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1.
环鸟苷二磷酸(cyclic diguanylate,c-di-GMP)是一种广泛存在于植物病原细菌中的第二信使,调控细菌多种生物学功能,从而影响病原细菌的致病性,但其在西瓜噬酸菌中的研究还未见报道。本实验以Aac5菌株为研究对象,通过构建c-di-GMP代谢相关基因Aave_2620缺失突变株和互补菌株,从其致病能力及其生长能力两部分进行测定,探究此信号途径是否在西瓜噬酸菌中调控致病机制。结果表明,基因Aave_2620的缺失显著降低Aac5菌株致病力、生物膜形成能力和生长能力,减弱烟草过敏性反应以及运动能力,互补菌株表型基本得到恢复。基因Aave_2620的缺失显著影响三型分泌系统相关基因、毒性相关基因以及鞭毛及趋化性相关基因在西瓜噬酸菌中的表达量。以上结果表明c-di-GMP代谢相关基因Aave_2620与西瓜噬酸菌的致病密切相关。 相似文献
2.
野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Xcc)是一种在全球范围内引起十字花科植物黑腐病的重要病原细菌。Xcc中效应蛋白与植物互作机理的研究还不够全面, 在已经测序的菌株Xcc 8004中, Xc_2994基因预测编码一个III型分泌效应蛋白XopXccP, 其生物学功能尚不清楚。为了探索XopXccP的生物学功能, 我们构建了Xcc 8004菌株的XopXccP基因缺失突变体, 结果发现XopXccP基因缺失后, 病原菌在多个甘蓝、花椰菜以及模式植物拟南芥(Col-0)上的致病性显著下降, 甚至几乎不致病。同时, 采用农杆菌侵染拟南芥花序的转化方法, 获得了转XopXccP基因拟南芥纯系, 经过诱导效应蛋白XopXccP在拟南芥中表达, 发现转基因拟南芥出现类似病斑的细胞死亡。本研究结果初步证明, XopXccP是一种毒性蛋白, 是Xcc 8004对多数十字花科植物致病所必须的。 相似文献
3.
Ⅵ型分泌系统(typeⅥsecretion system,T6SS)是新近报道的细菌蛋白分泌系统。基于植物青枯菌致病力分化菌株Po82的全基因组测序结果,发现其大质粒中存在T6SS的同源基因簇。本文通过基因敲除的方法构建了Po82菌株Ⅵ型分泌系统中的核心基因—hcp基因的缺失突变株,并比对了Po82野生型菌株、突变株及互补菌株在致病性、生长速率、运动性、生物膜形成等方面的变化。结果表明,hcp基因突变株较野生型菌株致病力显著减弱,病程延长;在生长速率、运动性及生物膜形成方面,突变株较野生型无明显差异。说明植物青枯菌Po82菌株T6SS中的hcp基因参与了细菌的致病过程。 相似文献
4.
由Lonsdalea quercina subsp.populi引起的欧美杨溃疡病于2006年在国内首次发现,不同于其它病原菌造成的杨树溃疡病,该病害对欧美杨速生林的生长造成毁灭性破坏,已造成了严重的经济损失,该病原菌的致病分子机制尚不清楚。双组分系统是细菌重要的信号传递通路,在细菌的生长繁殖、逆境胁迫应答、环境适应以及病原菌致病过程中发挥重要作用。开展双组份系统研究将有助于解析欧美杨细菌性溃疡病菌的致病机制。本研究鉴定了欧美杨细菌性溃疡病菌L.quercina双组份孤儿反应调节基因LqRR2,并对其生物学功能进行了研究。通过同源重组获得了LqRR2基因的缺失突变体△LqRR2。表型测定结果显示,与野生型菌株相比,突变体△LqRR2在半固体培养基上的游动能力显著减弱,对欧美杨‘107杨’枝干的毒性也显著降低。但是,突变体的生长速率、生物膜形成能力以及胞外多糖产量较野生型无显著差别。此外,荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,游动性相关基因flg B、flg C和flg E的表达量在突变体中明显降低。综上所述,双组份调节蛋白编码基因LqRR2是欧美杨细菌性溃疡病菌L.quercina维持病原菌游动性和全毒性所必需的。 相似文献
5.
