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1.
基于REML的普通克里格和回归克里格在土壤属性空间预测中的比较 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
比较普通克里格与回归克里格预测精度的研究还存在着不同观点和结论,且现有的对比研究多使用矩量法(Mo M)计算变异函数。有限最大似然(REML)方法相比Mo M方法具有明显的优点,因而有必要使用REML方法来比较普通克里格与回归克里格的预测精度,为土壤属性空间预测提供方法优选的参考依据。本文在广西南宁高峰林场采集土壤样品,测定有机碳、pH和粘粒含量,再基于REML建立普通克里格和回归克里格模型,同时比较普通克里格、回归克里格以及多元线性回归的预测精度,并分析影响预测精度的因素。结果表明:空间相关性较弱且线性回归模型的决定系数较大时(约大于20%),回归克里格优于普通克里格;相反地,空间相关性较强或较弱且线性回归模型的决定系数较小时(约小于10%),普通克里格预测精度优于回归克里格。同时,线性回归模型的决定系数还影响普通克里格与回归克里格的精度提高的幅度。此外,回归克里格的精度一般不低于多元线性回归,且线性回归模型的决定系数越小,则回归克里格越优于多元线性回归。因此,本研究认为,线性回归模型的决定系数和土壤属性的空间相关性是影响普通克里格与回归克里格精度差异的主要因素。 相似文献
2.
平原丘陵过渡区土壤有机质空间变异及其影响因素 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
研究土壤有机质(SOM)在平原丘陵过渡区域的空间变异规律及其影响因素对指导农业生产实践具有重要意义。选取平原丘陵过渡区域(江汉平原与鄂西山区)作为研究区,采集500个土壤表层(0~20 cm)样本,利用相关分析和逐步回归分析从14个影响因素中选取与土壤有机质密切相关的7个变量作为解释变量:高程、坡度、坡向、有效铁、容重、砾石度、黏粒含量。利用普通克里格(OK),回归克里格(RK)和地理加权回归克里格(GWRK)方法对研究区土壤有机质含量进行预测,并用平均误差(ME)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)、相关系数(r)和不精确度(IP)作为验证指标来检验模型的预测精度。结果表明,GWRK插值结果最优,局部空间回归模型可以更好地表明过渡区域SOM的空间变异规律。且GWR模型的系数空间分布图可以反映环境变量在不同地理位置对SOM的空间非平稳性的影响程度,为探讨SOM在不同地形条件下的主导影响因子提供了依据,同时也为精确模拟过渡地带土壤有机质空间制图提供了重要的参考方法。 相似文献
3.
基于GIS和地理加权回归的砂田土壤阳离子交换量空间预测 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)反映土壤保水保肥能力,研究CEC空间分布可为土壤改良和田间施肥提供理论依据。本文以宁夏香山地区砂田淡灰钙土为研究对象,在土壤CEC和理化性质相关分析基础上以普通克里格(OK)为对照,探索回归克里格(RK)和地理加权回归克里格(GWRK)在CEC空间插值上的应用,并对三者的插值精度及制图效果进行评价。描述统计表明研究区土壤CEC含量均值为10.145cmol/kg,CEC与有机质含量呈显著正相关,与砂粒含量呈显著负相关;地统计分析表明CEC实测值、OLS残差和GWR残差块金系数分别为8.50%、6.36%和7.02%,比值均小于25%,具有强烈空间自相关;对验证点进行插值精度分析,RK和GWRK的相对模型改进值(RI)分别为40.49%、41.50%,插值精度GWRKRKOK;从成图效果看,GWRK中辅助变量参与了局部回归,成图效果更加精细,揭示了更多空间变化细节。本研究结论可为土壤CEC空间预测研究提供可靠的方法借鉴。 相似文献
4.
