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1.
Hidetoshi ISHIBASHI 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2016,78(2):317-319
The common marmoset has been increasingly used for research in the biomedical field; however, there is little
information available regarding effective methods of anesthesia in this species. This study retrospectively
analyzed 2 regimens of anesthesia induction: intramuscular injection of ketamine followed by inhalation of 5%
sevoflurane, and intramuscular injection of midazolam, butorphanol and ketamine followed by inhalation of 5%
sevoflurane. Anesthetic depth did not reach the surgical anesthesia stage in 7 out of 99 animals receiving the
former regimen, whereas there were only 2 such animals out of 273 receiving the latter regimen. The latter
regimen, when followed by maintenance anesthesia with 3% sevoflurane inhalation, was successfully used in
various nociceptive procedures. These results indicate that the injection of a combination of midazolam,
butorphanol and ketamine followed by inhalation of a high concentration of sevoflurane is effective for
anesthesia induction in marmosets. 相似文献
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3.
The trauma patient is commonly encountered in veterinary practice. Traumatic myocarditis has often been overlooked due to its delayed onset and preoccupation with other traumatic problems. The traumatic heart is very sensitive and in itself can cause death. Often a trauma patient requires surgery and a proper anesthetic protocol must be used which does not increase the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias. A review of anesthetic management including preanesthetic medications, induction drugs and techniques and maintenance with inhalation anesthesia reveals the need for careful selection of medications. Isoflurane was shown to be beneficial in reducing the incidence of undesirable responses of these patients. 相似文献
4.
Misty A Edmondson 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2008,24(2):211-26, v
Although general anesthesia commonly is used in cattle, there are some risks with its use. Local or regional anesthesia is safe and effective and is still the most desirable procedure in many situations. Many surgical procedures can be performed safely and humanely in cattle by using a combination of physical restraint, mild sedation, and local or regional anesthesia. Local anesthetic techniques are usually simple, inexpensive, and provide a reversible loss of sensation to a relatively well-defined area of the body. 相似文献
5.
Yamashita K Muir WW Tsubakishita S Abrahamsen E Lerch P Izumisawa Y Kotani T 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,221(8):1150-1155
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of infusion of guaifenesin, ketamine, and medetomidine in combination with inhalation of sevoflurane versus inhalation of sevoflurane alone for anesthesia of horses. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS: 40 horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were premedicated with xylazine and anesthetized with diazepam and ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained by infusion of guaifenesin, ketamine, and medetomidine and inhalation of sevoflurane (20 horses) or by inhalation of sevoflurane (20 horses). A surgical plane of anesthesia was maintained by controlling the inhaled concentration of sevoflurane. Sodium pentothal was administered as necessary to prevent movement in response to surgical stimulation. Hypotension was treated with dobutamine; hypoxemia and hypercarbia were treated with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. The quality of anesthetic induction, maintenance, and recovery and the quality of the transition to inhalation anesthesia were scored. RESULTS: The delivered concentration of sevoflurane (ie, the vaporizer dial setting) was significantly lower and the quality of transition to inhalation anesthesia and of anesthetic maintenance were significantly better in horses that received the guaifenesin-ketamine-medetomidine infusion than in horses that did not. Five horses, all of which received sevoflurane alone, required administration of pentothal. Recovery time and quality of recovery were not significantly different between groups, but horses that received the guaifenesin-ketamine-medetomidine infusion required fewer attempts to stand. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that in horses, the combination of a guaifenesin-ketamine-medetomidine infusion and inhalation of sevoflurane resulted in better transition and maintenance phases while improving cardiovascular function and reducing the number of attempts needed to stand after the completion of anesthesia, compared with inhalation of sevoflurane. 相似文献
6.
