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花生新品种桂花30的选育 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
花生新品种桂花30系广西农科院经济作物研究所油料室1988年利用贺粤1号×A.monticola(四倍体野生种)F5代品系作母本,粤油92(栽培种)作父本进行复交,经多年选育而成的花生优良品种。该品种具有优质、高产、果型美观等优良性状,在2000~2002年广西花生品种区域试验中,三年荚果平均产量3711.90 kg/hm2,比对照桂花17(3286.35 kg/hm2)增产425.55 kg,增产率12.95%;2007年通过广西农作物品种委员会审定。 相似文献
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花生野生种具有抗逆性强,含油量高等特点,若能把这些有利基因转移到栽培种上来,对花生生产将起到很大作用。但是具有这些优良性状的花生野生种多是二倍体种(2n=20),与栽培种杂交只能得到不育的三倍体杂种。所以要研究利用花生野生资源,首先要解决花生染色体的加倍技术。这个问题国外已有研究和报导,国内则未见有报导。我们于1981—1982年开展了此项研究,获得了六倍体的种间杂种和同源四倍体的野生种。 相似文献
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花生栽培存在高产与不抗病的矛盾,在育种上需要具有高抗和适应强的“基因源”渗入栽培种。可是在育种中却面临着遗传基础狭窄的问题。花生属植物资源,具备这种“基因源”的条件。如何使野生种的抗性基因引入栽培种已为花生育种者所关注。 花生原产于南美洲,本世纪三十年代人们就已开始对花生属植物资源的利用研究.1935年Hull及Caruer以栽培种和A.glabrata杂交,未得到杂种;1946年Gregory报道他试图用花生栽培种与两个野生种(A.Villosalicarpa及A.diogoi)进行种间杂交,也未成功; 相似文献
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玉米野生近缘种类玉米的研究和利用 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
玉米的野生近缘植物类玉米有两个种,一为一年生墨西哥类玉米,一为多年生类玉米.多年生类玉米有两个变种,一为四倍体多年生类玉米,一为二倍体多年生类玉米,它们是玉米属中除玉米种之外的另外两个种.这些野生种在自然界的严酷竞争和自然选择条件下形成了许多优良特征、特性,特别在抗逆性、抗病虫害、品质等方面.将其有益基因导入到栽培玉米获得丰富的多样性的种质遗传资源,以创建新的基因库,是提高玉米育种水平和效率、加快育种进程的重要基础和途径.通过玉米与其野生类玉米杂交,我们正从其杂种后代中选育出大批在粮食用和饲料用等方面有利用价值的优良植株并建立株系,从中选育出了优良异源自交系并配制出优良杂交种用于生产. 相似文献
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用化学的方法诱变植物多倍体研究,在植物遗传选育种中起着很重要的作用.我国在化学诱变植物多倍体方面,已开展了较为广泛和深入的研究.在许多科、属、种植物中获得了成功.到目前为止.全国各地用化学诱变的方法获得数百种植物多倍体,其中有不少是具有一定生产价值的优良经济作物.如四倍体、三倍体甜菜,四倍体、三倍体茶叶,三倍体无子西瓜等;在这些作物中已显示出具有产量高、抗性和品质好等特点,故诱变植物多倍和非整倍体在植物的遗传选育种研究方面,也是有着广阔的前景. 相似文献
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甘蔗亲本的创新与利用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
亲本创新对扩大栽培甘蔗遗传基础及选育突破性的新品种具有重大意义。我国海南甘蔗育种场自1953年建场起就开展甘蔗亲本创新和利用的研究，50多年来，在热带种、割手密、大茎野生种和近缘属植物斑茅利用方面取得了可喜的成就。我国近年来使用的293份常用亲本中，220份为自育品种(品系)，约占75％，其中广州甘蔗糖业研究所及其下属场选育的材料约占自育亲本材料的56％。海南甘蔗育种场通过“高贵化”育种途径，利用大茎野生种和当地割手密选育出导入新的野生种血缘的崖城73—226、崖城58—43、崖城58—47和崖城82—108等创新材抖。至今，我国自育品种中至少有17个品种含有当地割手密的血缘，1个品种为大茎野生种的后代。在斑茅利用方面，海南甘蔗育种场于2001年获得了一批斑茅蔗BC，真杂种，并于2003年育成一批BC2后代。 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
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Rita Favas Janaína Morone Rosrio Martins Vitor Vasconcelos Graciliana Lopes 《Marine drugs》2022,20(3)
The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms. 相似文献
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Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献