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通过调查和试验研究，结果表明：蓝藻在亲虾池中大量生长繁殖，蓝藻死亡后产生毒素毒害亲虾，亲虾摄食差导致体质弱，没有足够的能量进行完全蜕壳而僵死在旧壳中。 相似文献
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生物基呋喃与甲醇耦合催化热解制备芳烃化合物 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了提高芳烃的选择性产率和减少催化剂的积碳,以生物基呋喃为原料,以甲醇为耦合试剂进行催化共热解,探讨工艺条件对芳烃的选择性产率的影响,同时对其转化路径以及催化剂的积碳进行分析。结果表明:呋喃与甲醇耦合协同催化共热解可以有效的提高芳烃的选择性产率,二者具有明显的协同效应,甲醇的添加促进了甲醇制烯烃(methanol to olefin,MTO)反应、Diels-Alder环加成反应以及苯烷基化反应的发生,高温促使多烷基化合物以及萘及其同系物选择性产率的增加;强酸性促进了甲醇的脱水以及Diels-Alder环加成反应;同时,羰基抑制了呋喃环和烯烃的Diels-Alder反应,而羟基的存在有效的促进了甲苯以及二甲苯的生成,因此,当采用HZSM-5(SiO2/Al2O3=25)为催化剂,当热解温度为500℃,催化温度为550℃,MF∶甲醇=1∶5,物质的进样量为0.2 mL/min时,其芳烃的选择性产率达到99.73%,积碳量达到11.06%,苯、甲苯、二甲苯以及乙苯的总含量达到40.49%,萘及其同系物的含量仅为10.15%,有效的提高了烷基苯的选择性产率。 相似文献
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以５对小麦材料及其相应的突变体为参试亲本，组配成两套２×４ＮＣⅡ交配设计，对其Ｆ１的优势及配合力效应进行了对比分析，结果表明：除抽穗期的超中亲优势在第Ⅱ套组合中为负值外，其它性状的超中亲优势均为正值，一般而言，以突变体作亲本，其后代的实际表面优于以原始材料作亲本。８９００１８×７８－１－１和８９０１７４×核生２号两个组合对改善后代穗部性状最为有利。原丰５号×掖农７８－１和鲁麦２０号×原丰５号两个组 相似文献
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中国高粱生产中应用的细胞质有A1和A2两种类型。不育系的细胞核有南非高粱核体系、中国高粱核体系、倾向南非高粱核体系和印度高粱核体系。恢复系的种质主要是中国高粱和倾中国高粱类型。杂种优势利用模式由南非高粱X中国高粱、中国高粱X中国高粱、倾南非高粱X倾中国高粱，发展为印度高粱X倾中国高粱。植株高度由高秆改良成中秆，使产量大幅度提高。温度是影响不育性的主要因子，在自然条件下，A2不育系雌蕊败育轻或不败育，雄蕊遇高温可散出花粉，使不育系产生少量自交结实。粒用高粱育种近年来进展不大，其主要原因是遗传基础狭窄，株型不理想，耐密性差，抗性育种重视不够，杂优利用模式有待创新。今后应①协作攻关，加强基础研究，创造新种质；②不同类型间亲缘关系要清晰，以保持和提高两亲间的杂种优势；③保证新品种的繁制质量和数量，加快其推广速度。 相似文献
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目的:研究苦瓜次生化合物对小菜蛾种群发展的影响。方法:制作并提取苦瓜次生化合物,与小菜蛾幼虫组织实验,测定有关种群发展量化情况。结果:苦瓜次生化合物可直接降低小菜蛾3龄幼虫体重,影响幼虫发育历期,食入次生化合物的3龄幼虫存活率最低,对照试验的2～5 d,化合物对小菜蛾幼虫体重影响显著。结论:苦瓜次生化合物能够影响小菜蛾试验种群的发展,通过研究苦瓜次生化合物的成分,能够增强植虫天敌关系,从而合理抑制小菜蛾种族过快繁衍而危害植物。 相似文献
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枇杷叶黄酮类化合物的水浸提工艺研究 总被引：21，自引：1，他引：20
以提高水提液中黄酮类化合物浓度为目的,通过4组单因素试验和均匀试验研究了枇杷叶黄酮类化合物的最佳水提工艺。结果表明：在原料细度1.2 mm×1.3 mm,料液比34 g/250 mL条件下,枇杷叶黄酮类化合物的最优水提工艺条件为水的pH值8.0,水提温度100℃,水提时间105 min。按优化工艺条件水提的产品黄酮类化合物浓度0.979 mg/mL。 相似文献
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马兰黄酮类化合物的提取及其抗氧化活性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探索以亚临界水萃取马兰黄酮类化合物的效果,以得率为指标,通过单因素和正交试验,优选其萃取工艺参数,并对所得黄酮类化合物的抗氧化性能进行测定。结果表明,在压力为5.0 MPa,温度160℃、提取时间25 min、水料比为20∶1 mL/g的条件下马兰黄酮类化合物的得率为9.01%。与水和乙醇回流提取法（马兰黄酮类化合物得率分别为5.12%和7.13%）相比,亚临界水萃取在提取时间和得率方面均有明显的优势,所得马兰黄酮类化合物在一定浓度范围内具有较强的清除自由基和抗氧化能力。研究结果为马兰黄酮类化合物的开发提供参考。 相似文献
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中国对虾育苗时间与温度的关系及其应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据多年的调研和试验资料，利用非线性积温模型，模拟了对虾幼体各发育阶段所需天数与水温的关系。在此基础上研究确定了亲虾产卵孵化期的气候决策模式；并应用模式计算出了我市亲虾产卵孵化的适宜时段。为亲虾适宜产卵孵化期的决策提供了科学方法。 相似文献
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烤烟苗期营养特性的基因型差异及其杂种优势分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
试验选用6个杂交烤烟组合共13种基因型,研究了苗期营养特性的差异,并分析F1代烟苗营养特性与亲本之间的相关性和杂种优势。结果表明: 1）不同基因型烟苗的生物量、 根冠比、 养分（氮、 磷、 钾）含量和吸收量、 硝酸还原酶活性、 叶绿素含量、 根系活力差异显著,表现出多样性; 2）在F1代烟苗中,根系氮、 磷、 钾和地上部氮、 钾含量,以及干物质积累量、 根系活力和根冠比与父本和母本值之间相关性不显著,地上部磷含量与中亲值之间呈显著负相关,叶片硝酸还原酶活性与母本值之间呈显著正相关,叶绿素含量与父本值、 中亲值和低亲值之间呈极显著正相关; 3）烟苗根系磷、 钾含量、 地上部氮含量、 硝酸还原酶活性、 叶绿素含量、 根系活力、 根冠比、 干物质积累量具有一定的中亲优势。根系磷含量、 硝酸还原酶活性、 根系活力、 根冠比和干物质积累量具有超高亲优势。尽管根系氮含量和地上部磷、 钾含量无明显杂种优势,但有的试验组合也表现出中亲优势和超高亲优势。 相似文献
