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1.
为了探讨主动通风酿热补气系统发酵产物作为番茄栽培基质对番茄生长发育及产量、品质的影响,以体积比为3∶1的秸秆和牛粪为原料,进行了为期60 d的主动通风式高温好氧堆肥。将好氧堆肥产品以体积比100%(T1)、33.3%(T2)、0%(CK)的比例与市面上购买的基质混合,比较不同基质条件下番茄的生长发育情况;探讨主动通风高温好氧堆肥作为番茄生长基质的可行性,为主动通风式酿热的产物基质化利用提供理论支撑。结果表明:(1)T2复配基质培育的番茄株高、茎粗显著优于CK和T1;(2)T1的光合作用高于T2,但T2的净光合速率显著高于T1,为28.25 μmol/(m2·s);(3)T2栽种番茄的产量达4.78 kg/株,比CK显著增产了43.3%,比T1高出13.7%。综合分析以上指标,主动通风式酿热条件下的堆肥产物可以作为栽培基质。其中主动通风式酿热产物以33.3%的体积比混合市面上购买的基质形成的复配基质作为栽培基质得到的番茄植株生长效果最佳。  相似文献   

2.
堆肥隧道式后发酵技术及效果   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
该文采用发酵隧道对堆肥进行后发酵处理,并测定发酵过程中的温度、pH值、含氮量、微生物的变化,旨在为集约化生产双孢蘑菇培养料提供理论依据。该技术可以对堆肥进行10 h以上的巴氏灭菌（温度在57～62℃之间）处理和5 d的腐熟处理（温度在45～53℃之间）。处理后发酵堆肥中氮质量分数从1.58%增加至1.85%;pH值从8.7下降到7.5。嗜热细菌的菌落数从5.2×108 cfu/g上升到7.3×108 cfu/g（第3天）,发酵结束时降低为2.88×108 cfu/g;放线菌和嗜热真菌菌落数发酵开始时分别为2.4×105 cfu/g 和3.2×104 cfu/g,发酵结束时分别为19.6×105 cfu/g和10.1×104 cfu/g。试验结果表明,经过隧道式后发酵的堆肥适合于双孢蘑菇生长需要,隧道式后发酵技术可以用于规模化生产优质双孢蘑菇培养料。  相似文献   

3.
研究延长通风时间 (4h/d)并增施CO2 对温室黄瓜光合作用的影响结果表明 ,与对照相比 ,延长通风时间使通风时段内平均CO2 浓度升高 4 3 80 μL/L ,平均温度和湿度分别降低 2 4 0℃和 35 0Pa ,黄瓜叶片露时约缩短 2 5h/d ;延长通风时间与增施CO2 使黄瓜平均光合速率分别提高 1 6 3μmol/m2 ·s和 3 33μmol/m2 ·s,促进光合产物积累。  相似文献   

4.
冬季猪舍粪便贮存过程中CO2排放特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
利用丹麦猪舍和液态猪粪便进行了CO2气体排放测试,比较了3种粪坑内粪便高度（0.15,0.40和0.65 m）、3种通风量（211,650和1 852 m3/h）、粪坑内有无挡板下冬季猪舍粪便贮存过程中CO2排放通量。测试结果表明：通风量、粪便温度和粪坑挡板可以用来解释大部分的CO2排放通量变化的差异;对于使用渗透性天花板进气和负压通风排气,CO2排放通量随着舍内通风量的增加而增大,3种通风量之间CO2排放通量差异显著;使用粪坑挡板可以显著降低粪坑内的空气交换和减少CO2排放通量;粪便贮存高度的变化对CO2排放通量的作用不明显;敏感性分析表明CO2排放通量相对于粪便温度的敏感性（敏感度值大）要高于通风量,在较低的通风量变化区间,CO2排放通量变化的敏感性要高于较高的通风量变化区间,但对于粪便温度变化趋势正好相反。通风量的增加同时会降低舍内和粪坑内空气温度以及粪便温度,因此要综合考虑通风量和温度对气体排放通量的影响。  相似文献   

5.
为探讨不同温度和光照条件下增施 CO2 气肥对温室作物生长的影响 ,应用红外线 CO2 气体分析仪测定方法 ,对不同 CO2 浓度下结球莴苣光合作用速率的变化进行了深入系统的研究 ,并分别建立了低温条件下和中、高温条件下增施 CO2 气肥对光合作用速率影响的综合模型。研究结果表明 ,在一定范围内 ,随着光照度提高和温度上升 ,增施 CO2 气肥对于光合作用的促进效果提高 ,但是超过饱和点后会有负的效应。本实验条件下 ,结球莴苣光合作用最佳的生态因子组合为 :光照度 897.3μmol· m- 2 · s- 1 ,温度 2 8.9℃ ,CO2 浓度 2 16 0μL / L ,此时的净光合速率 (CO2 ) Pn为 36 .0 μm ol· m- 2· s- 1。  相似文献   