欧美杨溃疡病是由Lonsdalea quercina(原称Brenneria quercina,Erwinia quercina)引起的一种细菌性病害,2005年首次在我国河南发现,对我国杨树产业造成了严重影响。菌株N-5-1是从河南濮阳自然发病杨树枝条上分离到的致病菌株。根据N-5-1菌株全基因组测序的初步结果分析,发现N-5-1具有完整的III型分泌系统(Type III secretion system,T3SS)。该系统与植物病原菌Erwinia amylovora CFBP1430和Dickeya dadantii 3937的T3SS高度相似,共由26个基因编码,共约23 kb,其中9个为保守的hrc基因。将L. quercina N-5-1菌株T3SS中保守的结构基因hrcV进行缺失突变,生物测定发现ΔhrcV突变体对“中林46杨”(Populus ×euramericana ‘Zhonglin 46’)2年生枝条的致病力明显下降,而互补菌株HBhrcV致病力与野生菌株保持一致。表明该菌中T3SS是病原细菌重要的致病性因子。菌株N-5-1中hrcV基因的突变导致诱导烟草过敏性坏死反应能力丧失,但并没有影响菌株的生长速率、游动性和生物膜的形成。本研究首次证明了L. quercina N-5-1菌株的T3SS是重要的致病因子。 相似文献
6.
Ⅵ型分泌系统(typeⅥsecretion system,T6SS)是革兰氏阴性细菌中新近发现的分泌系统,控制细菌的毒性和蛋白泌出。本试验构建了植物青枯菌Po82菌株的T6SS基因簇完全缺失菌株,从全局水平初步分析了T6SS的功能。与野生型菌株相比,T6SS基因簇的缺失导致了突变菌株运动能力显著增强,在接种前期突变株病情指数明显下降;通过qRT-PCR分析Ⅲ型分泌系统效应子基因,其中popA、popB和popP基因表达量上调,而popC表达水平下调。T6SS基因簇的缺失影响了Po82菌株的运动能力和Ⅲ型效应子基因的表达,使得Po82病程延长。这些结果说明,T6SS参与青枯菌的致病过程,且T6SS与T3SS之间有复杂的未知调控关系。 相似文献
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MarR(Multiple antibiotic resistance regulator)家族转录因子是一种广泛存在于细菌及古细菌中的转录抑制子。MarR可通过调控毒力因子的表达来影响病原细菌的致病性,其调控机制独特,在不同菌中存在不同的调控网络。为明确其在西瓜噬酸菌中的功能及信号通路,以西瓜噬酸菌Aac5菌株为研究对象,构建MarR转录因子Aave_3922的缺失突变株及互补菌株,通过对表型及转录水平的测定,初步探究西瓜噬酸菌中MarR转录因子的功能及可能的调控网络。结果显示,与野生型Aac5菌株相比,突变菌株致病能力、生物膜形成能力、体内生长能力均显著下降,互补菌株有所恢复。同时,基因Aave_3922的缺失会显著影响三型分泌系统关键基因hrpX及hrcJ、毒性相关基因trbC、鞭毛及趋化性相关基因fliC及cheA、生物膜相关基因Aave_2620在西瓜噬酸菌中的表达量;与WT-hrpXpGUS相比,ΔAave_3922-hrpXpGUS的启动子活性显著减弱。以上结果表明Aave_3922基因可能通过参与hrpX的转录调控,以及调控生物膜形成来影响西瓜噬酸菌的致病能力。 相似文献
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十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是全球范围内能引起十字花科植物黑腐病的重要植物病原细菌,也是研究植物病原细菌与植物互作机制的模式细菌。利用自杀质粒pK18mobsacB诱变十字花科黑腐病菌Xcc 8004的XC_3605基因,获得缺失突变体D3605。表型分析发现D3605胞外多糖合成能力、游动能力及致病力显著降低,积聚形成生物被膜的能力增强。用带有全长XC_3605基因序列的pLAFRJ对D3605进行功能互补,其胞外多糖产量、游动性、致病力和生物被膜均得到恢复。研究结果表明,XC_3605基因在十字花科黑腐病菌致病过程中发挥作用。 相似文献
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不同温度下青枯雷尔氏菌表达谱PPI网络分析发现,yqhE可能是青枯雷尔氏菌新的温度相关致病基因。克隆青枯雷尔氏菌CBM613的yqh E基因,结果发现该基因长度为831 bp,共编码276个氨基酸。基因敲除结果显示,28℃培养的yqhE突变株较野生型菌株致病力降低,病程延长,但并未彻底丧失致病力。20℃和28℃培养的yqh E突变株维生素C的生物合成皆被抑制;与28℃相比,20℃培养下野生型菌株维生素C的合成能力降低。突变株在20℃和28℃培养下甲基乙二醛（MG）和丙二醛（MDA）明显积累,其中20℃积累更多;20℃培养的野生型菌株MG和MDA比28℃积累更多。维生素C的生物合成被抑制导致青枯雷尔氏菌自由基清除能力减弱与氧化应激反应增强,MG和MDA积累产生细胞毒性,上述结果可能与28℃培养的突变株致病力减弱,20℃培养的野生型菌株致病力丧失有关。综上结果表明yqhE是青枯雷尔氏菌温度相关致病基因。 相似文献
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瓜类细菌性果斑病是西甜瓜产业中最重要病害之一，其病原菌西瓜噬酸菌的Ⅲ型分泌系统效应蛋白在致病过程中起重要作用。XopK为黄单胞菌效应蛋白，具有E3泛素连接酶活性，其在西瓜噬酸菌中的同源基因aopK鲜有研究。为鉴定效应蛋白AopK并探究其功能，本研究构建了西瓜噬酸菌AAC00-1菌株的aopK缺失突变株和互补菌株，发现基因aopK的缺失显著降低病原菌在西瓜幼苗上的致病力。通过AopK在本氏烟中的亚细胞定位实验，显示AopK定位于植物的细胞质膜。转录水平、外泌性及BAX共表达试验，证明aopK的表达受HrpX和HrpG正调控，其产物能够通过Ⅲ型分泌系统分泌到细胞外，并且能够抑制烟草叶片细胞中活性氧产生、胼胝质沉积以及细胞坏死产生，具有潜在抑制植物防卫反应的毒性功能。以上结果表明AopK为西瓜噬酸菌的Ⅲ型效应蛋白，研究结果为进一步探究其与寄主植物间的互作机理奠定了基础。 相似文献
11.
H. Ishihara G. Ponciano J. E. Leach S. Tsuyumu 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2003,63(6):329-338
The phytopathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar (pv.) oryzae and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri each contain several avrBs3/pthA family genes. Structural features of these genes important for avirulence and/or virulence functions include a central region of multiple direct repeats and three nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and an acidic activation domain (AAD) at the 3′ end. To identify other regions critical to function in the 3′ ends of these genes, we constructed several chimeras using apl1 and apl2 from X. axonopodis pv. citri and avrXa10 and avrXa7 from X. oryzae pv. oryzae and evaluated their functions by inoculation to citrus and rice. The apl1 and avrXa7 genes are major virulence determinants in citrus and rice, respectively, while the contributions of apl2 and avrXa10 to virulence are negligible