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Th. Weichelt 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1983,146(2):188-198
Chemical investigations on reaction products from lignin and cyanamide, Ca-cyanamide, as well as dicyandiamide Chemical interactions between lignin from Triticum aestivum and cyanamide, “Kalkstickstoff” (Ca-cyanamide) as well as dicyandiamide were proved. The methods used to indicate the oxygen absorption, gas release, typical structures and reaction procedures, specially carbonylgroups, the nucleophilic addition and esterification were the WARBURG-Technik, infrared-spectroscopy, measurement of pH-values and color reactions with phloroglucine/HCl. Additionally the C- and N-content was determined. The N-containing reaction products formed at maximal 30°C were isolated after 3–5 weeks and purified. Dyanamide (H2CN2) and “Kalkstickstoff” (CaCN2) reacted already in water with lignin. In opposite dicyandiamide first displayed chemical interactions to a larger extent after CaO had been added. The reaction with the nitrogen-containing compounds by nucleophilic addition only reduced the carbonyl groups (keto and aldehyde) of lignin. The N-content of the reaction products ranged from (0,37 % lignin with cyanamide + CaO or CaCN2 + CaO) to 1,2 % (lignin + dicyandiamide + CaO). Even the lowest of these values corresponds already a maximal bond of ～ 7 kg poor N/ha with respects to the lignin of a wheat harvest. 相似文献
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灰分混凝土与钢筋粘结性能试验及粘结滑移本构模型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为建立适用于灰分混凝土与月牙纹钢筋的粘结-滑移（?-s）本构模型,将灰分等量替代水泥质量的0、5%、10%、15%掺入混凝土中,用以制备C20、C30、C40强度等级的灰分混凝土粘结试件。采用中心拔出的方法,获得灰分混凝土与月牙纹钢筋?1-s1曲线;在?1-s1曲线基础上,建立灰分混凝土与3种不同直径（12、16、20 mm）月牙纹钢筋?-s本构模型;并通过扫描电镜法从微观角度解释不同灰分掺量下灰分混凝土?1-s1曲线的变化原因;最后利用ABAQUS中的spring2单元对中心拔出试验进行仿真模拟以验证该文提出的?-s本构模型。试验结果表明：灰分混凝土与月牙纹钢筋的粘结破坏模式主要为混凝土劈裂破坏和拔出破坏,劈裂-拔出破坏仅出现在灰分掺量15%、混凝土设计强度等级C20、钢筋直径12 mm的粘结试件中;当灰分掺量为5%时,混凝土微观结构连续密实,粘结性能最优,灰分掺量增至15%,引起混凝土微观形貌由连续密实向疏松多孔转变,导致混凝土劈裂抗拉强度降低52%,灰分混凝土与月牙纹钢筋粘结性能相应减弱,?-s本构模型中形状参数也随掺量的改变而改变。该文提出的?-s本构模型曲线拟合决定系数为0.94,拟合曲线决定系数方差为0.001,相对于Harajli?-s本构模型拟合曲线决定系数方差0.002降低了50%,其拟合稳定程度优于Harajli?-s本构模型。 相似文献
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DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of protocatechuic acid and its structural analogues (methyl protocatechuate, 3',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzonitrile) were examined in aprotic and protic solvents. In aprotic acetonitrile, all test compounds scavenged two radicals. In protic methanol, however, these compounds rapidly scavenged five radicals except for protocatechuic acid, which consumed only two radicals. The result indicated that higher radical scavenging activity in methanol than in acetonitrile was due to a nucleophilic addition of the methanol molecule on the oxidized quinones, which led to a regeneration of catechol structures. To investigate