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1.
陕西省丹汉江流域土地利用时空变化动态分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
基于中国西部环境与生态科学数据中心1985,1995和2000年3期土地利用图,利用地理信息系统空间分析和数据统计的方法,分析了丹汉江流域1985—2000年土地利用的数量变化、转移情况和变化速率。研究了该地区主要土地利用类型在不同坡度的分布面积和变化特征。结果表明,耕地、林地和草地3种主要土地利用类型占该研究区土地利用面积的99%以上,是该研究区主要的土地利用类型。1985—2000年,耕地、林地、建筑用地和水体均呈先减少后增加的趋势,但草地相反。15a间,耕地和建筑用地分别增加了105.08和14.85km2,林地和草地分别减少了41.02和77.63km2;在不同坡度上,土地利用变化主要发生在5°～35°,而且在15°～25°之间变化最大。 相似文献
2.
松嫩平原西部地区土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
利用1986年和2000年两期TM影像资料,在空间图形库系统支持下全面分析了松嫩平原西部地区土地利用/覆被数量变化和土地利用空间格局变化,揭示了近15年来研究区土地利用时空变化特征.表现为耕地、盐碱地从整体上呈现集中化,林地、草地不断破碎化.耕地与草地、草地与盐碱地空间相邻度增大,草地开垦和土地盐碱化日益严重.对不同经济类型区即农区、半农半牧区和牧区土地利用变化的社会经济因素的区域相似性和差异性分析表明,人口的压力、落后的畜牧业和经济利益驱动是近15年该区土地利用变化的主导因素. 相似文献
3.
内蒙古1990-2018年土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
利用内蒙古自治区1990年、1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年、2018年7期TM/ETM影像作为数据源，基于GIS方法提取内蒙古自治区各年的土地利用数据。采用中国陆地生态服务价值表的计算方法对内蒙古自治区的土地利用数据进行分析，计算内蒙古自治区的生态服务价值。结果表明：1990-2018年内蒙古自治区土地利用各地类整体在时空上呈变化趋势，具体变化为耕地、林地和未利用土地呈下降趋势，草地和城镇建设用地呈增长趋势，其中未利用土地减少面积最多，草地增幅最大；结合土地利用转移矩阵可知，减少的未利用土地、林地和耕地主要都转化为草地；近30年内蒙古的生态服务价值总体呈现增长趋势，其中草地生态服务价值最高，未利用土地的生态服务价值最低，与土地利用变化情况相同；生态服务价值的敏感性指数均<1，这说明近30年内蒙古地区的生态服务价值相对较稳定，结果可信。 相似文献
4.
[目的]分析1980—2020年汾河流域生态系统服务价值时空变化特征,为该流域生态环境的科学调控和管理提供理论参考。[方法]利用汾河流域1980—2020年5期Landsat-MSS/TM/ETM遥感影像解译数据研究了流域土地利用变化特征,并估算了生态系统服务价值。[结果] 1980—2020汾河流域土地利用中耕地、林地和草地一直处于主导地位,土地利用整体变化表现为耕地向建设用地转移;土地利用动态度表明2000—2020年土地变化明显高于1980—2000年。1980—2020年汾河流域土地利用总生态服务价值持续减少,空间分布整体上呈上游高,中下游低的趋势。从不同功能价值来看,调节和支持服务减少最多。不同土地利用程度与ESVI双变量LISA聚集图呈现出明显的空间负相关性,主要以汾河上游的低土地利用程度与高ESVI聚集分布为主。[结论] 1980—2020年汾河流域土地利用/覆被变化对生态服务价值有较大影响。可以通过提高土地集约利用水平,促进该区土地利用结构向高生态服务价值发展。 相似文献
5.
基于土地利用变化的河北省坝上地区景观生态风险评价 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
[目的]对河北省坝上地区近40 a来的土地利用动态变化和生态风险进行分析评价并对未来趋势作出预测,为该地区生态建设和治理、可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]基于坝上地区1980—2018年5期土地利用数据以及通过土地转移矩阵、空间相关性分析等方法揭示和预测该区1980—2026年的土地利用变化特征并评估该区生态风险水平。[结果](1)整个研究期间,坝上地区土地利用类型以耕地为主,所占比例近50%,其中,1980—2018年,耕地、林地扩张面积均超过300 km~2,草地减少近616.60 km~2,水域面积缩减36.04%,其中耕地、林地、草地之间的互相流转程度较为剧烈,空间变化上表现为各地类的重心在2000—2010年明显迁移。(2)1980—2026年,坝上地区6个时期内生态风险值全局空间自相关Moran’s I指数均在0.500左右,其空间分布表现出较高的趋同集聚性。(3)近40 a来,坝上生态风险水平升至为高风险级,其区域增加了123.22 km~2,较高风险区域分布在城镇地区,据CA-Markov模型预测,未来坝上地区中等及中等以上风险区域持续扩张,丰宁县和围场县将分别出现小规模高风险区和较高风险区。[结论](1)近40 a来坝上地区草地退化严重,水域面积显著减少,原因系安固里淖干涸所致。(2)该区生态风险水平与土地格局分布具有较强相关性,且在未来会继续升高。 相似文献
6.
