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1.
Feng T Su J Ding ZH Zheng YT Li Y Leng Y Liu JK 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(21):11690-11695
Gingerols and their corresponding dehydration products shogaols were considered as the active principles of ginger, the rhizome of the plant Zingiber officinale, for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. Ginger (Z. officinale) has been cultivated for thousands of years as a spice and for medicinal purposes in China. Tongling (Anhui province, China) has traditionally been regarded as an ideal cultivation place. "Tongling White Ginger" enjoys a reputation for being one of the top gingers in China for its thin white peel, tender flesh, rich juice, and flavor. In this study, we have isolated and identified two novel gingerdione dimers, bisgingerdiones A (1) and B (2); two new gingerol derivatives, (5R)-5-acetoxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptan-3-one (3) and methyl (Z)-neral acetal-[6]-gingerdiol (4); and 38 known compounds (5-42) from rhizomes of Zingiber officinale collected from Tongling, China. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1-4 showed weak cytotoxic and anti-HIV-1 activities. Compounds 6, 8, and 26 showed inhibitory activities against human and mouse 11β-HSD1 (11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases) with IC(50) values between 1.09 and 1.30 μM. 相似文献
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Kato A Higuchi Y Goto H Kizu H Okamoto T Asano N Hollinshead J Nash RJ Adachi I 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(18):6640-6644
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) continues to be used as an important cooking spice and herbal medicine around the world. Scientific research has gradually verified the antidiabetic effects of ginger. Especially gingerols, which are the major components of ginger, are known to improve diabetes including the effect of enhancement against insulin-sensitivity. Aldose reductase inhibitors have considerable potential for the treatment of diabetes, without increased risk of hypoglycemia. The assay for aldose reductase inhibitors in ginger led to the isolation of five active compounds including 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanol (2) and 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanoic acid (3). Compounds 2 and 3 were good inhibitors of recombinant human aldose reductase, with IC50 values of 19.2 +/- 1.9 and 18.5 +/- 1.1 microM, respectively. Furthermore, these compounds significantly suppressed not only sorbitol accumulation in human erythrocytes but also lens galactitol accumulation in 30% of galactose-fed cataract rat model. A structure-activity relationship study revealed that the applicable side alkyl chain length and the presence of a C3 OCH3 group in the aromatic ring are essential features for enzyme recognition and binding. These results suggested that it would contribute to the protection against or improvement of diabetic complications for a dietary supplement of ginger or its extract containing aldose reductase inhibitors. 相似文献
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Wohlmuth H Leach DN Smith MK Myers SP 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(14):5772-5778
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a monocotyledonous, sterile cultigen, is widely used as a spice, flavoring agent, and herbal medicine. The pungency of fresh ginger is due to a series of homologous phenolic ketones of which [6]-gingerol is the major one. The gingerols are thermally unstable and can be converted to their corresponding shogaols, which are present in dried ginger. Fresh rhizomes of 17 clones of Australian ginger, including commercial cultivars and experimental tetraploid clones, were assayed by HPLC for gingerols and shogaols. [6]-Gingerol was identified as the major pungent phenolic compound in all samples, while [8]- and [10]-gingerol occurred in lower concentrations. One cultivar known as "Jamaican" contained the highest concentrations of all three gingerols and was the most pungent of the clones analyzed. Gingerols were stable in ethanolic solution over a 5-month period when stored at 4 degrees C. Shogaols were not identified in the extracts prepared from fresh rhizomes at ambient temperature, confirming that these compounds are not native constituents of fresh ginger. In contrast to previous findings, this study did not find significant differences in gingerol concentrations between the tetraploid clones and their parent diploid cultivar. 相似文献