Propofol anesthesia. 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Although questions may still remain regarding the use of this unique sedative-hypnotic drug with anesthetic properties in high-risk patients, our studies have provided cardiopulmonary and neurological evidence of the efficacy and safety of propofol when used as an anesthetic under normal and selected impaired conditions in the dog. 1. Propofol can be safely and effectively used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia in normal healthy dogs. Propofol is also a reliable and safe anesthetic agent when used during induced cardiovascular and pulmonary-impaired conditions without surgery. The propofol requirements to induce the safe and prompt induction of anesthesia prior to inhalant anesthesia with and without surgery have been determined. 2. The favorable recovery profile associated with propofol offers advantages over traditional anesthetics in clinical situations in which rapid recovery is important. Also, propofol compatibility with a large variety of preanesthetics may increase its use as a safe and reliable i.v. anesthetic for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia and sedation in small animal veterinary practice. Although propofol has proven to be a valuable adjuvant during short ambulatory procedures, its use for the maintenance of general anesthesia has been questioned for surgery lasting more than 1 hour because of increased cost and marginal differences in recovery times compared with those of standard inhalant or balanced anesthetic techniques. When propofol is used for the maintenance of anesthesia in combination with a sedative/analgesic, the quality of anesthesia is improved as well as the ease with which the practitioner can titrate propofol; therefore, practitioners are able to use i.v. anesthetic techniques more effectively in their clinical practices. 3. Propofol can induce significant depression of respiratory function, characterized by a reduction in the rate of respiration. Potent alpha 2 sedative/analgesics (e.g., xylazine, medetomidine) or opioids (e.g., oxymorphone, butorphanol) increase the probability of respiratory depression during anesthesia. Appropriate consideration of dose reduction and speed of administration of propofol reduces the degree of depression. Cardiovascular changes induced by propofol administration consist of a slight decrease in arterial blood pressures (systolic, mean, diastolic) without a compensatory increase in heart rate. Selective premedicants markedly modify this characteristic response. 4. When coupled with subjective responses to painful stimuli, EEG responses during propofol anesthesia provide clear evidence that satisfactory anesthesia has been achieved in experimental dogs. When propofol is used as the only anesthetic agent, a higher dose is required to induce an equipotent level of CNS depression compared with the situation when dogs are premedicated. 5. The propofol induction dose requirement should be appropriately decreased by 20% to 80% when propofol is administered in combination with sedative or analgesic agents as part of a balanced technique as well as in elderly and debilitated patients. As a general recommendation, the dose of propofol should always be carefully titrated against the needs and responses of the individual patient, as there is considerable variability in anesthetic requirements among patients. Because propofol does not have marked analgesic effects and its metabolism is rapid, the use of local anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and opioids to provide postoperative analgesia improves the quality of recovery after propofol anesthesia. 6. The cardiovascular depressant effects of propofol are well tolerated in healthy animals, but these effects may be more problematic in high-risk patients with intrinsic cardiac disease as well as in those with systemic disease. In hypovolemic patients and those with limited cardiac reserve, even small induction doses of propofol (0.75-1.5 mg/kg i.v.) can produce profound hypotens 相似文献
7.
J C Thurmon 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice》1990,6(3):485-494
The peculiarities of the equine species present a number of unique situations that must be addressed when horses are anesthetized. Perhaps the most troublesome situation is related to the horse's size. Though the horse's large lungs are responsible in part for its sustainable athletic ability, they are detrimental to effective ventilation when the horse is anesthetized and placed in a recumbent position. Of major concern is depression of ventilation and cardiovascular function. Hypercapnia and hypoxemia usually result from hypoventilation, and with time all anesthetized horses suffer from some degree of cardiovascular depression. Decreased blood flow coupled with the horse's weight pressing downward on the undermost tissues frequently disturbs microcirculation and causes injury to muscle tissue. Of major importance is the product of anesthetic depth and anesthetic time. Only through careful observation and initiation of supportive measures can injuries related to anesthesia or surgery be kept to a minimum. Because of the horse's nature, safe anesthesia cannot always be assured, even when state-of-the-art anesthetic techniques are practiced. 相似文献
8.