6.
CO2浓度升高对茶树光合速率影响的初步研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
通过人工调控CO2 浓度,对不同光环境下茶树(Camelliasinensis)的光合速率进行了研究。在气温34 0℃以上、光合有效辐射强度80 0 μmol/ (m2 s)左右的高温、强光环境中,提高大气CO2 浓度可缓解高温对光合速率的抑制作用,CO2 浓度提高到5 5 0 μl/l可使抑制茶树光合作用的气温提高约1～2℃,70 0 μl/l则可使抑制气温提高3～4℃。在强光下CO2 对茶树有较强的“气肥”作用,在光合有效辐射强度为4 0 0 μmol/ (m2 s)左右的弱光环境中CO2浓度提高也可提高光合速率水平。弱光环境中气温对光合作用的影响较强,茶树最适宜生长温度为2 9 0～30 0℃,气温超过30 0℃则温度开始对光合作用产生抑制,在气温达34 0℃以上高温时,茶树表现为净呼吸  相似文献   

7.
余热和菌剂对垃圾堆肥效率及温室气体减排的影响   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  
为探讨生活垃圾堆肥过程中同时添加外源菌剂和使用循环热风对缩短堆肥周期的影响,该文以15～80 mm生活垃圾为原料,设置了无添加菌剂和无余热回用堆肥（对照）与添加菌剂和余热回用堆肥（处理）强制通风隧道发酵仓对比试验。结果表明：菌剂和余热利用后堆肥高温达到55℃的时间缩短了1～2 d,高温堆肥时间7 d,堆肥周期缩短为27 d;按600 t/d处理规模计算,菌剂和余热利用处理全年的温室气体比对照少排10 150.65 t（ 以CO2计）;日进仓数由3个增加到4个,处理能力可以提高到800 t/d。菌剂和余热利  相似文献   

8.
堆高对生活垃圾中15 mm筛下物堆肥腐熟的影响   总被引：16，自引：3，他引：13  
为了解小粒径生活垃圾的独立堆肥适宜性,并筛选最佳堆高,本文以北京市马家楼垃圾转运站筛分后的0～15 mm生活垃圾为研究对象,在南宫堆肥厂隧道发酵仓分别以2.5、2.0、1.5和1.0 m 4个堆高进行强制通风条件下密闭静态高温发酵对比试验。通过高温发酵（8 d）前后采样测定堆肥水浸提液的电导率（EC）、腐殖酸光学特性（E4/E6）、水溶性碳（WSC）质量分数、水溶性铵态氮（NH4+-N）质量分数和发芽率指数（GI）,堆肥固相碳氮比（C/N）和粪大肠菌值等腐熟度指标,并应用模糊评价法进行腐熟度评价。结果表明：0～15 mm粒径的生活垃圾可单独堆肥,且1.5和1.0 m 的2个堆体的腐熟程度最好,综合考虑后推荐在隧道发酵仓中采用1.5 m为最适宜堆高。  相似文献   

9.
基于环境控制的组培苗无糖培养系统   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为了实现开放空间组培苗无糖培养,建立了一种集成环境控制装置的无糖培养系统。系统培养箱中的空气通过管道循环流过空气净化装置,确保培养箱内环境洁净,切断杂菌的传播途径;系统以CO2气体为碳源,用珍珠岩做支撑基质和定时人工光照、定时供应营养液培养组培苗;培养箱中的温度、相对湿度采用上下限控制,CO2浓度采用模糊—积分方法控制。试验表明,在光照培养期间,培养箱内温度控制在20～30℃,相对湿度控制在72%～76%;在暗培养期间,培养箱内温度控制在14℃以上,相对湿度控制在80%～85%;CO2浓度控制无超调量,上升时间为30 min,稳态误差为43 μmol/mol;该系统培养的菊花组培苗优于试管培养。  相似文献   

10.
好氧堆肥处理厨余垃圾具有规模灵活、参数易调整、工艺适配性高等优点,但存在发酵周期长且易产生污染气体等问题,严重限制了就近就地处理利用的推广。污染气体产生与堆体内氧气供应与利用直接相关,为提高发酵速率、减少污染气体排放,优化厨余垃圾堆肥的工艺参数,该研究采用三因素三水平正交堆肥试验L9（34）,探究粒径、含水率和通风速率三大因素对堆体温度、O2、pH值、EC值、GI值以及污染气体（H2S、NH3、N2O及CH4）的影响。结果表明,当初始物料粒径为0.5～10 mm时能够显著加快堆肥进程,在第11 天时GI值即可达80%以上,有效地缩短了堆肥周期。通过对污染气体做极差以及方差分析发现,物料粒径对H2S排放影响显著,含水率和通风速率对H2S和N2O排放影响显著。综合堆肥周期以及污染气体减排效果,厨余垃圾堆肥最优的工艺参数组合为：初始物料粒径为0.5～10 mm、初始含水率为60%、通风速率为0.2 L/（min·kg−1）,研究结果可为厨余垃圾利用提供参考。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

16.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

19.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

20.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.  相似文献   

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