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中国中药材生产标准缺乏、管理不完善、质量安全问题突出,通过构建科学、系统的中药材生产工程模式来指导中药材产业发展、确保产品质量安全意义重大。该研究涉及中药材生产环节,包括育种、种植、采收加工、储藏等环节,从传统道地中药材"三因子"（生物因子、环境因子、人为因子）,提出现代道地中药材六属性假说（即生物自然属性、生态环境属性、加工储藏属性、品性商品属性、质量安全属性、种植管理属性）。在此基础上,利用系统学的理论、工具和方法,获得在构建生产标准、种植管理、质量安全3个体系的基础上耦合形成现代道地中药材生产工程模式的构建打下方法论的基础。按照科学性、简明性等原则,结合专家咨询法构建了3个层次、19个指标的评价指标体系,利用层次分析法确定了指标权重,利用模糊综合评价方法对段木赤灵芝生产进行实证,结果为0.71,良好,与生产实际一致。该研究不仅对中药材生产具有较高借鉴价值,也为现代农业生产工程模式研究提供理论支撑。 相似文献
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Xiao WL Motley TJ Unachukwu UJ Lau CB Jiang B Hong F Leung PC Wang QF Livingston PO Cassileth BR Kennelly EJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(5):1548-1556
Radix Astragali (Huangqi) has been demonstrated to have a wide range of immunopotentiating effects and has been used as an adjuvant medicine during cancer therapy. Identity issues in the collection of Radix Astragali exist because many sympatric species of Astragalus occur in the northern regions of China. In order to assess the quality, purity, and uniformity of commercial Radix Astragali, 44 samples were purchased from herbal stores in Hong Kong and New York City. The main constituents, including four isoflavonoids and three saponins, were quantitatively determined by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). There was significant sample-to-sample variability in the amounts of the saponins and isoflavonoids measured. Furthermore, DNA barcoding utilizing the variable nuclear ITS spacer regions of the 44 purchased Radix Astragali samples were sequenced, aligned and compared. Eight polymorphic point mutations were identified which separated the Radix Astragali samples into three groups. These results indicate that the chemical and genetic variability that exists among Radix Astragali medicinal products is still a consistency and quality issue for this herbal. Two-way ANOVA analysis showed significant effects on the contents of the seven tested compounds when both phylogenetic and geographic (i.e., point of purchase) factors were considered. Therefore, chemical profiles determined by LC-MS and DNA profiles in ITS spacer domains could serve as barcode markers for quality control of Radix Astragali. 相似文献
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Ginger is widely used as either a food product or an herbal medicine in the world. In this paper, a method was developed for determining volatile components in essential oils from both dried and fresh ginger by use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and chemometric approaches. With the resolution improvement by chemometric methods upon two-dimensional data from GC-MS, the drifting baseline can be corrected. In addition, the peak purity can be assessed and the number of chemical components and their stepwise elution in the peak clusters can be identified. The peak clusters investigated are then resolved into pure chromatograms and related mass spectra for each of the components involved. Finally, with the pure chromatograms and related mass spectra obtained, the chemical components can be qualitatively identified based on the similarity searches in the MS databases and the chromatographic retention times. Quantitative determination can be conducted using the overall volume integration approach. The results showed that 140 and 136 components were separated and that 74 and 75 of them were tentatively identified, which accounted for about 62.82 and 47.11% of the total relative content for dried and fresh ginger, respectively. In comparison with the chromatographic fingerprints of essential oils from dried and fresh ginger, 60 of the volatile components determined match with each other. The study demonstrated that the use of chemometric resolution based on two-dimensional data can mathematically enhance the separation ability of GC-MS and assist qualitative and quantitative determination of chemical components separated from complicated practical systems such as foods, herbal medicines, and environmental samples. 相似文献
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Chen JC Huang LJ Wu SL Kuo SC Ho TY Hsiang CY 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(21):8390-8397
Ginger is one of the most commonly used fresh herbs and spices. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT)-induced diarrhea is the leading cause of infant death in developing countries. In this study, we demonstrated that ginger significantly blocked the binding of LT to cell-surface receptor G M1, resulting in the inhibition of fluid accumulation in the closed ileal loops of mice. Biological-activity-guided searching for active components showed that zingerone (vanillylacetone) was the likely active constituent responsible for the antidiarrheal efficacy of ginger. Further analysis of chemically synthesized zingerone derivatives revealed that compound 31 (2-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]benzoic acid) significantly suppressed LT-induced diarrhea in mice via an excellent surface complementarity with the B subunits of LT. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that ginger and its derivatives may be effective herbal supplements for the clinical treatment of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea. 相似文献
