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1.
沼气是中国可再生能源建设的重点项目,可提供清洁能源替代化石燃料燃烧,减少温室气体排放,对缓解全球变暖趋势具有重要意义。该文利用复合回归模型对中国沼气行业的CO2减排量(CO2ER)与生物质资源、农村用能结构以及沼气利用现状等指标之间的数值关系进行模拟分析,结果表明:中国户用沼气行业的CO2减排量与沼气池使用量存在显著的线性关系(R2=0.992),与户均产气量存在明显的S函数关系(R2=0.677),大中型沼气工程行业的CO2减排量与池容之间存在显著的线性关系(R2=0.977);经多元线性回归和曲线拟合所得到的复合回归模型对户用沼气行业CO2减排量的拟合较好,各种替代情景下误差率均在5%以内;对大中型沼气工程行业CO2减排量的模拟在2006年后呈现较好的拟合效果,各种替代情景下误差率均在2%以内。依据《可再生能源发展‘十二五’规划》进行预测,2015年中国沼气行业可减少CO2排放6.18×107～1.38×108t。加强沼气科技研发,促使沼气工业化、规模化发展以及提升沼气利用品味,是保持沼气利用CO2减排重要地位的有效途径。 相似文献
2.
大型秸秆沼气集中供气工程温室气体减排估算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
发展秸秆沼气工程可有效地减少农业温室气体排放,科学核算温室气体减排量为管理和监督温室气体排放状况提供数据支撑。该文以河北省沧州市耿官屯大型秸秆沼气集中供气工程为研究对象,参考和借鉴了自愿减排项目方法学、CDM方法学,构建了大型秸秆沼气集中供气工程温室气体减排计量方法,包括项目边界、基准线排放量、项目排放量、泄漏量、减排量5个方面,计算了2014年耿官屯大型秸秆沼气集中供气工程温室气体减排量。研究结果表明:项目基准排放量包括秸秆处理产生的温室气体排放、未建秸秆沼气工程情况下农村居民生活用能及农田施用化肥生产耗能产生的温室气体排放。项目排放量包括秸秆与沼肥运输过程耗能排放、工程运行过程耗能排放及沼气处理温室气体排放,项目泄漏量即沼气生产、储存、管网供气和利用过程中产生的因物理泄漏所造成的排放。2014年耿官屯大型秸秆沼气集中供气工程基准线CO2排放量为5 776.15 t,项目排放量为57.53 t,泄漏量为136.59 t,减排量为5 582.03 t,约相当于2 100 t标准煤CO2排放量,每消耗1 t(干质量)秸秆可净减排3.56 t,每利用1 m3沼气可净减排11.50 kg。同时,在工程设计、管道设计、工程管理、工艺技术改良升级等方面提出了提升大型秸秆沼气工程温室气体减排能力的策略。 相似文献
3.
中国农村户用沼气工程建设对减排CO2、SO2的贡献--分析与预测 总被引：18，自引：3，他引：15
农村户用沼气工程是中国可再生能源建设的重点项目,可为农村居民生活提供清洁的可再生能源,该工程的建设能减轻农村环境污染,有助于部分缓解全球气候变暖的趋势.该文根据国际通用的减排量计算方法,对中国农村户用沼气替代传统生物质能和煤炭所产生的CO2和SO2的减排量进行了计算分析,为制定农村能源发展战略和农村环境发展规划提供参考.研究结果表明,在1996～2003年间,每年可减少CO2排放39.76～419.39万t,减少SO2排放2.13～6.20万t.通过对2010、2020和2050年沼气替代农村传统能源减排CO2和SO2量的预测,证明农村户用沼气工程的建设可以有效减少CO2和SO2的排放. 相似文献
4.
退耕区户用沼气的生态环境效益评价 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了评价退耕区户用沼气的生态环境效益,该研究依托陕西省退耕区户用沼气减排项目,根据森林生态服务功能评估规范提供的固碳释氧量计算方法、清洁发展机制(CDM,clean develop mechanism)执行理事会公布的方法AMS-III.R和国际通用的减排量计算方法,采用保护林地面积、温室气体减排量和二氧化硫减排量3个指标对退耕区6个乡镇2543户农村沼气工程生态环境效益进行了评价。结果表明:退耕区农村户用沼气池的建设不仅保护了林地,增加了森林的覆盖面积,而且减少了温室气体和空气污染物SO2的排放。项目实施后,年保护林地507.77hm2、减排温室气体7428.40t(以二氧化碳计)、减排SO21594.57kg。该研究可为农村可再生能源的发展及生态环境的评估提供参考。 相似文献
5.