基于土壤变异解释力的几种土壤制图方法的对比研究——以南阳市1m土体土壤有机碳密度制图为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为克服方法的复杂性和数据的详细性解释土壤制图效果的不足,基于土壤变异解释力对多种方法进行对比研究。收集南阳1∶5万土壤类型图、30 m分辨率数字高程模型和TM影像,计算出高程、坡度、坡向、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、穗帽变换的湿度(TCW)参数等,以439个土壤剖面为训练数据,分别按土壤类型连接法(SCLM)、加权最小二乘法(WLS)回归、地理权重(GWR)回归、随机森林(RF)、普通克里格(OK)、回归克里格(RK)进行1m土体土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)制图,其余49个土壤剖面作为验证集。结果表明:(1)对SOCD变异的解释力是影响制图效果的本质因素。土壤类型、土壤表层有机质(OM)是主要预测变量,SCLM、WLS和GWR均只能利用其中一种主要变量,土壤图的详细化和回归模型的复杂化均不能明显改善SOCD制图效果。基于土属和OM变量,RF对SOCD变异的解释力最强,预测效果最优;地统计学空间变异函数对SOCD变异的解释力大于回归模型,小于RF,而与土壤类型相当,其相对制图效果亦如此。(2)预测变量建模和空间相关是两类不同的土壤变异解释机制,RK未必能使它们产生最佳组合:只有WLS回归、GWR回归和缺乏土壤类型信息的RF(OM+TCW)适合RK算法,在原始模型中它们对训练数据的拟合效果依次升高,但其RK结果的优劣排序则相反;所有RK的结果均未达到土属和OM参与下RF制图的精度。 相似文献
5.
基于三种空间预测模型的海南岛土壤有机质空间分布研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
为探索适合热带地形复杂区土壤有机质(SOM)含量的空间预测方法,以海南岛为研究区域,结合地形因子、归一化植被指数、土壤类型、土地利用类型变量,选用普通克里格法(OK)、回归克里格法(RK)、随机森林模型(RF)三种方法对训练集128个样点SOM含量的空间分布规律进行预测,并通过验证集32个验证点比较了三种方法的预测精度。结果表明:(1)0~5 cm土层三种方法的平均预测误差(ME)均接近于0,从均方根预测误差(RMSE)来看,RF(0.8867)RK(0.910 4)OK(0.9641),从决定系数(R~2)来看,RF(0.214 1)RK(0.171 5)OK(0.070 8)。综合以上三个参数,该土层最优拟合模型为RF。同理得出0~20、20~40、40~60 cm土层的最优拟合模型分别为RF、RF、OK。RK和RF能够更好地描述SOM含量局部变异信息;(2)四个土层SOM含量的均值分别为19.67、15.89、10.30、8.07 g kg~(-1),呈现出西南、东北高,西部、东南沿海地区低的空间分布趋势。 相似文献
6.
土壤属性空间分布受地学环境要素影响,空间分异特征十分明显,单一的全局插值模型在应用中常受到一定条件的限制。对复杂地貌类型区土壤属性插值所面临的空间不连续、全局插值模型精度有限以及适应性差的缺点,提出了一种融合地学环境信息的土壤属性自适应曲面建模方法（Adaptive surface modeling for soil properties,ASM-SP）。利用2013年采集的110个样点数据,以土壤全钾含量为例,利用ASM-SP、普通克里格法（Ordinary Kriging,OK）、回归克里格法（Regression Kriging,RK）、地理加权回归克里格法（Geographically Weighted Regression Kriging,GWRK）和协同克里格（Ordinary Co-Kriging,OCK）5种插值方法,分别模拟了青海湖流域典型地区土壤全钾含量的空间分布。采用平均误差（Mean Error,ME）、平均相对误差（Mean Relative Error,MRE）、均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error,RMSE）、准确度（Accuracy,AC）、相关系数、回归系数和决定系数7类指标系统评价不同插值方法的预测效果。结果表明:（1）利用常规插值（OK）得到的插值曲面较为平滑,具有弱“牛眼”效应,在刻画土壤全钾含量的空间变异性方面存在明显不足,精度有待提高。（2）在融合地学环境信息的插值方法中,RK,OCK,GWRK和ASM-SP模拟精度较OK有不同程度提高,其中ASM-SP在刻画土壤全钾含量的空间变异和局部细节信息方面表现突出,精度较其他插值方法有较大程度提高,其准确度较OK,RK,GWRK和OCK分别提高9.27%,6.29%,2.66%和7.74%。ASM-SP尤其适合复杂地貌类型区,因其考虑了地学环境变量与土壤属性的非线性关系,并融合了多个模型的适应性优势,其在刻画土壤属性空间分异的复杂性方面也更加符合实际情况,为土壤属性的空间模拟提供了新思路。 相似文献
7.
