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1.
微润管埋深与间距对日光温室番茄土壤水盐运移的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
为探求微润灌溉对于日光温室次生盐渍化土壤的影响,设置3种毛管埋深(10、20和30 cm)和3种毛管间距不同的布置(1管2行、2管2行、3管2行,2行指番茄行),以膜下滴灌(CK)为对照,分析日光温室土壤水盐分布的变化.结果表明,日光温室耕层土壤(0~20 cm)平均含盐量达2.745 g/kg,接近阻碍作物生长的临界点(2.75 g/kg),发生了轻度次生盐渍化.与CK比较,微润灌溉具有较高的脱盐效果,0~60 cm土层平均相对脱盐率较CK提高了32.49%,0~30 cm主根区较CK提高了76.30%(P<0.05).可用幂函数较好地描述微润灌溉日光温室番茄主根区土壤盐分随定植后天数的动态变化过程.微润管埋深是影响土壤水盐分布的重要因素,在微润管埋深处土壤形成一个高水低盐区,毛管浅埋有利于主根区土壤(0~30 cm)盐分的淋洗,深埋有利于次根区土壤(>30~60 cm)盐分的淋洗,埋深30 cm,1管2行组合番茄生育末期土壤含盐量有升高趋势,可能会加剧土壤次生盐渍化.结合日光温室盐分累积及番茄根系分布特征,埋深10 cm,3管2行为轻度次生盐渍化土壤适宜的应用模式(该组合综合脱盐效果最好,0~60 cm土层平均相对脱盐率为22.27%,主根区相对脱盐率为29.86%,比CK提高1倍以上).该研究为微润灌溉在日光温室的应用提供参考.  相似文献   

2.
外包土工布暗管排盐条件下水盐运移规律   总被引：10，自引：7，他引：3  
为揭示外包土工布暗管埋设在非饱和带时淋洗后水分和盐分的运移规律,该文设计了模拟暗管排水的室内试验,研究2种土壤初始状态下(非饱和状态和田持状态),排水初期暗管与地下水位的相对位置及其排水排盐情况,从开始淋洗至暗管停止排水全过程中地下水埋深及含盐量变化规律、暗管的排水排盐效果及土壤剖面的水盐动态运移规律。结果表明:在暗管周围包裹土工布的情况下,土壤初始状态无论是非饱和还是田持,当暗管开始排水时地下水均已完全淹没暗管,此时的排盐量最大,流量呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,且地下水位先升高后降低,地下水含盐量随着淋洗水量的增加由累积转变为脱盐。对比淋洗非饱和土壤(试验1)和淋洗田持土壤(试验2)的试验结果,试验2中暗管的排水、排盐效果优于试验1,在试验1中淋洗非饱和土壤时,土壤脱盐率在垂直方向上随土壤深度的增加逐渐降低,0~20 cm土层的脱盐率(>85%)最大,降至无盐水平,暗管周围土壤脱盐率相对较小(<60%),仍处于中度盐渍化水平;水平方向上,0~20 cm土层的脱盐率差异不大,20~40 cm土层中距暗管越远其脱盐率越小。试验2在试验1基础上进行,淋洗田持土壤时,0~20 cm土层盐分不再变化,30~40 cm土层的脱盐率增大(>60%)。此外,试验1中淋洗脱盐效果大于暗管排盐效果,暗管主要排出暗管以上土壤盐分;试验2中暗管排盐效果增强,暗管不仅排出暗管周围土壤盐分,而且排出暗管以下土层及地下水中盐分,随着淋洗水量的增加,土壤由脱盐型转变为排盐型。研究结果表明外包土工布暗管的应用效果受地下水与暗管相对位置的影响,合理提高淋洗水量可以增强暗管排水排盐效果及土壤脱盐效果,有效改善土壤盐渍化。研究结果可为西北内陆干旱地区不同地下水埋深条件下暗管排盐技术的推广和应用提供理论支撑和科学指导。  相似文献   

