共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 562 毫秒
1.
节水灌溉控制排水条件下稻田水氮平衡试验与模拟 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为了揭示我国南方灌区节水灌溉控制排水条件下稻田水平衡机制及其氮素迁移转化规律,以指导稻田水肥管理,该文以2007－2008年试验区域水稻生长期田间水氮监测数据为依据,基于一阶氮素动力反应方程,耦合田间水平衡及氮素渗漏和作物吸收过程,构建了田间水氮平衡模型,模拟计算了试验区稻田日渗漏水量与各氮素迁移转化过程中的日铵态氮和硝态氮量。结果表明,试验区田间水经渗漏和排水流失占降水和灌溉水总和的54.7%,气态氮素损失（挥发和反硝化）和渗漏是稻田氮素损失的主要途径,挥发和硝化损失量分别占铵态氮和硝态氮的30.6%和36.1%。渗漏流失中硝态氮明显高于铵态氮,排水中铵态氮高于硝态氮。通过渗漏流失的总氮素量亦较大,渗漏硝态氮和铵态氮分别占其相应氮素形态的9.8%和29.5%。因此,减少氮素气态损失有利于提高节水灌溉控制排水稻田氮肥利用率 相似文献
2.
不同水氮管理下稻田氨挥发损失特征及模拟 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：8
为了探讨减少稻田氨挥发的合理水氮管理措施,基于田间试验资料,分析了不同水氮管理稻田氨挥发损失规律及其交互影响,并用DNDC(土壤碳氮循环模型)模型模拟了节水灌溉条件下不同氮肥管理稻田氨挥发损失动态特征。结果表明,控制灌溉和实地氮肥管理的联合应用既大幅降低了稻田氨挥发峰值,又降低了稻田大部分无施肥时段的氨挥发损失,稻田氨挥发损失量为39.63kg/hm2,较常规水肥管理稻田降低44.69%。采用DNDC模型模拟节水灌溉条件下不同氮肥管理稻田氨挥发损失量是可行的,稻季氨挥发总量模拟值与实测值相对误差均在±10%以内。节水灌溉和实地氮肥管理的水氮联合调控显著降低了稻田氨挥发损失量,且实地氮肥管理对氨挥发损失降低的贡献率要大于节水灌溉。该文研究结果可为稻田的水肥科学管理,减少稻田氨挥发损失提供依据。 相似文献
3.
水稻控制灌排模式的节水高产减排控污效果 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
为合理地集成控制灌溉和控制排水技术,实现节水、高产、减污目标的统一,该文应用控制灌排技术于2015-2016年在涟水县水利试验站开展大田小区试验,对稻田灌溉用水量、产量及氮磷流失情况进行监测和分析。2 a研究结果表明:与对照处理(控制灌溉)相比,采用轻旱控制灌排技术并不导致水稻减产,且稻田灌溉定额能够降低11.89%(P0.05),同时由于排水峰值和排水次数明显减少,总磷、铵态氮、硝态氮稻田表面径流流失负荷分别降低54.58%、36.29%和60.10%(P0.05),但在雨量较多的年份会增加渗漏量,从而造成总磷、铵态氮淋失负荷升高;采用重旱控制灌排技术时,水稻减产不显著,稻田灌溉定额减少29.88%,排水定额减少58.95%,总磷、氨态氮、硝态氮地表径流流失负荷分别降低59.23%、38.88%和62.97%,但淋失负荷分别增加了24.57%、30.17%和15.88%,可能造成地下水污染。应用基于序关系分析法和熵值法组合权重的TOPSIS理想解法对水稻灌排方案进行优选决策,结果表明轻旱控制灌排在保证粮食生产量的前提下具有良好的节水减排控污效果。 相似文献
4.