江苏省沿海地区土地利用变化及其生态效应 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
[目的]分析江苏沿海地区的土地利用类型和空间变化,探讨江苏沿海地区土地利用变化产生的生态效应,为土地利用规划提供理论支持。[方法]以江苏沿海地区1990,2000和2010年3期土地利用类型数据为基础,借助GIS技术和Costanza等的生态服务价值计算模型,求取土地利用动态度、综合程度指数、质心变化和生态服务价值量等,并进行剖析。[结果]1990—2010年,研究区内耕地、林地和草地的面积减少,水域、城乡建设用地和未利用地的面积增加。城乡建设用地的扩张占用了耕地,对耕地的补充主要是草地,草地、未利用地和城乡建设用地在空间位置上变化较大。耕地、林地和草地面积的减少使得研究区生态服务价值降低,而水域的面积的增加带来的生态效益弥补了因上述用地类型面积减少造成的损失。[结论]1990—2010年研究区生态服务价值增加了24.34亿元,但从空间上来看,生态增值区分布范围小,主要集中在盐城的东部沿海,而生态减值区分布范围较广且有扩大的趋势,有待通过规划等措施强化土地利用变化的综合调控。 相似文献
7.
三峡库区土地利用变化特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土地利用是人类最基本的经济活动,在可持续发展的思想下对土地利用变化特征进行研究是我国近年来土地利用的重要发展趋势。以三峡库区2000年、2004年、2007年、2010年、2013年五期的TM影像数据为数据源,利用GIS技术,提取各期土地利用现状图,分析三峡库区各期土地利用类型的数量、空间分布及变化趋势,对土地利用动态度、土地利用程度的变化特征进行分析研究。分析表明:2010—2013年三峡库区总体上呈现耕地、草地、林地和未利用地面积减少,建设用地、水域面积增加的趋势;各土地利用动态度变化表现出差异性,建设用地和水域土地利用动态度较大,草地、耕地和林地动态度较小;研究期内三峡库区土地利用程度呈现增大的趋势。研究方法和结果有助于了解三峡库区近13 a来土地利用的变化特征,从而为三峡库区土地利用和土地规划的可持续发展提供参考价值。 相似文献
8.
生态恢复背景下无定河流域土地利用时空变化 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以恢复林灌草植被为核心的黄土高原生态建设的直接结果就是引起了土地利用格局变化。选取黄河中游区无定河流域为对象,以1985,1995,2000和2008年土地利用数据为基础,综合运用GIS分析技术、土地利用动态分析方法与模型,系统研究了生态恢复背景下流域土地利用时空变化过程。结果表明,草地始终是该流域优势土地利用类型,生态恢复以大规模治理沙荒及未利用地,恢复林草地景观为主要形式;随着退耕还林还草工程实施与推进,耕地转出明显,林、草地新增明显;1995年前后,流域土地利用类型相互频繁流转,土地利用总动态度在2000年达到了最高水平;在植被恢复因素驱动下,流域土地利用重心空间漂移明显,主要表现为耕地重心均向流域东部下游地区偏移,林、草地重心向西北方向偏移。 相似文献
9.
[目的]研究河北省张北县的土地利用变化及其驱动因素,为该区域土地管理决策和土地资源可持续利用供科学依据。[方法]以1989,1995,2000,2010年TM遥感影像为数据源,运用遥感、地理信息系统、数理统计分析等技术与方法,系统分析了张北县土地利用变化的时空特征,剖析了土地利用变化的驱动因素。[结果]张北县主要地类为耕地、林地和草地,1989—2010年土地利用数量变化主要表现为耕地和草地面积的减少,林地和建设用地面积的增加,其中2000—2010年土地利用变化更为剧烈;地类转换主要表现为耕地、草地向林地转变以及耕地、草地向建设用地的转变;空间变化主要表现为东部坝头地区林地增加明显,中部平原地区建设用地扩张明显。[结论]近20年来张北县土地利用变化明显,主要受自然及社会经济因素综合影响。此外政策因素也是该区域土地利用变化的主要驱动因素。 相似文献
10.
研究天山北麓土地利用/覆被变化过程中的土地退化现象,有利于监测新垦绿洲的环境演变过程。采用1990年、2000年2010年3期遥感影像为基础数据,选取土地利用变化幅度、动态度、土地利用强度指数和LUCC动态变化趋势指数4个指标,并结合转移矩阵,对该地区20 a来的土地利用/覆被变化时空特征及土地退化现象进行综合分析。1990—2010年,研究区耕地和城乡居民工矿用地所占比例持续上升,分别增加了91.05%和60.19%。草地和冰川/永久积雪面积则大幅减少,分别下降了15.45%和28.97%。通过转移矩阵发现,草地和永久冰川退化成荒漠的趋势明显。各土地利用类型中以草地的土地利用变化强度指数最高,达－0.5056%,耕地次之,为0.4091%。研究区土地利用类型间主要转移方向为:草地和冰川/永久积雪转化为荒漠,荒漠和草地转化为耕地,荒漠与草地间相互转化,盐碱地面积得到控制,但向荒漠转化的趋势凸显,永久冰川的消融明显加剧,草地持续退化,研究区生态环境恶化趋势明显。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献