3.
采用原状土隔离池进行了盐分运移的定位试验。结果表明：含盐量0.11-0.28%的轻盐渍化或脱盐潮土处在不断脱盐过程中，平均年脱盐速率为0.0125%；小麦种植期，土壤处于返盐过程，盐分在上层积累；夏玉米种植期，土壤处于脱盐过程；盐分运动是一个盐离子的层次间传递过程，不同盐离子传递的强度不同，以氯根和纳离子变动最大，而硫酸根和钙离子变幅较小，碳酸根较稳定。  相似文献   

4.
选择棉花覆膜滴灌条件下长期连作棉田这一本区域典型的耕作栽培模式为研究对象,在石河子灌区设置膜下滴灌棉田土壤次生盐渍化定位监测试验,采用定位定时分层取样技术研究北疆滴灌棉田土壤盐分时空动态变化。结果表明,棉花整个生育期土壤盐分在水平方向上呈现明显的分区(脱盐区和积盐区)分布特征,膜内0~40 cm土壤盐分能维持在较低水平,脱盐效果显著,而膜外0~40 cm土壤盐分呈持续积盐趋势,40 cm以下各土层盐分变化幅度不大;土体垂直方向40~60 cm土层形成一个积盐区;各土层盐分随着地下水埋深的加大,土壤积盐率迅速降低;监测表明0~40 cm耕层土壤存在碱化倾向,土壤pH值年均递增0.09,年均积盐0.36 g/kg,照此积盐速度,轻度盐渍化耕地达到强度次生盐渍化水平(总盐含量20~30 g/kg)需要40~70年,达到中度次生盐渍化水平(总盐含量10~20 g/kg)需要15~40年。  相似文献   

5.
水分调控降低盐分对夏玉米的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
环渤海低平原冬小麦夏玉米一年两作种植系统中,冬小麦季微咸水灌溉造成土壤含盐量增加,影响下茬玉米正常出苗。通过水分调控消减根层土壤盐分是有效可行的途径,并利于冬小麦夏玉米一年两作的微咸水安全利用。该研究通过盆栽与田间试验相结合的方法,研究玉米出苗对土壤水盐阈值的响应以及玉米播后灌水对出苗、生长、根层水盐和产量的影响。盆栽试验结果表明:1)玉米在低土壤盐分含量(全盐含量0.8g·kg–1)下,60%田间持水量即可达到正常出苗;2)在高土壤盐分含量(全盐含量3.5 g·kg–1)下,出苗时间延长,出苗率降低;3)土壤盐分对出苗的影响,随着土壤含水量降低而越趋严重。因此在较高的盐分条件下,维持出苗期间一定土壤含水量,更利于缓解土壤盐分对玉米出苗的影响。大田试验中灌溉水盐分梯度为淡水(对照)、3g·L–1、4 g·L–1和5 g·L–1。田间试验结果表明:1)随着灌溉水盐分浓度增加冬小麦收获时0~20 cm土壤盐分含量明显增加;2)淡水、3 g·L–1、4 g·L–1和5 g·L–1灌溉冬小麦,收获期0~20 cm土壤盐分含量分别为1.0 g·kg–1、1.3g·kg–1、1.6 g·kg–1、2.0 g·kg–1;3)夏玉米播种后立即灌溉一次75 mm淡水,玉米出苗期耕层土壤含水量维持在田间持水量的70%以上,土壤含盐量下降到1.0 g·kg–1左右,夏玉米生长进程和产量不受影响。2年(2015年和2016年)淡水、3 g·L–1、4 g·L–1和5 g·L–1微咸水拔节期灌溉冬小麦,下茬夏玉米产量分别为9 510.4 kg·hm–2、9 913.6 kg·hm–2、9 910.6 kg·hm–2、9 986.0 kg·hm–2和9 621.8 kg·hm–2、9 455.3 kg·hm–2、9 460.2 kg·hm–2、9 221.4kg·hm–2,产量差异不显著。考虑该地区降水的时间分布,与玉米生长同期的充足夏季降水的淋洗作用,微咸水灌溉小麦的积盐可得到很好淋洗。因此,该地区在冬小麦生长季实施不超过5 g·L–1微咸水灌溉,利用冬小麦夏玉米关键生育期水分调控,可消减微咸水灌溉土壤盐分积累对玉米出苗影响,结合夏玉米出苗水管理和雨季淋盐,实现周年稳产和水盐平衡,根层土壤不积盐。  相似文献   