中国农村户用沼气工程建设对减排CO2、SO2的贡献——分析与预测 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
农村户用沼气工程是中国可再生能源建设的重点项目，可为农村居民生活提供清洁的可再生能源，该工程的建设能减轻农村环境污染，有助于部分缓解全球气候变暖的趋势。该文根据国际通用的减排量计算方法，对中国农村户用沼气替代传统生物质能和煤炭所产生的CO2和SO2的减排量进行了计算分析，为制定农村能源发展战略和农村环境发展规划提供参考。研究结果表明，在1996～2003年间，每年可减少CO2排放39.76～419.39万t，减少SO2排放2.13～6.20万t。通过对2010、2020和2050年沼气替代农村传统能源减排CO2和SO2量的预测，证明农村户用沼气工程的建设可以有效减少CO2和SO2的排放。 相似文献
6.
农村户用沼气CDM项目温室气体减排潜力 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
该文以湖北恩施州农村户用沼气池项目为例,利用《联合国气候变化框架公约》清洁发展机制理事会批准的方法学AMS-III. R 和AMS-I.C,分析了农村户用沼气池建设减少温室气体排放的潜力。项目位于湖北省西南部的贫困地区,涉及8个县市的33 000个农户。研究表明：户用沼气池的建设既能减少目前粪便管理方式造成的CH4排放,又能充分利用可再生能源, 减少化石燃料的使用和减少CO2温室气体排放, 预计每个农户可实现温室气体减排 1.43～2.0 t二氧化碳当量,整个项目实现年减排温室气体 58 444 t二氧化碳当量。 相似文献
7.
以新疆阿克苏某养猪场为案例,利用《气候变化框架公约》清洁发展机制执行理事会批准的方法（ASM III．D）,国家发改委提供的计算消耗电能的CO2排放因子参数,分析了利用沼气工程处理猪场粪便及污水和沼气发电替代化石燃料的温室气体减排潜力。结果表明,项目每年可减排温室气体49193t CO2当量,其中改变粪便管理方式减少甲烷排量占项目活动减排总量的89％,沼气发电能源替代避免的CO2排放量占减排总量的11％。项目的实施可使养殖企业每年从减排温室气体中获益502万元,使项目的投资收回年限由原来的11．5a缩短为5a。因此,如果将此类型项目开发为CDM项目,在很大程度上可提高规模化养殖企业建设沼气工程的积极性,并改善养殖企业的周边环境。 相似文献
8.
生物质燃烧对全球大气环境和气候系统会产生重要的影响,根据1999—2008年中国的粮食产量、谷草比,估算了主要粮食作物的秸秆产量,结合秸秆露天焚烧比例计算了中国1999—2008年主要粮食作物秸秆露天焚烧量,进一步依据相关排放因子得出CO和CO2的排放量及碳排放总量。结果发现,中国主要粮食作物年平均秸秆产量达到4.9×108t,粮食秸秆露天焚烧量平均为0.94×108t,约占粮食作物秸秆总量的19,其中稻谷秸秆露天焚烧量占到粮食秸秆露天焚烧量的43.1;粮食作物秸秆露天焚烧排放的CO和CO2总量平均每年分别为9.19×106t和1.07×108t;排放的总碳量平均每年为3.32×107t,其中稻谷、小麦、玉米、豆类秸秆露天焚烧释放的总碳量分别为9.88×106、9.93×106、11.14×106、2.22×106t。 相似文献
9.
中国农业温室气体排放量测算及影响因素研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
农业生产过程所产生的温室气体在全球生产活动温室气体排放总量中占有很大比例,因此对农业温室气体的排放量进行测算并分析其影响因素,对实现农业节能减排有重要意义。本文基于1993―2011年中国农业生产的相关统计数据,借鉴前人关于农业生产中各种温室气体排放源排放系数的研究成果,测算了中国农业生产过程中的CH4、N2O和CO2排放量,并分析了影响因素。结果表明,CH4排放量基本平稳波动不大,N2O排放量从1993年的93.21万t波动增加到2011年的120.51万t,农业生产资料CO2排放量由15 626.98万t增加到31 258.10万t。种植业CO2排放主要分为土壤排放和生产资料排放,土壤CO2排放与大气温度、土壤温度、地表温度和土壤水分有关,生产资料CO2排放主要是由化肥和农药造成的;种植业CH4、N2O排放原因较为复杂,还有待进一步研究;动物肠道发酵CH4、N2O排放的影响因素主要取决于动物种类、饲料特性、饲养方式和粪便管理方式等。 相似文献
10.
规模化养鸡场CDM项目减排及经济效益估算 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5
该文以山东民和集约化养鸡场为案例,利用《气候变化框架公约》清洁发展机制理事会批准的方法（ACM0010）,分析了沼气池处理鸡场粪便及污水、利用沼气发电替代以燃煤为主的电网电能和减少温室气体排放的潜力。项目每年可减排温室气体为84666 t CO2-e。公司每年售电获利767万元,减排获益593万元。由于有CDM项目的额外收入,使项目的投资年限由原来的19.7 a缩短为6.0 a。因此,在规模化养殖场建设沼气池并利用沼气发电,不仅减少粪便对周边环境的污染、充分利用可再生能源和减少化石燃料的使用,还能减少温室气体的排放,获得额外的减排收益,在很大程度上提高了企业建设大型沼气工程的积极性。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献