T. W. RIEBOLD DVM DipiomateACVA A. J. KANEPS DVM MS W. B. SCHMOTZER DVM 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1989,18(5):400-404
Anesthesia for llamas is similar to other domestic species, although adjustments in technique are required to allow for species variations. Xylazine (0.4-0.6 mg/kg) is well tolerated for sedation. The thiobarbiturates (8-10 mg/kg), ketamine (2.5-5.0 mg/kg), or combinations of guaifenesin and thiobarbiturates or guaifenesin and ketamine (to effect) can be used for induction of anesthesia. In juvenile or debilitated animals, anesthesia can be induced with halothane or isoflurane administered by mask. After tracheal intubation, anesthesia can be maintained with the inhalation agents, usually halothane or isoflurane. Supportive therapy and many anesthetic monitoring techniques used in domestic animals can be used in llamas. While under marginal planes of anesthesia, llamas can have more active physiologic responses to pain, including bradycardia and vasoconstriction, than domestic animals. Llamas are more prone to airway obstruction after tracheal extubation than domestic ruminants but otherwise recover as well from general anesthesia as domestic ruminants. 相似文献
9.
E P Steffey 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》1986,2(3):507-516
Successful anesthetic management of food animals depends on knowledge of basic principles and techniques of anesthesia common to most species. When specifically considering food animals, additional emphasis is directed toward animal size, temperament, and anatomy. Respiratory failure induced by a variety of mechanisms is a major complication of special importance in ruminants. Problems relate especially to difficulty of endotracheal intubation, inhalation of saliva and rumen contents, and reduced lung gas volume caused by abdominal organ (especially rumen)-induced cranial diaphragmatic displacement. When evaluating swine for anesthesia, specific additional management considerations include accessibility of peripheral blood vessels, ease of endotracheal intubation, and porcine malignant hyperthermia. 相似文献
10.
Yamashita K Muir WW Tsubakishita S Abrahamsen E Lerch P Hubbell JA Bednarski RM Skarda RT Izumisawa Y Kotani T 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,220(8):1144-1149
OBJECTIVE: To compare the analgesic and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine and xylazine when used for premedication of horses undergoing general anesthesia. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS: 40 horses. PROCEDURE: Twenty horses were premedicated with medetomidine (10 microg/kg [4.5 microg/lb], i.m.) and the other 20 were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg/kg [0.9 mg/kg], i.m.). Horses were then anesthetized with a combination of guaifenesin and ketamine; anesthesia was maintained with halothane. Additional doses of medetomidine or xylazine were given if horses were not sufficiently sedated at the time of anesthetic induction. After induction of anesthesia, sodium pentothal was administered as necessary to prevent limb movements. Hypotension was treated with dobutamine; hypoventilation and hypoxemia were treated with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. The quality of anesthetic induction, maintenance, and recovery and the quality of the transition to inhalation anesthesia were scored. RESULTS: Scores for the quality of the transition to inhalation anesthesia were significantly higher for horses premedicated with medetomidine than for horses premedicated with xylazine. However, other scores, recovery times, and numbers of attempts needed to achieve sternal recumbency and to stand were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that medetomidine is suitable for premedication of horses undergoing general anesthesia. Analgesic and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine were similar to those of xylazine, except that the transition to inhalation anesthesia was smoother when horses were premedicated with medetomidine, rather than xylazine. 相似文献
11.
Sandra Wenger 《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2012,21(1):7-16
Rabbits and rodents are popular pets and are often presented to veterinarians for evaluation and medical treatment. Anesthesia in exotic pets is required for many diagnostic and surgical procedures and is associated with a higher perioperative risk in rabbits and rodents when compared with dogs and cats. Inhalation anesthetic agents are commonly used as the sole source of anesthesia in small rodents, whereas injectable agents in combination with inhalation anesthesia are often used for rabbits and larger rodents. Analgesia is an important component of exotic pet medicine. Although it may be difficult to recognize signs of pain in companion exotic mammals, adequate pain management should always be provided. Opioid and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are the analgesic medications of choice, but others should be considered (e.g., local anesthetic agents). This article provides an update of the current literature regarding anesthesia and analgesia in rabbits and rodents. 相似文献
12.
This article reviews the implementation of inhalation anesthesia in large and small ruminants and swine. A brief discussion of the general considerations for inhalation anesthesia of large animals is followed by a review of the pharmacology of inhalation agents, induction procedures commonly used when anesthetizing ruminants and swine, methods of assessing depth of anesthesia and maintenance of anesthesia, and anesthetic machines and delivery systems appropriate for use in large and small ruminants and swine. 相似文献
13.
