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1.
为了解黄河调水调沙期间黄河口海域鱼类群落结构变化, 根据2012年调水调沙前、中、后3航次底拖网调查数据, 研究分析了该海域鱼类群落组成、优势种、空间分布及多样性特征。结果表明, 3次调查共捕获鱼类39种, 隶属8目23科37属。鱼类栖息水层类型组成变化较大, 前调查优势类群以底层鱼类为主, 中调查和后调查以中上层鱼类为主, 而适温类型组成则较稳定。生物量及其空间分布变化明显, 前调查平均生物量(6.4±1.9) kg/h, 各站位分布较均匀; 中调查平均生物量(62.1±29.1) kg/h, 高值主要分布在近岸海域; 后调查平均生物量(48.2±17.2) kg/h, 高值主要分布在近河口及东南调查海域。3次调查丰富度指数(D)依次升高, 但各航次间差异不显著(P>0.05); 多样性指数(H¢)以前调查最高, 中调查最低, 各航次间差异极显著(P<0.01); 均匀度指数(J¢)变化趋势和多样性指数一致。研究认为黄河调水调沙导致的泥沙沉降对底层鱼类产生了不利影响, 而淡水和营养盐的注入, 对中上层鱼类特别是浮游生物食性鱼类则产生了有利影响。 相似文献
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对三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis comingii)内脏团不同部位进行插核, 研究各组珍珠囊形成、结构以及珍珠质沉积的差异, 从而确定出有利于珍珠形成的插核核位。实验选取内脏团5个部位(I: 斧足内脏团前端; II: 斧足内脏团中部; III: 近生殖腺部; IV: 近胃部; V: 近肾部)进行插核, 并分别在插核后第20、50、90、150 天(thd)采集内脏团插核部位进行组织固定, 利用石蜡切片、HE染色研究不同插核部位珍珠囊结构及珍珠质沉积情况。结果表明: (1) 插核施术后20 d, II组插核位点最早形成单层低柱状上皮细胞, 为次生珍珠囊; (2) 插核施术后50 d, I、II、III组均形成了珍珠囊上皮细胞, 而IV、V组插核位点未出现类似的柱状细胞。其中II、III组珍珠囊上皮细胞前端含有大量体积较大的颗粒物; (3) 插核施术后90 d, I、III组珍珠囊细胞间出现大量细胞间隙, I、II组珍珠囊表皮细胞具有多核现象的细胞数量增多, 且II、III组上皮细胞中颗粒物数量增多, 而IV、V组插核位点形成了复层扁平上皮细胞; (4) 插核施术后150 d, I、III组珍珠囊内表皮细胞间隙变少。II组珍珠囊上皮细胞游离端存在大量的微绒毛, 其与III组相似, 珍珠囊上皮细胞细胞核明显增多, 颗粒物减少。该时期, IV组在插核位点上形成了不连续的低柱细胞、V组插核位点仍未出现珍珠囊细胞。(5) 三角帆蚌在插核术后养殖150 d后, I、II、III组珠核表面出现明显的珍珠质沉积, II、III组珍珠质沉积均匀, I组不均匀, 并且II组沉积的珍珠层厚度(0.85 mm±0.06 mm)显著大于I、III组(P<0.05; 0.62 mm±0.07 mm, 0.56 mm±0.03 mm), 而IV、V组珠核表面没有珍珠质沉积。研究结果表明, 三角帆蚌内脏团不同插核部位珍珠囊上皮细胞的形成存在明显差异, 斧足–内脏团前端、斧足–内脏团中部以及近生殖腺部插核能形成完整的珍珠囊结构并沉积珍珠质, 其中斧足–内脏团中部插核更有利于珍珠的生长。本研究旨为淡水珍珠贝的内脏团育珠研究工作提供实践基础和理论依据。 相似文献
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利用免培养的16S rDNA梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)研究脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. jian)肠道菌群的影响。