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基于改进层次分析法的灵芝品质安全综合评价 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
中药材是中医药事业传承和发展的物质基础,灵芝是中国传统的中药材。该文通过改进的层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)对灵芝质量安全进行综合评价,为灵芝种植"安全有效、质量可控"提供借鉴。根据中药材质量安全标准,基于样本波动大小和改进的AHP法,计算得到灵芝子实体质量安全指标(多糖、Pb、As、Hg、Cd)的权重;应用AHP综合加权指数法对关键生长期(4层、5层、6层)、典型种植区域(武夷山、长白山、大别山)灵芝子实体质量安全指标风险水平进行评价,并与目前广泛应用的内梅罗指数法计算得到的综合风险指数进行对比。结果表明:灵芝多糖、Pb、As、Hg、Cd等5种质量安全指标单项风险指数大致规律为:CdHg多糖AsPb,均低于中药材质量安全风险水平。改进AHP法得到灵芝质量安全风险指数范围是0.2376~0.7598,小于1,为安全级,内梅罗法得到的风险指数范围是0.2579~0.7292,也为安全级,2种方法比较总体差别不太明显,分析认为质量安全指标权重大的指标多糖、Hg、Cd,其单项风险指数也大。为了进一步对比2种方法优劣,将单项风险指数较大、权重较大的质量安全指标Hg、Cd分别跟单项风险指数较小、权重较小的质量安全指标Pb、As调换,对人体危害较大的质量安全指标Hg和Cd单项风险指数降低,对人体危害较小的Pb和As单项风险指数升高,结果显示综合质量安全风险指数显著降低,降低幅度达68.03%,采用改进AHP的加权综合指数法比内梅罗指数法更能准确反映灵芝质量安全风险状况。该研究不仅对灵芝质量安全评价具有较高借鉴价值,也为灵芝种植"产前、产中、产后"全程控制提供支撑。 相似文献
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Influence of extraction parameters on the phytochemical characteristics of extracts from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) herb 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In recent years, the interest in herbal medicinal products, especially in the field of dermatology and cosmetics, has risen enormously. Many plant-derived substances show photoprotective properties in terms of absorption of UV radiation and preventing photodamage to molecular structures of human skin. Modern phytopharmaceutics as well as phytocosmetics require standardized, defined extracts from the herbal matrix. Buckwheat herb is rich in flavonoids, which have been identified as potent antioxidants. Up to now, there have been no systematic investigations available concerning the extraction conditions for phenolic substances from buckwheat herb. In this paper, we report the influence of three extraction parameters, ethanol concentration, temperature, and extraction time, on the response variables extractable matter, antioxidant activity, and content of fagopyrin, rutin, and chlorogenic acid. Our results suggest that an extract with good antioxidant activity, a high content of phenolics, and a low content of the phototoxic fagopyrin can be yielded by agitated maceration with 30% ethanol at 60 degrees C for 2 h. Furthermore, there is good correlation between the antioxidant activity and the rutin content, whereas the extractable matter is not an appropriate parameter for extract quality. Huge differences in the content of rutin and chlorogenic acid when using herbal drugs from different suppliers confirm the demand of standardized procedures for the production of herbal drugs. 相似文献
13.
Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of wild, edible, and medicinal fennel from different Mediterranean countries 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Faudale M Viladomat F Bastida J Poli F Codina C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(6):1912-1920
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is a typical aromatic plant of the Mediterranean area, long used as a medicinal and spice herb. Fennel is also well-known for its essential oil, which has been extensively studied for many years owing to its commercial importance. In this work, the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as the quantitative determination of individual flavonoids and phenolic acids of wild, edible, and medicinal fennel from different Mediterranean countries, have been determined. The antioxidant activity was measured as the free radical (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion scavenging activities. Wild fennel was found to exhibit a radical scavenging activity, as well as a total phenolic and total flavonoid content, higher than those of both medicinal and edible fennels. 相似文献
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中药材产业环境污染低、资源消耗少、综合效益高,是典型的生态产业、绿色产业、节约型产业。发展中药材产业,不仅可以创造可观的社会经济效益,还可以带来良好的生态效益。为给武威高质量发展中药材产业提供支撑,通过调研分析武威市中药材发展现状,指出了其中存在的问题,提出了促进武威市中药材提质增效和高质量发展的对策是:合理优化产业布局,稳步扩大中药材种植规模;做大做强精深化加工,夯实中药材产业发展基础;健全完善品牌营销推广体系,提高中药材市场影响力;加大政策扶持力度,推动中药材健康快速发展;发挥科技支撑作用,加快中药材产业提质增效;强化质量安全监管,全力推进产业标准化生产;借助文化旅游名市建设,大力发展中医药养生旅游。 相似文献
16.
