significant variations in the last stage of the artificial milk feeding period (approximately 60 days of life), when the oocyst counts were significantly low. Oocysts of E. auburnensis appeared in great proportion (46%) in the cultures later than the previous species (p<0.05), in calves of the age groups of between 46 and 50 days of age. Oocysts of E. zuernii showed no trend associated with age. The highest prevalence of infection and of oocyst values appeared during the periods with better environmental conditions for sporulation, survival and dispersion of oocysts (spring and autumn), coincident with the highest birth rates and an elevated number of calves in the paddock. Calves developed a process of natural "vaccination" against coccidiosis. This was demonstrated by the decrease in the quantity of animals shedding oocysts and in the number of oocysts eliminated at the end of the artificial milk feeding period.  相似文献   

15.
Newborn Holstein male calves were purchased within 3 days after birth and were removed from the local farms to the Dixon Springs Agricultural Research Center. They were hand-fed for 7 weeks and then weaned to a prepared feed. Eight groups, each of 4 calves, were housed in separate pens. In each of 4 pens (pens 2 to 5), 1 calf was inoculated with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria bovis (and was not medicated); 1 calf was inoculated and given feed with added monensin at the dosage level of 10 g/906 kg of feed; and 2 calves were inoculated and given medicated feed with added monensin at the dosage level of 20 g/906 kg or 30 g/906 kg. In the 4 other pens (6 to 9), the calves were inoculated with E zuernii and otherwise were given feed without or with added monensin as in pens 2 through 5. Another group of 5 calves (all kept in 1 pen), served as noninoculated, nonmedicated controls. At 14 days after inoculations with E bovis, the single calves in each of the 4 pens that were given the nonmedicated feed began to show clinical signs of coccidiosis and discharged increasing numbers of oocysts. The other inoculated calves (given monensin) had fewer clinical signs and discharged fewer oocysts in the feces as the level of medication in the feed increased. The calves inoculated with E zuernii developed only moderately severe infections when compared with those inoculated with E bovis. Inoculated (with E bovis) nonmedicated calves had severe reductions in feed consumption and weight, and 3 of 4 died.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

16.
Prevalences and intensities of excretion of faecal stages of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Eimeria spp., Strongyloides papillosus and strongyles were determined in a German upland area in German Angus (GA) and German Simmental (GS) suckler of beef cattle herds covering two winter housing periods and the grazing season between them. Influences of the housing systems applied (maintenance on deep litter with (DL+) and without run-out (DL--), on slatted floor (SF) or by winter run-out yarding (WO)), breed differences and genetic influences by the sire were determined by statistical analyses; levels of IgG antibodies to E. bovis antigen were measured by ELISA. G. duodenalis was observed with a maximum prevalence of 38% in 4 weeks old calves, a cumulative incidence of 58% 9 weeks after birth and with generally low intensities. C. parvum infections were relatively rare with cumulative incidences of 20--25% in week 5 after birth. Highest prevalences were associated with housing system DL-- and a long-lasting calving period. Cumulative incidence of Eimeria spp. was almost 100%. E. bovis predominated by far followed by E. ellipsoidalis/zuernii. Mean maximum intensity of 1000 OpG occurred in week 7 after birth. Up to an age of the calves of 7 weeks >75% of all oocysts belonged to E. bovis. Prevalences and excretion intensities were lowest under the housing conditions SF and WO. Maternal antibodies in calves to E. bovis antigen were directly and inversely correlated with mean OpG values in GA and GS calves, respectively. S. papillosus was common with a cumulative incidence of 53% 9 weeks after birth and occurred independent of the housing system. Mean strongyle egg prevalence was 50% with 50--100 EpG by means throughout the grazing season. Egg excretion intensity in the early months of grazings was correlated with the age of the calves at turnout to pasture. Under the conditions of housing system DL-- GA calves could better control S. papillosus infections than GS calves whereas the latter were generally more effective in controlling the protozoa. Results of ANCOVA suggest significant paternal influences on S. papillosus infections in both breeds and on the protozoal infections in GA calves. The former could be disclosed independent of the housing system whereas environmental factors played an important role in the latter cases.  相似文献   