6个饲养组分别饲喂6种等氮等能饲料, 分别为含10%鱼粉的基础饲料、3种替代饲料(脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉蛋白, 替代水平分别为25%、50%和75%)及2组分别在50%和75%替代基础上分别再添加0.6%和0.7%晶体赖氨酸的饲料 (分别记为DSP0、DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys)。饲养结束后采集肠道样品, 分析建立指纹图谱, DSP0、DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys组分别产生了19、15、11、12、8和12条可鉴别条带, 各组均存在优势种群条带。DSP0和其他各组(DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys)的相似性指数为50.7%、50.6%、69.0%、42.4%、66.7%。对PCR-DGGE指纹图谱主要条带进一步回收、克隆和测序, 共得到19条序列, 将得到的序列在NCBI数据库中进行同源分析, 发现建鲤肠道菌群归为芽孢杆菌纲、螺旋体纲、β-变形菌纲、梭菌纲、放线菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、蓝藻纲、拟杆菌纲、梭杆菌纲等, 大部分为不可培养细菌。研究发现, 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤肠道菌群组成产生显著影响, 随着脱脂蚕蛹替代水平的提高, 肠道菌群多样性下降, 细菌种类从19种锐减至8种, 而饲料中补充赖氨酸可减弱这种影响, 本研究可为蚕蛹在鲤配合饲料中的开发应用提供参考资料。 相似文献
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以福尔马林灭活的嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)作为免疫原(F-AH), 通过腹腔注射免疫健康大鲵(Andrias davidianus), 分别于免疫后的第1、4、7、14、21、28天采集血液样品, 进行大鲵外周血液的血细胞计数与白细胞组成分析, 测定吞噬细胞的吞噬活性以及血清中和抗体效价, 于免疫28 d后进行攻毒感染试验。结果表明, 与对照组相比, 在免疫后第4、7、14和第21天, 免疫大鲵外周血中血细胞数量显著增加, 其中, 红细胞和白细胞数量均于第4天达峰值, 分别为7.83×107个/mL和6.74×106个/mL; 嗜中性粒细胞百分比也在第4天达峰值, 为28.60%, 单核细胞百分比在第7天达峰值, 为10.53%; 吞噬细胞活性显著提高, 且吞噬百分比和吞噬指数均在第4天达到最高值, 分别为34.09%和3.73。随后, 淋巴细胞百分比和中和抗体效价显著增加, 均在第21天达峰值, 分别为75.30%和1︰426.67。攻毒感染实验结果表明, 免疫组的相对免疫保护率为69.23%。由此可见, F-AH免疫原能够通过促进血细胞数量的增加、吞噬细胞吞噬活性增强以及特异性抗体的产生等方式提高大鲵的免疫保护力。 相似文献
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应用实验生态学的方法研究斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(E. lanceolatus)(♂)杂交子代(青龙斑)仔、稚鱼阶段的生长模式。利用Q-Capture Pro 6软件对仔、稚鱼(0~28日龄)的全长、肛前长、体高、头长、眼径、口径、第二背鳍棘、腹鳍棘、胸鳍、臀鳍和尾鳍等11个可量性状进行拍照和测量。研究表明青龙斑全长的生长可分为3个阶段, 不同阶段生长速率存在显著差异(P<0.05)。各功能器官均表现为异速生长。在11个可量性状中, 肛前长为等速生长, 头长和体高的生长由正异速生长分别转变为等速生长和负异速生长; 头部器官(口径和眼径)生长在20 ~22日龄时出现拐点, 拐点后分别转变为等速生长和负异速生长; 运动器官在拐点前均为正异速生长, 除臀鳍外, 其他各鳍的生长均存在不同的拐点。通过对青龙斑仔、稚鱼异速生长的研究, 发现在早期发育过程中, 有关摄食、感觉、运动等功能器官得到优先发育。在人工繁殖苗种的培育中, 可根据青龙斑重要器官发育的优先性, 创造有利的外部环境, 提高苗种的成活率。 相似文献