or not measurable. Constructs that contained a 417 bp HincII-SphI fragment from the 3′ end of apl1 in combination with the repeats from avrXa7, avrXa10, and apl1 caused a canker phenotype on citrus. Interchange of the HincII-SphI fragment between avrXa7 and avrXa10 abolishes avrXa7 avirulence function and reduces its virulence but it does not affect avrXa10 avirulence function in rice. avrXa7 caused a hypersensitive response (HR) in citrus and replacement of it's 3′ end with that of apl1 resulted in loss of canker and induction of HR. Thus, the HincII-SphI fragment of the avrBs3/pthA gene family is important for avirulence and virulence functions in two different plant species, Oryza sativa and Citrus natsudaidai HAYATA. 相似文献
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《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2004,64(3):145-153
The effector gene avrXa7 from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae has avirulence function in rice with the Xa7 resistance gene and confers pathogenic fitness (aggressiveness). Field strains of X. oryzae pv. oryzae displayed a diversity of phenotypes on rice ranging from complete to partial loss of these functions. To understand the molecular basis for variation in avrXa7 function, we sequenced the alleles from seven field strains. The avrXa7 gene is an avrBs3/pthA family member and contains nuclear localization signal sequences and an acidic activation domain (AAD) in the 3′ end and a central region containing repeated sequences, all of which are important for avirulence and aggressiveness. Sequence analysis revealed changes in the avrXa7 alleles ranging from a point mutation to multiple mutations spread throughout the alleles. Some strains with identical mutant alleles exhibited different levels of aggressiveness to rice, suggesting the presence of second mutations. A point mutation found at the beginning of the AAD of one avrXa7 allele was reconstructed in the wild type gene; this mutant exhibited partial loss of avirulence and aggressiveness. Our data suggest that adaptation of X. oryzae pv. oryzae to Xa7 rice fields involves not only alterations in avrXa7, but may include changes in other gene family members resulting from recombination between family members. 相似文献
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The interactions between Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and rice are controlled in a gene-for-gene manner. In this study, a 359 bp DNA fragment of the avrXa3 gene containing three nuclear localization signal (NLS) motifs present in all members of the avrBs3/pthA family was used as a probe to screen a genomic library of the JXOIII strain of Xoo. The results demonstrated that diverse members of the family exist in the pathogen genome. The avrBs3/pthA genes occurred at isolated individual portions or in clusters. The positive avr gene clones were transferred into the virulent recipient PXO99A . Pathogenicity tests in near isogenic lines of rice confirmed that four resistance (R) genes ( Xa2 , Xa3 , xa5 and xa8 ) matched the four avr genes ( avrXa2 , avrXa3 , avrxa5 and avrxa8 ) in the genome of Xoo strain JXOIII. The avrBs3/PthA -like gene (1·7 kb) present in cosmid p54, may specifically interact with the Xa3 gene present in IRBB3, and is designated avr/pthA3 . Sequencing indicated that there are only 1·5 copies of the 102 bp repeat unit in avr/pthA3 . Alignment of the twelfth and thirteenth amino acids in the repetitive units encoded by this gene with those in other representatives of the AvrBs3 family revealed a unique repeat arrangement which might contribute to variation in the avirulence genes in Xoo. The parental rice line IR24 was found to contain several R genes for resistance to Xoo bacterial blight. 相似文献