With the advent of new inhalant anesthetic agents and specialized equipment for their administration, inhalation anesthesia has become the method of choice of many small and large animal practitioners. 相似文献
14.
S M Hartsfield C J McGrath 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》1986,2(3):711-730
Anesthesia may be required in various species of poultry to facilitate surgery, diagnostics, and research. Preanesthetic evaluation, careful anesthetic management, and proper supportive methods should be employed. Injectable regimens may be useful for some procedures, but inhalation methods are more appropriate for long periods of anesthesia. Intubation of the trachea and maintenance of ventilation are of particular importance in avian species. Monitoring and support should continue until recovery is complete. 相似文献
15.
本试验通过使用速眠新和异氟烷两种常用全身麻醉剂对缅甸蟒的麻醉效果进行了研究。对15条蟒蛇肌肉注射和腹腔注射(0.1、0.2、0.4 mL/kg)速眠新麻醉剂和对6条蟒蛇使用异氟烷吸入性麻醉后,进行麻醉效果的评估。试验结果表明,常规动物2~4倍的速眠新Ⅱ注射剂对蟒蛇的麻醉效果不明显;4%的异氟烷吸入性麻醉剂可用于蟒蛇的诱导麻醉,2.5%的异氟烷可用于蟒蛇的维持麻醉,其麻醉效果显著,具有诱导麻醉迅速、维持麻醉稳定、肌松作用好、安全性高、可控性强、苏醒快、副作用小等优点。结果显示,异氟烷吸入性麻醉剂可运用于蟒蛇的临床麻醉保定中。 相似文献
16.
Successful anesthetic management of dogs with reduced intracranial compliance requires a knowledge of the effects of various anesthetic agents on cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure. The major physiologic factors that influence cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure (ICP) include the cerebrovascular autoregulatory mechanism, intracranial compliance, blood pressure, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Intravenous and inhalation anesthetic agents alter cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure in the dog. These alterations can have profound effects in dogs with reduced intracranial compliance, necessitating proper anesthetic management. Suggested guidelines for neuroleptanesthetic and inhalation anesthesia regimens in dogs with reduced intracranial compliance include thorough presurgical evaluation, minimal patient stress during induction, use of an anesthetic protocol that minimizes ICP effects, and hyperventilation to maintain a Pco2 within a range of 25 to 35 mm Hg. 相似文献
17.
Tsai YC Wang LY Yeh LS 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2007,69(11):1179-1182
The characteristics of recovery from total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane was clinically compared in 149 client-owned dogs that anesthetized for surgical or diagnostic procedures. In all dogs, anesthesia was induced with an intravenous injection of propofol following premedication with acepromazine or diazepam. As a result, 58 dogs anesthetized with propofol-TIVA showed slower but smoother recovery than 91 dogs anesthetized with isoflurane anesthesia. The dogs stood at 34.5 +/- 19.3 and 27.7 +/- 17.2 min after propofol-TIVA and isoflurane anesthesia, respectively. Adverse effects, including hypersalivation, neurologic excitement (paddling, muscle tremor/twitching, opisthotonos) and vomiting/retching, were observed in similar infrequent incidences during the recovery from both anesthetic protocols. Propofol-TIVA is suggested to be an alternative anesthetic protocol for canine practice. 相似文献
18.
Aida H Steffey EP Pascoe JR Yarbrough TB Takahashi T Hiraga A Hobo S Smith BL Steffey MA Jones JH 《American journal of veterinary research》2000,61(11):1430-1437
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sevoflurane as an inhalation anesthetic for thoracotomy in horses. ANIMALS: 18 horses between 2 and 15 years old. PROCEDURE: 4 horses were used to develop surgical techniques and were euthanatized at the end of the procedure. The remaining 14 horses were selected, because they had an episode of bleeding from their lungs during strenuous exercise. General anesthesia was induced with xylazine (1.0 mg/kg of body weight, IV) followed by ketamine (2.0 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen delivered via a circle anesthetic breathing circuit. Ventilation was controlled to maintain PaCO2 at approximately 45 mm Hg. Neuromuscular blocking drugs (succinylcholine or atracurium) were administered to eliminate spontaneous breathing efforts and to facilitate surgery. Cardiovascular performance was monitored and supported as indicated. RESULTS: 2 of the 14 horses not euthanatized died as a result of ventricular fibrillation. Mean (+/- SD) duration of anesthesia was 304.9 +/- 64.1 minutes for horses that survived and 216.7 +/- 85.5 minutes for horses that were euthanatized or died. Our subjective opinion was that sevoflurane afforded good control of anesthetic depth during induction, maintenance, and recovery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of sevoflurane together with neuromuscular blocking drugs provides stable and easily controllable anesthetic management of horses for elective thoracotomy and cardiac manipulation. 相似文献
19.