节水灌溉稻田氨挥发损失及影响因素 总被引：17，自引：4，他引：13
为了揭示节水灌溉稻田氨挥发特征,开展了不同灌溉模式稻田氨挥发损失的田间试验,分析了节水灌溉稻田氨挥发速率季节变化规律与稻季氨挥发损失量,以及稻田氨挥发速率与影响因素之间的相互关系。结果表明,控制灌溉稻田氨挥发速率与淹水灌溉稻田变化规律基本一致,且在分蘖肥引起氨挥发出现峰值后的大部分时间里都要低于淹水灌溉;控制灌溉与淹水灌溉稻田稻季氨挥发损失总量（以纯氮计）分别为125.27 kg/hm2和145.64 kg/hm2,分别占稻季施氮量的31.06%和36.11%。除了受施肥影响外,稻田氨挥发还与田面水（表层土壤水）铵态氮浓度、空气温度、风速、日照时数及空气湿度等有密切关系。与淹水灌溉相比,控制灌溉减少了稻田氨挥发损失。 相似文献
5.
6.
为了实现减少氨挥发带来的环境负效应和增加作物产量的目的,在典型的江汉平原稻作区,设计4种不同的水氮管理模式:1)U+CI(普通尿素+常规灌溉),对照(CK);2)US+SWD(普通尿素减氮20%+薄浅湿晒节水灌溉);3)CRU+CI(树脂包膜控释尿素+常规灌溉);4)CRUS+SWD(树脂包膜控释尿素减氮20%+薄浅湿晒节水灌溉),探究了减氮与节水灌溉搭配的条件下,控释尿素对稻田氨挥发损失和水稻产量的影响。结果表明:不同水氮处理间稻田土壤铵态氮浓度无显著差异,但在水稻不同生育期间差异显著,表现为返青期分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期成熟期;各水氮处理氨挥发最高峰出现在施肥后的1～3 d,其中CRU+CI的氨挥发速率最快,为N 1.46 kg·hm~(-2)·d~(-1)。在整个晚稻生长季,基肥期和分蘖期是氨挥发的主要时期;节水减氮搭配下,常规施肥稻田的氨挥发总量显著小于控释肥处理稻田的氨挥发总量。其中US+SWD分别比CRU+CI和CRUS+SWD氨挥发总量降低了21.3%和15.3%,损失率分别降低了0.9%和14.8%;其中U+CI的氨挥发总量分别比CRU+CI和CRUS+SWD的氨挥发总量降低了15.7%和9.4%,损失率分别降低了15.5%和27.3%。稻田氨挥发损失量与土壤铵态氮浓度显著正相关。相比U+CI(CK),CRU+CI的水稻产量和CRUS+SWD的水稻产量均显著增加,其中CRU+CI增加了17.4%,CRUS+SWD增加了11.0%,而两个处理之间的水稻产量没有显著差异。因此,综合增产效应和节能减排效应,CRUS+SWD是该区域目前最佳的水肥管理方式。 相似文献
7.
旱涝交替下控制灌溉对稻田节水及氮磷减排的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
该文研究控制灌排技术对稻田水氮磷动态变化及节水减排效应的影响。于2015年5—10月在河海大学江宁校区节水园,在有底侧坑内进行水稻栽培试验,于水稻分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、抽穗开花期和乳熟期4个生育阶段进行控水试验,以常规控制灌溉为对照,测定稻田淹排水铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和总磷浓度变化。结果表明:旱转涝处理淹水初期稻田水中铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和总磷浓度显著高于涝转旱处理,这个时期地表和地下排水应该引起注意。控制灌排条件下灌水量减少7.4%~18.5%,排水量减少23.0%~43.5%,NH_4~+-N负荷减少18.5%~54.5%,NO_3~--N负荷减少16.8%~57.7%,总磷负荷减少34.2%~58.3%;其中拔节孕穗期和抽穗开花期在保证节水减排的同时,也能实现较高的产量;因此,控制灌排技术具有较好的节水减排效果,对南方稻作区灌排实践具有指导意义。 相似文献
8.