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Kimberly M. Webb Epifania Garcia Casiana M. Vera Cruz Jan E. Leach 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,128(3):399-407
Disease resistance genes most commonly used in breeding programs are single, dominant genes with relative effectiveness that
is sometimes influenced by plant developmental stage. Knowing the developmental stages at which a resistance gene is functional
is important for disease management. In rice, resistance at the seedling stage is crucial, because wounding during transplanting
increases the potential for bacterial blight disease, and not all bacterial blight resistance genes are effective at the seedling
stage. Effectiveness of the bacterial blight resistance genes Xa4, xa5, and Xa7, all in a common genetic background, was evaluated at different developmental stages by measuring lesion length and bacterial
numbers after inoculation with the bacterial pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The Xa4 and xa5 genes controlled disease at all growth stages. In contrast, Xa7 was not fully functional in very young seedlings, but was completely effective by 21 days after sowing (das). The effects
of plant developmental stage on interactions of the Xa7 gene with X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains carrying different mutant avrXa7 alleles were also tested. If a partial or fully functional avrXa7 allele was present, Xa7 resistance was effective at all growth stages tested after the transplant stage (>21 das). 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae that are virulent to rice lines carrying the Xa21 resistance gene were widely distributed in Korea. A total of 105 strains collected during 1987 to 1996 in Korea was characterized by pathogenicity tests and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the XorII methyltransferase (xorIIM) and avrXa10 genes. Although the lesion lengths on rice line IRBB21, which carries Xa21, decreased as plant age increased, resistance and susceptibility of the plants to 31 strains were clearly differentiated at the seedling (14, 21, and 28 days old), maximum tillering, and flag leaf stages. The resistance or susceptibility of seedlings was correlated with bacterial populations within an inoculated leaf. There was a significant change in the population structure of X. oryzae pv. oryzae with regard to virulence to Xa21 over the last 10 years; this change in population was confirmed by genome analysis. Lineage I, which is avirulent to Xa21 and does not have a genomic xorIIM homolog, was the predominant lineage found between 1987 and 1989, while lineage II, which is virulent to Xa21 and contains the xorIIM homolog, was predominant in strains collected between 1994 and 1995. Our results demonstrate that introduction of Xa21 into commercial rice should be based on the regional structure of X. oryzae pv. oryzae populations and suggest that Xa21 will not be useful in Korea. 相似文献
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At least two pathotypes of Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum are now known to exist in Sudan. The pre-Barakat (race 1) and post-Barakat (race 2) pathogens have been shown to exhibit different host specificity. The former is pathogenic and highly aggressive on only cultivars with no resistance genes or with the B2 and/or B3 resistance factors, while the latter can infect the B6 cultivars also. Race 2 in Sudan, which was previously reported to infect all the standard differentials, produced milder angular leaf spot symptoms and occasionally restricted vein infection. Moreover, it exhibited reduced growth in planta compared with race 1.