6.
太仓市郊大棚菜地土壤盐分累积与分布特征研究   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  
张绪美  沈文忠  胡青青 《土壤》2017,49(5):987-991
以太仓市郊大棚菜地土壤为研究对象,研究了太仓市典型大棚菜地土壤盐分累积现状及变化规律。结果表明:太仓市郊大棚菜地土壤全盐含量平均值为3.38 g/kg,已达轻度盐化水平;大棚菜地土壤盐分累积区域分布差异较大,最小值为0.42 g/kg,最大值达12.6 g/kg,变异系数达65.7%;大棚菜地土壤盐分累积量有69.84%超过安全水平,其中51.59%为轻度盐土,10.32%为中度盐土,5.56%为重度盐土;大棚菜地土壤盐分累积分布具有明显的地域性,以浏河镇、沙溪镇和新区发生盐化现象最为严重,盐化土所占比例分别达91.4%、91.0%和83.0%;八大离子组成中,阳离子以Ca~(2+)为主,其次为Na~+和K~+,阴离子以NO_3~–为主,其次为Cl~–和SO_4~(2–);相关性分析表明,影响太仓市郊菜地土壤发生盐化的主要因素是全盐含量、NO_3~–、Cl~–、Ca~(2+)等指标,造成土壤发生次生盐渍化的主要原因是不合理施肥、种植及管理模式等人为外在因素;太仓市郊菜地土壤盐分含量随着大棚种植年限的增加而显著提高,在种植年限为4~5 a时达到峰值,平均值为3.64 g/kg,是种植年限为1 a的大棚土壤含盐量的1.29倍。  相似文献   

7.
新疆浅层暗管排水降低土壤盐分提高棉花产量   总被引：11，自引：8，他引：3  
土壤盐渍化问题严重制约着干旱区农业可持续发展,为达到土壤脱盐的效果,增加作物产量,该文针对膜下滴灌棉田,采用完全随机试验方案,在装有暗管的中度和轻度盐渍化土壤上种植棉花,分析暗管降盐技术对轻度和中度盐渍化农田土壤盐分变化规律及棉花产量的影响。结果表明:轻度和中度盐渍化农田土壤盐分剖面特征均由表聚型向脱盐型变化,中度盐渍化土壤0~20 cm土层盐分下降最快,其他土层盐分含量均呈现显著下降趋势;轻度和中度土壤最高脱盐率分别为50.96%和90.89%,中度盐渍化土壤盐分可降低至轻度水平;暗管排水的电导率变化范围为7.53~11.16 dS/m,pH值变化范围7.08~8.20;轻度和中度盐渍化棉田增产幅度分别为25.3%和55%。研究表明与滴灌配套的浅层暗管排水降盐技术可有效治理盐碱土壤,提高作物产量,该研究可为盐渍化土地的可持续利用提供依据。  相似文献   