基于全国第二次土壤普查东北地区土壤数据,以ArcGIS和GS+软件为支撑,对比分析了反距离加权法(IDW)、径向基函数(RBF)、普通克里金(OK)和回归克里金(RK)4种地统计空间插值方法在7个不同样本容量下土壤全氮含量(STNC)的空间插值效果。结果表明,由普查数据得到的东北地区STNC在0.08~21.48 g/kg之间,数据变异性较大;STNC空间结构表现出中强度空间自相关性,空间自相关范围大于同区域的小尺度采样研究;样本容量<171时,STNC空间变异性发生变化,空间结构特征和精度检验水平难以确信。4种空间插值方法对STNC空间趋势表达均呈现从东北向西南方向递减规律,空间趋势预测效果为:RK >OK >RBF >IDW。RK方法通过线性回归分析添加了阳离子交换容量(CEC)、年均温(MAT)、土层厚度(d)和pH值等辅助信息,比IDW,RBF和OK方法的插值精度分别提高了19.40%,18.50%和16.15%;在不同样本容量下RK方法的插值精度较为稳定且对无样点区STNC的空间趋势预测也体现出了更多细节信息,因此对于大尺度低密度采样的土壤属性空间插值可重点考虑RK方法。 相似文献
8.
探索适合地形平缓的山前冲积扇地区土壤机械组成的空间预测方法。以河北省灵寿、行唐、曲阳县400 m高程以下区域为研究区,结合地形因子、土壤类型、归一化植被指数、地表温度等环境变量,选择基于对称对数比（SLR）转换的普通克里格法（SLR-OK）、回归克里格法（SLR-RK）、随机森林法（SLR-RF）3种方法,对训练集114个样点表层土壤机械组成的空间分布进行预测,并通过验证集50个样点比较了3种方法的预测精度。（1）从空间预测图来看,砂粒呈现出西北低、东南高的空间分布趋势;粉粒和黏粒与砂粒相反。与SLR-OK法相比,SLRRK法和SLR-RF法能够更好地反映局部变异并减小平滑效应。（2）对于砂粒和粉粒,SLR-RF法对验证集含量预测的平均绝对误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）均低于其他两种方法,且决定系数最高,表明SLR-RF的预测精度最高;对于黏粒,SLR-OK法对验证集含量预测的MAE和RMSE均低于其他两种方法,且决定系数最高,表明SLR-OK法的预测精度最高。（3）线性回归预测模型的辅助变量包括高程、土壤类型和风力作用指数;随机森林法模型的辅助变量包括高程、土壤类型、归一化植... 相似文献
9.
土壤CEC的影响因子及Cokriging空间插值分析——以青岛市大沽河流域为例 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
运用地统计和多元回归分析方法,探讨大沽河流域土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)的空间变异和影响因子。结果表明,上下层土壤CEC与有机质、黏粒和粉粒含量有着显著的正相关,而与砂粒含量则存在显著的负相关,其中与黏粒含量的相关系数最大,与粉粒含量的相关性最弱;对CEC的贡献能力依次为黏粒有机质砂粒,黏粒的贡献能力平均为有机质的1.5～2.5倍;以黏粒为辅助变量的Cokriging(COK)较之Ordinary Kriging(OK)能提高插值精度,上下层均方根误差RMSE值分别减少了18.94%和41.05%,辅助变量与主变量的相关程度决定了估值的精度;大沽河流域中东、西北部及西南方向中部地区土壤CEC较高,而北部与西南角局部地区土壤CEC保肥能力非常弱,是以后土壤改良的重点地区,可通过增施有机肥以及改土培肥等措施来提高土壤肥力水平。 相似文献
10.
基于随机森林模型的安徽省土壤属性空间分布预测 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
为探讨随机森林(random forest,RF)模型对土壤属性空间预测的精度,本文以安徽省为例,收集140个土壤样本,利用GIS和RS技术,获取相关的地形因子、遥感植被指数及气候数据,利用RF模型分析土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、土壤容重和土壤黏粒含量与地形因子、遥感植被指数及气候数据之间的关系,并进行空间分布预测。研究结果表明:①RF建模预测中,当节点分裂次数(mtry)值为1,决策树数量(ntree)值分别为100、1 000和100时,获得的SOC含量、土壤容重和土壤黏粒含量RF模型最优;②高程、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、地貌、多尺度山谷平坦指数(MrVBF)和土壤类型是SOC含量的重要预测因子;地貌、年均降水量(MAP)、MrVBF、高程和土壤类型是土壤容重的重要预测因子;高程、MAP、MrVBF和平面曲率是土壤黏粒含量的重要预测因子;③RF模型可以较好地进行土壤属性空间预测,多源环境变量组合可以分别解释SOC含量、土壤容重和土壤黏粒含量的26%、23%和22%;同时RF模型对于土壤类型和地貌等类型变量的处理具有一定优势。研究表明,在大尺度研究区域内,利用RF模型进行土壤属性空间预测有一定的意义。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
14.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献
19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献