17.
Over a period of 3 summers, 21 colostrum-fed Holstein bull calves, 1 to 3 days old, were assigned to 7 replicates, each consisting of 3 calves. Within each replicate of 3 calves, 2 were selected at random, to be given 100,000 to 146,000 sporulated coccidia oocysts (principally Eimeria bovis) orally 60 hours after arrival at the college research farm. On the thirteenth day after coccidia inoculation, 1 of the 2 calves that had been given coccidia and the third calf that had not been inoculated, were given coronavirus by intranasal and oral routes. Calves were observed daily, and consistency of feces was scored visually. Nasal swab specimens for indirect immunofluorescent antibody testing for coronavirus and fecal samples for oocyst determination were obtained approximately every third day. Of 7 calves that were given only coronavirus, 3 developed diarrhea of short duration. Of 7 calves that were given only coccidia oocysts, 6 developed diarrhea. All 7 calves inoculated initially with coccidia and subsequently with coronavirus developed diarrhea. For 5 of 7 replicates, calves that were given coccidia and coronavirus developed diarrhea first. When overall severity, measured by fecal score and by blood in the feces, was compared, calves inoculated with coccidia followed by coronavirus were more severely affected (P less than 0.05) than were calves that were given only coronavirus. Calves that were given only coccidia oocysts appeared more severely affected than calves that were given only coronavirus, but differences were not significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

18.
The development of coccidial infections in 21 free-ranging, unweaned beef calves from birth to 8 months was investigated by examining faecal samples for oocysts. Most calves commenced shedding oocysts within a month of birth, and had shed all nine species identified by 3-4 months. Oocysts were shed by three calves as young as 12 and 13 days. The oocysts species shed earliest, and the commonest thereafter, were Eimeria bovis, E. ellipsoidalis and E. zuernii. Although several oocyst counts between 5.0 X 10(3) and 114.0 X 10(3)g-1 of faeces of these potentially pathogenic species were recorded there was no clinical disease. Some calves shed oocysts approximately four times more frequently than others, and individual species counts greater than or equal to 5.0 X 10(3)g-1 were confined to 10 of the calves. Intermittent oocyst shedding continued throughout the study with a similar distribution of oocyst species from all calves.  相似文献   

19.
Anticoccidial efficacy of dietary fat was evaluated in calves with coccidial infection (Eimeria spp., including E. bovis and E. zuernii). Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)--natural edible fats composed of caprylic (C8), capric (C10), and lauric (C12) acids -- were given orally with milk to 5 calves and with 10% glucose solution to 3 older, weaned calves by using the reticular groove reflex. After 3 to 11 days of MCT feeding, all Eimeria spp. oocysts had disappeared from the feces of all calves. MCT had no adverse effects on appetite or on fecal pH, ammonia, lactic acid, or volatile fatty acid levels. MCT feeding for coccidial control in calves has minimal side-effects and has benefits in terms of residue-free food production.  相似文献   

20.
Spleens from mice immunized with Eimeria bovis sporozoites were removed and the cells fused with mouse myeloma cells to produce hybridoma cell lines (HCLs). The resulting HCLs were examined for antibody (HAB) production against E. bovis sporozoites using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test on air-dried sporozoites. Four fusions resulted in the production of 19 HCLs that produced HABs to E. bovis sporozoites. These 19 HCLs were further tested for reactivity with cell culture-grown merozoites of E. bovis and Sarcocystis cruzi of cattle; sporozoites of Eimeria tenella from chickens, Eimeria meleagrimitis from turkeys, Eimeria papillata and Eimeria vermiformis from mice; and bradyzoites of S. cruzi from calves. Six HCLs produced HABs that reacted only with E. bovis sporozoites and were species specific/stage specific. Two HCLs produced HABs that reacted only with E. bovis sporozoites and merozoites, and were species specific/stage cross-reactive. Seven HCLs produced HABs that reacted with the sporozoites of the other Eimeria species examined and were species cross-reactive/stage specific. Four of the HCLs produced HABs that reacted with all organisms tested and were species cross-reactive/stage cross-reactive. The results of this study suggest the conservation of some antigens throughout developmental stages and genera of Eimeriorina.  相似文献   

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