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选择在中国分离得到的一株能产生麻痹性贝毒(Paralytic Shellfish Poison, PSP)的赤潮甲藻塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense) ATHK株, 研究其对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)鳃组织氧化胁迫和Caspase基因(FcCasp)表达的影响。将中国明对虾分别暴露于200 cells/mL 和1 000 cells/mL塔玛亚历山大藻中, 于胁迫后3、6、12、24、48、72和96 h测定鳃的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和FcCasp基因相对表达量, 以不加藻的过滤海水作为对照。结果表明, 在200 cells/mL塔玛亚历山大藻胁迫下, SOD活性、GST活性、MDA含量和FcCasp相对表达量均随取样时间推移表现出先上升后下降的趋势。而在1 000 cells/mL塔玛亚历山大藻胁迫下, SOD活性随时间增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势, 在24~96 h 被显著抑制(P<0.05), GST活性除3和48 h外均被显著抑制(P<0.05), MDA含量和FcCasp相对表达量均整体表现上升的趋势, 呈现出一定的时间效应。相关性分析显示, 塔玛亚历山大藻胁迫下, 中国明对虾鳃的MDA含量和FcCasp相对表达量呈正相关(P<0.05)。实验结果表明, 塔玛亚历山大藻可破坏中国明对虾氧化−抗氧化系统的平衡, 引发对虾鳃组织的脂质过氧化(LPO), 造成其氧化损伤, 从而导致FcCasp表达的上调。本实验结果为将SOD活性、GST活性和MDA含量作为生物标志物, 用于评价塔玛亚历山大藻胁迫提供了依据, 同时也为研究塔玛亚历山大藻对中国明对虾的危害机制提供了参考。 相似文献
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2009年8月和10月对渤海进行了底拖网调查, 对增殖放流种类之一的许氏平鲉(Sebates schlegeli)进行了胃含物分析和食物选择性的初步研究。结果表明许氏平鲉共摄食7类20余种饵料, 主要摄食虾类和鱼类, 属虾/鱼食性鱼类。8月摄食的主要饵料为日本鼓虾和虾虎鱼类, 10月摄食的主要饵料为疣背宽额虾和小黄鱼。与20世纪90年代的研究结果相比, 许氏平鲉的摄食发生了显著的年间变化, 摄食的虾类饵料增多, 鱼类饵料减少; 主要饵料种类发生改变, 鳀不再是其主要的饵料种类。食物选择性指数的计算表明许氏平鲉摄食的主要饵料种类与喜食的饵料种类有一定差别; 许氏平鲉的食物选择性并不完全是由环境中的饵料丰度决定的, 说明其对食物的选择具有较强的主动性。结论认为, 许氏平鲉的摄食和食物选择性的季节变化不仅受环境中饵料丰度的影响, 也受鱼类自身营养需求和主动选择性摄食的影响。 相似文献
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以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源配制5组等氮等能的实验饲料, 分别为全鱼油(F1)、25%(F2)、50%(F3)和75%(F4)豆油替代组和全豆油组(F5), 每组4个重复, 投喂初始体质量为(0.27±0.03) g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹6周, 评价豆油替代鱼油的饲料对幼蟹生长、非特异性免疫力和抗病力的影响。结果发现, 各组幼蟹的存活率差异不显著(P>0.05); F4组幼蟹的增重率和特定生长率显著高于F1组(P<0.05), 但与其他各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。F4组幼蟹的血清酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05), F5组最低。