灌溉排水耦合调控稻田水分转化关系 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
该文利用装配有地下水位自动控制系统的蒸渗仪,分析节水灌溉与旱地控制排水技术耦合调控对于稻田水分转化关系的影响。结果表明,灌排耦合调控在小幅减少水稻产量的同时,显著减少了稻田灌溉水量、地下排水量及水稻蒸发蒸腾量,最终显著增加了水稻水分生产效率。与常规灌排稻田相比,灌排耦合调控稻田水稻产量减少1.9%,灌溉水量、地下排水量及水稻蒸发蒸腾量分别显著减少41.7%、49.9%及24.9%,水分生产效率增加30.5%。随着控灌稻田排水控制限的提高,稻田灌溉水量、地下排水量及水稻蒸发蒸腾量减少,水稻产量保持稳定,使得水稻水分生产效率进一步增加。提高控灌稻田的排水控制限,减缓了稻田土壤水分的衰退速度,并增加稻田地下水位低于排水控制限的比例,稻田灌溉次数与发生地下排水的时段均减少,使得控灌稻田灌溉水量与地下排水量下降,两者综合作用下控灌稻田水稻蒸发蒸腾量减少。在采用控制灌溉模式的基础上,适当提高稻田排水控制限,可以较好地实现水稻生产中水分的高效利用,研究结果可为优化稻田水管理模式提供依据。 相似文献
9.
明沟-暗管组合控排下稻田水氮流失特征 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
准确认识稻田灌溉或降雨引起的排水发生规律及面源污染物排放特征,有助于优化控制灌排措施,实现稻田高效控污减排。该研究通过在稻田暗管和明沟排水出口处设置水位控制装置,组成了稻田明沟-暗管组合控排系统,针对6次典型灌溉引起的排水事件,监测了暗管出口和明沟出口处的排水强度和氮素浓度,开展了水氮流失规律研究。结果表明,在仅明沟控制排水（OD）下,灌溉引起的明沟排水量占总灌水量的44.0 %,灌溉导致的排水占比较大,应引起重视;对于明沟-暗管组合控制排水（CD）,暗管和明沟控排的两级衔接改变了稻田和明沟的排水过程,使CD明沟出口排水峰值、强度及排水持续时间均低于OD,排水量降低了51.6%,CD明沟排水量占灌水量的比例降至24.4%;灌溉伴随施肥的排水事件（F1、F2和F3）中铵氮（NH4+）、硝氮（NO3-）和全氮（TN）的浓度远高于单纯灌溉的排水事件（D1、D2和D3）,应注意施肥关键期的排水管理以减少氮素流失;CD明沟控排对暗管排水中的NH4+、NO3-和TN的消减比例分别为52.2%、54.2%和54.9%,同时CD明沟排水NH4+、NO3-和TN负荷相比OD明沟排水降低了42.6%、70.7%和39.3%,明暗组合控排系统的控污减排效果明显。因此,明暗组合控排措施具有较好的减排控污效果,对提高南方稻作区农田水氮利用效率和减轻面源污染具有一定借鉴意义。 相似文献
10.
膜下滴灌旱作水稻水肥耦合模型及组合方案优化 总被引：3，自引：4，他引：3
为了研究膜下滴灌旱作水稻灌溉定额和施肥量对产量的影响。采用通用旋转组合设计试验方法,建立膜下滴灌旱作水稻水肥耦合模型。结果表明,在供试土壤膜下滴灌条件下,灌溉定额、氮、磷与水稻产量之间符合三元二次回归模型,其一次项、二次项及水氮交互项回归系数均达极显著水平,三因素的增产作用大小依次为:灌溉定额施氮量施磷量。采用此模型计算的预测产量与实际产量之间呈高度正相关(R2=0.981),并可由此计算得出目标产量灌溉定额及其施肥量。经模型寻优,得出不同目标产量下的水、氮、磷最佳组合方案,通过2 a验证试验,验证产量与水分生产效率与模型优化组合目标产量和水分生产效率相吻合,此最优组合方案可以为膜下滴灌旱作水稻节水节肥、水肥一体化技术和高效栽培技术提供科学依据和理论支持。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
15.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
16.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
19.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
20.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献