OBJECTIVE: To characterize cardiorespiratory effects for a combination of medetomidine, butorphanol, and midazolam and to compare magnitude of cardiorespiratory depression with that induced by a commonly used inhalation anesthetic regimen (acepromazine-butorphanol-thiopental-halothane). ANIMALS: 10 clinically normal dogs (2 groups of 5). PROCEDURE: In treated dogs, medetomidine was administered (time, 0 minutes); midazolam and butorphanol were administered when effects of medetomidine were maximal (time, 20), and atipamezole was administered subsequently (time 60). In control dogs, drugs were administered after allowing effects of each agent to be achieved: acepromazine was given at time 0, butorphanol and thiopental were administered at time 35, and halothane was administered from time 45 until 110. Various cardiorespiratory and hematologic variables were measured or calculated. RESULTS: Respiratory rate, arterial and venous pH, venous oxygen content, oxygen consumption, and oxygen delivery decreased significantly below baseline values for treated dogs; end-tidal CO2, arterial and venous P(CO)2, and O2 extraction increased significantly above baseline values. Compared with data obtained after anesthesia, arterial HCO3- concentration, venous P(O2) and S(O2), cardiac output, oxygen extraction, and oxygen delivery appeared more modified in treated dogs. Oxygen consumption and physiologic shunt fraction were less modified in treated dogs than control dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Medetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam combination induced respiratory depression, comparable in magnitude to that induced by a widely used inhalation anesthetic regimen. Respiratory variables remained within acceptable limits during anesthesia; however, those associated with cardiovascular function were more severely affected. 相似文献
20.
旨在探讨使用不同剂量阿法沙龙和异氟烷静吸复合麻醉（IVIA）对犬麻醉效果的比较。对18只试验犬随机编号后分为L（1～6号）、M（7～12号）、H（13～18号）3组,分别使用阿法沙龙3、6、9 mg·（kg·h）-1静脉恒速滴注（CRI）配合0.5%异氟烷的维持麻醉方案,观察并记录诱导麻醉前1 h（T0）、维持麻醉期间（15、30、45、60 min）及停止给药后15 min（75 min）时,犬的生理指标、镇痛、镇静及肌松效果。45 d后,对该18只试验犬按原编号分组为CⅠ（1～6号）、CⅡ（7～12号）、CⅢ（13～18号）进行吸入性维持麻醉（2%异氟烷）,同样记录各指标。两轮试验均使用丙泊酚进行诱导麻醉。结果显示：L组与CⅠ组比较发现,在各时间点生理指标基本无统计学差异（P>0.05）,但L组存在轻度疼痛反应;与M组比较,CⅡ组体温、血氧均明显下降（P<0.05）,CⅡ组脉搏、心率、呼吸频率、舒张压显著下降,差异极显著（P<0.01）,麻醉中两组（M及CⅡ组）均无疼痛反应;与H组比较,CⅢ组脉搏、心率存在统计学差异（P<0.05）,麻醉中两组（H及CⅢ组）均无疼痛反应。IVIA和单纯吸入麻醉均可获得较好的麻醉效果,但阿法沙龙剂量为6 mg·（kg·h）-1的IVIA可提高试验犬的心率、脉搏,对心血管和体温影响较小,同时无疼痛反应、麻醉深度良好及苏醒迅速。相较于常规呼吸麻醉,该麻醉方案可提高犬的整体麻醉质量。 相似文献