幼蟹的血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性以F4组最高, 显著高于F3组(P<0.05), F3和F4组均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05), 其他F1、F2和F5三组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。F1组幼蟹的血清丙二醛含量最高(P<0.05), 其余各组之间则差异不显著(P>0.05); F4组幼蟹的血清酚氧化酶活性最高, 而F5组最低(P<0.05); 各组幼蟹的溶菌酶差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验结束后, 采用嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)攻毒10 d, 发现F5组幼蟹最早出现死亡, 且该组幼蟹的累积死亡率显著高于F1和F4组(P<0.05)。结果提示, 采用豆油完全替代饲料中的鱼油对幼蟹的生长影响不显著, 但会降低其抵抗感染疾病的能力; 用75%豆油替代鱼油可在明显提高幼蟹免疫机能和抗病力的情况下获得良好的生长性能。 相似文献
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根据1986年和2010年在黄海北部取样测定的日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)产卵群体基础生物学数据以及怀卵量计数结果, 对其繁殖生物学特征的年代际变化进行了研究。结果表明, 在日本鲭产卵群体基础生物学特征方面, 1986年的叉长、体质量、纯体质量和性腺重这4项基本生物学指标的范围和平均值均明显大于2010年, 年龄结构从1986年由1+~7+龄组成, 2+龄和3+龄为优势组, 改变为2010年由1+~3+龄组成, 2+龄为优势组。在性腺成熟度组成和性腺指数(GSI)方面, 2次采样均发现日本鲭雌鱼性腺成熟度以Ⅳ期和Ⅴ期为主; 开始排卵前, GSI随性腺成熟度的增加而增加; 相同叉长组而言, 2010年平均GSI较1986年呈现增加趋势。相同叉长组的繁殖力分析表明, 相对于1986年, 2010年体质量相对繁殖力升高了11.93%, 而绝对繁殖力则下降了18.45%。这些繁殖生物学特征的变化可能是由于日本鲭群体年龄结构简单化、个体小型化、生长速度加快等原因造成的。为了今后更好地保护并可持续利用日本鲭资源, 在现有的围网休渔制度的基础上, 建议在东黄海日本鲭各主要产卵场及其产卵期制定其他相应的保护措施, 以限制其他捕捞网具对该物种产卵群体的过度捕捞。 相似文献
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利用cDNA末端快速克隆方法获得了青虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)的过氧化物还原酶基因(Prx)全长cDNA序列。该基因cDNA全长878 bp, 包括72 bp的5′末端非翻译区, 594 bp的开放阅读框(ORF), 212 bp的3′末端非翻译区, 开放阅读框编码198个氨基酸。氨基酸相似度比对显示, 所分离的青虾过氧化物还原酶基因包括两个半胱氨酸残基的区域“FYPLDFTFVCPTEI”和“GEVCPA”。系统进化树分析表明, 青虾过氧化物还原酶基因与南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)过氧化物还原酶聚在一起, 具有最近的亲缘关系。荧光定量PCR检测显示, 过氧化物还原酶基因在青虾不同组织中均有表达, 其表达量由低到高依次为肠道、心脏、卵巢、肌肉、鳃、肝胰腺。使用荧光定量PCR检测青虾在低氧胁迫和复氧条件下肝胰腺中的过氧化物还原酶基因mRNA的时空表达情况, 结果显示, 与对照组相比, 实验组青虾过氧化物还原酶在肝胰腺和鳃组织中的表达量分别在低氧胁迫12~24 h 和复氧6 h出现了3次明显上调, 由此推测过氧化物还原酶基因参与低氧应激分子过程。本研究结果可为进一步了解青虾低氧应激分子机制提供参考。 相似文献
11.