8.
渭北地区农田土壤物理性质对土壤剖面盐分的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
通过网格布点法对渭北地区农田土壤进行采样分析,研究了土壤团聚体、土壤容重、土壤质地对土壤剖面盐分的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区轻度盐渍化面积占46.56%,中度盐渍化占23.01%,渭北地区农田土壤盐渍化程度总体不严重但存在较大潜在风险。(2)各层土壤水稳性团聚体与含盐量呈负相关,容重与含盐量的关系因盐渍化程度不同而在各土层表现出不同的正负效应,土壤质地与含盐量仅在0—20cm土层存在显著相关性。(3)土壤物理性质对含盐量的异位影响与含盐量水平有关。当土壤含盐量1g/kg时,40—60cm容重与20—40cm含盐量为幂函数关系,且呈递增趋势;土壤含盐量在2~4g/kg时,20—40cm容重与0—20cm含盐量为一次函数关系,且呈递增趋势;当含盐量2g/kg时,0—20cm容重与20—40cm含盐量为一次函数关系,且呈递减趋势;含盐量2g/kg时,水稳性团聚体与含盐量呈显著线性负相关。  相似文献   

9.
滴灌条件下排水暗管埋深及管径对土壤盐分的影响   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  
为探索高效节水的暗管排盐技术,通过田间灌溉排水试验,研究了滴灌条件下排水暗管不同管径(50、90 mm)、和不同埋深(0.6、1.0、1.4 m)对土层含盐量分布及脱盐效果的影响。结果表明:两次灌水后各土层脱盐效果差别较大。0~60 cm土层脱盐程度较高,土壤含盐量已降至12 g kg~(-1)以下中度盐化水平,100 cm以下土层脱盐效果不明显;暗管0.6 m埋深脱盐效果优于1.0、1.4 m埋深,总体盐分减少14.34 g kg~(-1),相比未铺设暗管对照减少了13.32 g kg~(-1)。增加暗管埋深至1.4m对暗管降盐效果无显著影响;暗管管径对各土层盐分的影响相对更加显著,90 mm管径相较50 mm管径暗管脱盐效果明显,50、90 mm管径暗管不同埋深0~1.4 m土层脱盐率分别在20.69%~30.20%和34.59%~57.04%之间。暗管埋深0.6 m、管径90 mm时,两次灌水后0~60 cm土层已降至轻度盐化水平(3~6 g kg~(-1)),暗管排水排盐效率较高,为北疆盐渍土的暗管排水最优埋深与管径布设参数。  相似文献   

10.
不同改良措施下新疆重度盐渍土壤盐分变化与脱盐效果   总被引：14，自引：6，他引：8  
为了比较盐渍化土壤不同改良措施的治理效果,以新疆新开垦的重度盐渍化农田为研究对象,设置5个处理分别为农业改良措施、根区隔盐+农业改良措施、暗管排盐+农业改良措施、化学改良+农业改良措施和天然对照区,通过3 a的试验研究土壤盐分运移的影响因素、动态变化与不同改良措施脱盐效果。结果表明:人为灌溉、农田蒸散量、地下水埋深与土壤盐分均达到极显著相关,生育期灌水对耕层土壤盐分影响最大,相关系数为-0.871。整个改良过程中农业改良措施处理表层和底层盐分含量较高,根区隔盐处理盐分表聚现象明显,暗管排盐、化学改良处理均表现出底层盐分明显高于表层。从各处理3a的脱盐效果来看,第1年脱盐效果均不理想,第2年脱盐率显著提升,其中根区隔盐和暗管排盐处理各土层脱盐率均超过44%,改良效果最好,由于土壤总盐分含量减少第3年各措施脱盐率明显降低。总体来看,各改良措施均能够有效降低耕层土壤盐分,根区隔盐、暗管排盐处理在0~80 cm耕层脱盐率分别为61.33%、59.37%,优于其他处理;化学改良处理0~40 cm土层脱盐效果优于底层,其脱盐率为55.32%,明显高于农业改良处理的脱盐率45.42%,但0~80 cm土层脱盐率2处理间差异不大。新疆盐碱化程度重,农田根区隔盐、暗管排盐工程改良结合农业深耕、秸秆还田、增施有机肥等措施是综合治理重度盐渍化土壤的有效途径,研究结果能够为新疆干旱区盐渍化土壤有效改良和合理开发利用提供理论依据和参考。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

16.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

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