Bacteriophage studies revealed that the two races are quite distinct in their phage sensitivity. Race 1 can be lysed by only three, or rarely four, of the six phages used for typing, while race 2 is sensitive to all of them. The present study suggests that phage 7 may be the type-determining phage for race 2. Race 2 strain mutants resistant to phage 3 or 4 were found to be sensitive to phage 7 and pathogenic to both Acala and Barakat, although showing marked attenuation of virulence. However, mutants resistant to phage 2 or 7 were insensitive to all the phages and although they retained their pathogenicity to Acala, they either lost the ability to infect Barakat or produced a hypersensitive reaction. The resistance of all mutants was found to be due to failure to adsorb the homologous phage, indicating a change in the cell wall. The association of this with the attenuation of virulence suggests that bacterial wall components may function as virulence determinants in Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum. 相似文献
Bacteriophage studies revealed that the two races are quite distinct in their phage sensitivity. Race 1 can be lysed by only three, or rarely four, of the six phages used for typing, while race 2 is sensitive to all of them. The present study suggests that phage 7 may be the type-determining phage for race 2. Race 2 strain mutants resistant to phage 3 or 4 were found to be sensitive to phage 7 and pathogenic to both Acala and Barakat, although showing marked attenuation of virulence. However, mutants resistant to phage 2 or 7 were insensitive to all the phages and although they retained their pathogenicity to Acala, they either lost the ability to infect Barakat or produced a hypersensitive reaction. The resistance of all mutants was found to be due to failure to adsorb the homologous phage, indicating a change in the cell wall. The association of this with the attenuation of virulence suggests that bacterial wall components may function as virulence determinants in Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum. 相似文献
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稻白叶枯病菌不同毒力单细胞系互作关系及田间自然群体毒力组成初析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
稻白叶枯病菌不同毒力的单细胞系混合组配后的致病力随着不同毒力菌所占的比例、彼此之间及与寄主之间的相互作用而发生相应变化;同一病田不同病株分离菌以及同一叶片不同叶位段分离菌,均存在致病力的分化;表明稻白叶枯菌在同一块田、甚至同一病叶上都存在不同的毒力细胞。稻株发病程度,是在一定生态条件下,不同毒力的多细胞入侵和协同互作的结果。所以采用"段叶沙培切口取菌胶"法所得的分离株,是含不同毒力细胞的混合体。测定一定数量的此类菌株的致病型分化,即是对田间病菌自然群体毒力组成的表型反应。
来自同一田块的36株分离菌的致病型测定结果与从48县采集的208个菌株所测定的结果非常一致,因此,对一块稻田的病菌的毒力分化测定,可以作为对相似生态条件下的广大稻区病菌自然群体毒力组成监测的参考。 相似文献
来自同一田块的36株分离菌的致病型测定结果与从48县采集的208个菌株所测定的结果非常一致,因此,对一块稻田的病菌的毒力分化测定,可以作为对相似生态条件下的广大稻区病菌自然群体毒力组成监测的参考。 相似文献