为探讨养殖水体中总氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)"急性肝胰腺坏死综合征(Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome,AHPNS)"发生的影响,设置了1个对照组和4个不同质量浓度氨氮实验组:2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0 mg/L实验组,胁迫20 d后腹肌注射副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)进行感染。凡纳滨对虾感染后6–24 h,除对照组外,各实验组均出现死亡高峰。24 h后,5.0、7.5和10 mg/L实验组对虾累积死亡率均高于2.5 mg/L组,且在同一取样时间各实验组对虾累积死亡率随着氨氮浓度的升高而升高,48 h后各实验组对虾不再死亡,其累计死亡率分别为0、8%、12%、20%和36%。PO活性呈现先升高再降低的趋势,对照组、2.5和5.0 mg/L实验组PO活性差异性不显著(P0.05),7.5和10 mg/L实验组除12 h外均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。SOD活性呈现先升高后下降的趋势,7.5和10 mg/L实验组SOD活性在感染后除24 h外均显著高于对照组(P0.05),而2.5 mg/L实验组与对照组差异性不显著(P0.05)。对照组和2.5 mg/L实验组对虾LSZ活性在各取样时间点差异性不显著(P0.05),7.5和10 mg/L实验组对虾LSZ活性在3 h、6 h、24 h、48 h时间点显著低于对照组(P0.05)。感染6 h后各实验组对虾肝胰腺中Lv LT m RNA表达量开始上升,24 h后开始下调,至72 h恢复至原水平。实验结果表明,氨氮胁迫能降低凡纳滨对虾的非特异性免疫酶活性,影响对虾肝胰腺中Lv LT m RNA对病原刺激的应答反应,增加对副溶血弧菌的易感性,为预防凡纳滨对虾AHPNS的暴发,养殖水体中总氨氮浓度应控制在1.96 mg/L以下。 相似文献
12.
为探究亚硝态氮胁迫下凡纳滨对虾[体长为(6.8±0.3) cm,体质量为(4.0±0.6) g]体内亚硝态氮的时空分布与能量代谢相关酶活性的响应,实验设置0(对照组)、0.8、4.0和8.0 mmol/L 4个处理组,进行持续96 h的亚硝态氮胁迫实验和12 h的恢复实验。结果显示,凡纳滨对虾死亡率与胁迫浓度呈现显著的正相关性。胁迫6 h内,亚硝态氮在凡纳滨对虾鳃、血淋巴、肠道、肝胰腺和肌肉组织中明显积累,且积累量与胁迫浓度呈现正相关。相同胁迫浓度组,亚硝态氮在对虾鳃中积累最多,肌肉中最少,鳃中的积累量约为肌肉的3倍。Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性在0.8和4.0 mmol/L组对虾肝胰腺和肌肉中显著升高,而在8.0 mmol/L组的肌肉中显著降低。胁迫各组对虾肝胰腺AMPK活性显著上升,且与胁迫浓度呈现正相关性。恢复期间,除血淋巴(8.0 mmol/L组)外,各组织中亚硝态氮1 h恢复效率均超过50%,且肝胰腺和鳃的恢复效率最高,达到74%以上。血淋巴、鳃、肠道中亚硝态氮恢复到对照组水平的时间最短,均在6 h以内,而水体中亚硝态氮含量显著升高。以上研究表明,胁迫下亚硝态氮会在对虾组织中迅速积累,并引起能量代谢进程的加快;胁迫解除后,积累在体内的亚硝态氮能够迅速排出体外,以减轻毒性影响。本研究结果将为缓解亚硝态氮对养殖对虾毒性效应的研究提供参考。 相似文献
13.
在养殖水体不同亚硝酸氮的条件下,通过对凡纳滨对虾的毒性试验和检测对虾部分免疫指标的变化来研究副溶血弧菌噬菌体对对虾弧菌病的防治效果.试验设置0.005(对照)、0.75、1.50 mg/L和3.00 mg/L 4个不同亚硝酸氮的质量浓度作为胁迫组,并在此基础上加入副溶血弧菌设置为胁迫感染组,加入副溶血弧菌和噬菌体设置为... 相似文献
14.
Aflatoxicosis is a growing problem in aquaculture. A 42‐day study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and curcumin (CUR) to protect juvenile Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei) from aflatoxins. Growth parameters along with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activities were measured. Shrimps (36) with an average weight of 76 ± 0.9 mg were randomly allocated in eight experimental groups. Non‐contaminated diet (NCD) and aflatoxin‐contaminated diet (ACD) at 200 μg/kg were prepared. ACD was used to prepare six diets supplemented with CLA (4, 5 or 6 g/kg) and CUR (0.15, 0.2 and 0.3 g/kg). ACD reduced feed intake, growth rate and nitrogen retention efficiency, and increased ALP and GST activity. Improved nitrogen retention was observed for all groups feed with CLA. CUR supplementation at 0.2 g/kg increased feed intake and growth rate while at 0.15 g/kg increased nitrogen retention. ALP activity was reduced in all CUR groups and in 5 and 6 g/kg CLA groups. Reduction in GST activity was observed in 0.15 and 0.2 g/kg CUR groups and 4 g/kg CLA group. CLA supplementation and CUR supplementation can be beneficial to protect juvenile shrimp against aflatoxins. 相似文献
15.
The pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis is native in southern Brazil and is potentially suited for aquaculture. Under intensive culture, the accumulation of nitrogenous compounds results from excretion by the shrimp and from the processes of feed decomposition and nitrification. The objective of this study was to evaluate ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate toxicity effects on oxygen consumption of juvenile pink shrimp. Shrimps (initial weight 0.7 ± 0.15 g) were exposed over a period of 30 days to 50%, 100%, and 200% of the safe levels of total ammonia (TAN = 0.88 mg/L), nitrite (NO 2? = 10.59 mg/L), and nitrate (NO 3? = 91.20 mg/L) for the species. The specimens were individually collected and placed in respirometry chambers, where the oxygen consumption was measured over a period of two hours. Throughout the experiment there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) among treatments in terms of survival and growth. The pink shrimp juveniles exposed to nitrogen concentrations of 200% of the nitrite and nitrate safe level showed the highest oxygen consumption (p < 0.05). 相似文献
16.
A 30‐day experiment was performed to investigate the effects of bioflocs on water quality, and survival, growth and digestive enzyme activities of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Altogether 28 shrimp (7.4 ± 0.1 g) were stocked in each 150 L tank. Two bioflocs treatments and one control were managed: ‘bioflocs 1’ and ‘bioflocs 2’ based on two different densities of the bioflocs, and clean water control without the bioflocs. Brown sugar was added to the bioflocs 1 and bioflocs 2 treatment tanks accounting for 28% and 80% of the shrimp feed respectively (corresponding to proximate C/N ratios of 10 and 14 in daily additions of organic matter respectively), so as to promote bioflocs production and approximately 14 mL L ?1 in treatment bioflocs 1 and 20 mL L ?1 in treatment bioflocs 2 were maintained from day 15. Monitoring of selected water quality parameters throughout the whole experiment period showed that all parameters remained within recommended levels for shrimp culture in the bioflocs treatments at zero‐water exchange, especially low total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen levels. By the end of the experiment, shrimp survival rates were above 86%, with no significant differences ( P > 0.05) among the three groups. Both weight gain rate and special growth rate tended to increase in the bioflocs treatments compared to those in the control. Meanwhile, the overall specific activities of protease, amylase, cellulase and lipase of the shrimp in the bioflocs treatments were all higher than those in the control; and for the specific activity of the same digestive enzyme, the differences between the bioflocs treatments and the control performed inconsistently among different organs: hepatopancreas, stomach and intestine. Present results suggest that the bioflocs can not only maintain favourable water quality conditions for shrimp culture and help shrimp grow well in zero‐water exchange culture systems, but may also have a positive effect on digestive enzyme activities of the shrimp. 相似文献
17.
An experiment was conducted, in a dark room with controlled temperature (27.3–28.4 °C), to determine the acute toxicity of chlorine concentration to black tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon fabicus) of sizes 0.02 g, 2.75 g, 8.47 g and 23.65 g. Toxicity tests on each of these shrimp sizes were run in triplicate in glass jars under static conditions without media renewal. The concentration of active chlorine that killed 50% of the shrimp of each size after 24‐h exposure (LC 50‐24 h) was used as an indicator of acute toxicity. Chlorine concentrations applied in the shrimp toxicity test ranged from 2.0 to 14.5 mg L ?1 in shrimp pond water. As the test water contained total suspended solids of 22.0–85.0 mg L ?1 and total ammonia nitrogen of 0.18–0.40 mg L ?1, the resultant concentrations of combined residual chlorine ranged from 0.6 to 3.5 mg L ?1, which were the effective doses causing shrimp mortality. The test results showed that 24‐h LC 50 for average shrimp size at 0.02, 2.75, 8.47 and 23.65 g occurred in water containing combined residual chlorine at a concentration of 0.91, 1.39, 1.74 and 1.98 mg L ?1, for which the original application doses were 6.96, 2.05 11.50 and 13.34 mg L ?1 respectively. 相似文献
18.