Wohlmuth H Smith MK Brooks LO Myers SP Leach DN 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(4):1414-1419
Ginger oil, obtained by steam distillation of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, is used in the beverage and fragrance industries. Ginger oil displays considerable compositional diversity, but is typically characterized by a high content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, including zingiberene, ar-curcumene, beta-bisabolene, and beta-sesquiphellandrene. Australian ginger oil has a reputation for possessing a particular "lemony" aroma, due to its high content of the isomers neral and geranial, often collectively referred to as citral. Fresh rhizomes of 17 clones of Australian ginger, including commercial cultivars and experimental tetraploid clones, were steam distilled 7 weeks post-harvest, and the resulting oils were analyzed by GC-MS. The essential oils of 16 of the 17 clones, including the tetraploid clones and their parent cultivar, were found to be of substantially similar composition. These oils were characterized by very high citral levels (51-71%) and relatively low levels of the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons typical of ginger oil. The citral levels of most of these oils exceeded those previously reported for ginger oils. The neral-to-geranial ratio was shown to be remarkably constant (0.61 +/- 0.01) across all 17 clones. One clone, the cultivar "Jamaican", yielded oil with a substantially different composition, lower citral content and higher levels of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Because this cultivar also contains significantly higher concentrations of pungent gingerols, it possesses unique aroma and flavor characteristics, which should be of commercial interest. 相似文献
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Morus nigra L., belonging to the Moraceae family, is a decidious tree widely cultivated in Europe and West Asia. It has a long history of medicinal use in Chinese medicine, as a remedy for many kinds of diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the profile of the phenolic constituents of M. nigra fruits and to compare their content with the fruits of another species of Morus, Morus alba, which is also very well known in folklore medicine. The fruits of black and white mulberries have been studied, and five compounds from the methanol extract have been identified by means of HPLC/PDA/ESI-MS. Four compounds (quercetin 3- O-glucoside, quercetin 3- O-rutinoside, kaempferol 3- O-rutinoside, and 5- O-caffeoylquinic acid) have been isolated by use of Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and HPLC and characterized by means of NMR and ESI-MS. Furthermore, HPLC/PDA/ESI-MS analysis of the red pigment of M. nigra fruits revealed the presence of four anthocyanins recognized as cyanidin 3- O-glucoside, cyanidin 3- O-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3- O-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3- O-rutinoside. All of the compounds were quantified. 相似文献
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Astragalus mongholicus has been of medicinal use within the traditional Chinese system for centuries. However, little information is available on its allelopathic effects on other crop plants and soil biochemical properties. Field experiment showed that the extracted residues of A. mongholicus root inhibited seed germination of wheat. Inhibition of seed germination was further confirmed in laboratory using the same crude extract. When the crude extract was applied to soil at various rates and incubated for 30 days, soil urease activity and denitrifying enzyme activity were significantly increased while soil nitrification rate was significantly decreased at 10% amendment rate as compared to the control. Soil respiration rate was significantly increased by the crude extract when measured at the start of incubation but returned to basal levels after 30 days of incubation. The crude extract supplemented to NB medium significantly decreased the colony numbers of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58, Paraccocus denitrificans and soil bacteria. The stimulating effects of crude extract observed in the amended soil was attributed to the easily-available carbohydrates in the extract, which might served as external energy sources for heterotrophic microbial activities. It was concluded that A. mongholicus contained some compounds that inhibited seed germination, soil nitrification and bacterial growth in general. Possible links between allelochemicals responsible for the inhibitory effects observed in the present study and the medically bioactive compounds are discussed based on information reported in other fields. Further work is needed to specify and verify the allelochemicals produced by this herbal plant. 相似文献
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Kim MY Seguin P Ahn JK Kim JJ Chun SC Kim EH Seo SH Kang EY Kim SL Park YJ Ro HM Chung IM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(16):7265-7270
A study was conducted to determine the content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidative activity of five edible and five medicinal mushrooms commonly cultivated in Korea. Phenolic compounds were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography, and antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase activity. A total of 28 phenolic compounds were detected in the mushrooms studied. The average total concentration of phenolic compounds was 326 microg/g, the average being of 174 microg/g in edible mushrooms and 477 microg/g in medicinal mushrooms. The average total flavonoids concentration was 49 microg/g, with averages of 22 and 76 microg/g in edible and medicinal mushrooms, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activities ranged between 15 (Pleurotus eryngii) and 70% (Ganoderma lucidum) when reaction time was for 1 min. When reaction time was 30 min, the values ranged between 5 (Pleurotus eryngii) and 78% (Agaricus bisporus). The SOD activity averaged 28% among the 10 mushroom species, averages for edible and medicinal mushrooms being comparable. DPPH activities was significantly correlated (p < 0.01) with total content of phenolic compounds in edible mushrooms, while in medicinal mushrooms there was a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between SOD activity and total concentration of phenolic compounds. Numerous significant positive correlations were observed between phenolic compounds detected and antioxidative potential. 相似文献
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HPLC method validated for the simultaneous analysis of cichoric acid and alkamides in Echinacea purpurea plants and products 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Mølgaard P Johnsen S Christensen P Cornett C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(24):6922-6933
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed to determine caffeic acid derivatives, for example, cichoric acid, and alkamides in plant parts and herbal products of Echinacea purpurea. The method consists of an extraction procedure whereby the hydrophilic phenolics as well as the lipophilic alkamides are released from the samples, followed by the analytical HPLC procedure for quantitative determination of these compounds. The method is the first one validated for the determination of these two groups of compounds in the same procedure. Naringenin has been used as an internal standard, as no other flavanones are present in the extract and it does not interfere with any of the compounds under investigation. Analysis of Danish-grown plant material shows that it is possible to raise plants of a very high chemical quality in Denmark. A selection of international herbal products available on the Danish market show surprisingly variable quality, not necessarily reflecting the product information given on the labels. 相似文献