In the present study, we evaluated the effect of yeast polysaccharide (YSP) on the immune function of Apostichopus japonicus at different pH levels. Juvenile sea cucumbers were fed artificial feed containing 0.5% YSP. Phagocytic activity and activity
of lysozyme (LSZ), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured under pH stress after 24 h. The results
showed that the phagocytic index, the activity of LSZ and ACP in the intestines increased at pH 10.0, and ACP activity in
the body wall decreased. The phagocytic rate and ALP activity in the intestines were not different from the control group.
The phagocytic index was also not different from the control group at pH 5.5. The activity of LSZ and ACP in the intestines
and the activity of ALP increased, while the activity of ACP in the body wall decreased. The phagocytic rate of YSP group
increased and the phagocytic rate of control group decreased. Thus, this study indicated that YSP can modulate the non-specific
immunity of A. japonicus, and the reasonable dose of YSP might be used as the immunostimulants in sea cucumbers farming under pH stress. 相似文献
19.
White spot disease is caused by a highly virulent pathogen, the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The disease is usually triggered by changes in environmental parameters causing severe losses to the shrimp industry. This study was undertaken to quantify the relative WSSV load in shrimp exposed to ammonia, using a TaqMan‐based real‐time PCR, and their subsequent susceptibility to WSSV. Shrimp were exposed to different levels of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) (8.1, 3.8 and 1.1 mg L ?1) for 10 days and challenged with WSSV by feeding WSSV‐positive shrimp. WSSV was detected simultaneously in haemolymph, gills and pereopods at four hours post‐infection. The TaqMan real‐time PCR assay showed a highly dynamic detection limit that spanned over 6 log 10 concentrations of DNA and high reproducibility (standard deviation 0.33–1.42) and small correlation of variability (CV) (1.89–3.85%). Shrimp exposed to ammonia had significantly higher ( P < 0.01) WSSV load compared to the positive control, which was not exposed to ammonia. Shrimp exposed to 8.1 mg L ?1 of TAN had the highest ( P < 0.01) WSSV load in all three organs in comparison with those exposed to 3.8 and 1.1 mg L ?1 of TAN. However, haemolymph had significantly higher ( P < 0.01) viral load compared to the gills and pereopods. Results showed that shrimp exposed to ammonia levels as low as 1.1 mg L ?1 (TAN) had increased susceptibility to WSSV. 相似文献
20.
The effect of promoted biota on the production parameters, water quality, nutritional and immunological condition of Litopenaeus vannamei was assessed in semi‐intensive ponds. Earthen ponds were used as experimental units: three with formulated + natural promoted feed + shrimp (T1), three with formulated feed + shrimp (T2), and three with promoted natural feed without shrimp (Control). The dissolved oxygen (DO) levels were optimal for all treatments (≥6 mg L ?1) as well as the pH (8.4–8.6). Total ammonia nitrogen was greater in T2 (0.10 mg L ?1) than T1 (0.07 mg L ?1) and the Control (0.06 mg L ?1). Phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos were more abundant in T1 and the Control. The promotion of natural feed had a positive effect on all the production parameters of shrimp with an increase of 19.0%, 3.5% and 23.9% in weight gain, survival, and final biomass, respectively; also it was observed a decrease of 13.9% in feed conversion ratio. No differences in haemolymph parameters were observed for nutritional indicators (glucose, cholesterol, proteins, and triglycerides) nor for immunological response (phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase). The results indicate that the promotion of biotic communities enhances the production parameters of farmed shrimp, without affecting the nutritional and immunological status. Also the water quality was improved by the presence of biota. 相似文献
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