the importance of the nucleophilic addition on the quinones for the high radical scavenging activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity of protocatechuic acid and its analogues was examined in the presence of a variety of nucleophiles. The addition of a strong nucleophile such as a cysteine derivative significantly increased the radical scavenging equivalence. Furthermore, thiol adducts at C-2 and C-2,5 of protocatechuic acid and its analogues were isolated from the reaction mixtures. These results strongly suggest that the quinone of protocatechuic acid and its analogues undergo a nucleophilic attack at C-2 to yield 2-substituted-3,4-diols. Then, a regenerated catechol moiety of adducts scavenge two additional radicals by reoxidation into quinones, which undergo the second nucleophilic attack at the C-5. This mechanism demonstrates a possibility of synergistic effects of various nucleophiles on the radical scavenging ability of plant polyphenols containing a 3,4-dihydroxy substructure like protocatechuic acid and its analogues. 相似文献
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探讨了型煤粘合剂的粘结机理,介绍了几种主要粘合剂的分类,重点论述了W IN-1型民用与锅炉型煤粘合剂、W IN-2超微粉造气型煤粘合剂及W IN-3焦粉型焦粘合剂的研究和应用情况,利用这些粘合剂生产的锅炉型煤、造气型煤、焦粉型焦等产品均达到了应用要求。 相似文献
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Oliveira J de Freitas V Silva AM Mateus N 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(15):6349-6356
Three new anthocyanin-derived pigments were found to occur in a 2-year-old Port red wine. Their structures were elucidated through LC/DAD-MS and NMR analysis and were found to correspond to a pyranoanthocyanin moiety linked to substituted cinnamyl substituents. The structures of these compounds are very similar to the one already reported for portisins, with a phenolic moiety replacing the catechin moiety. The newly formed anthocyanin-derived compounds display a bathochromic shift of the lambdamax ( approximately 540 nm) when compared with their anthocyanin-pyruvic acid adduct precursor (lambdamax = 511 nm), which may be due to the extended conjugation of the pi electrons in the structures of those pigments. Studies performed in model solutions helped to clarify the formation mechanism of these pigments that can result from the nucleophilic attack of the olefinic double bond of a hydroxycinnamic acid to the eletrophilic C-10 position of the anthocyanin-pyruvic acid adduct, followed by the loss of a formic acid molecule and decarboxylation. The chromatic characterization of these malvidin-3-glucoside-derived compounds revealed a higher resistance to discoloration against the nucleophilic attack by water and bisulfite when compared to malvidin-3-glucoside that is almost converted into its colorless hemiacetal form. However, the resistance to discoloration of these new pigments is not as high as the one reported for catechin-derived portisins. This could be explained by the presence of a smaller group (hydroxycinnamyl group), which does not protect so efficiently the chromophore against nucleophilic attack at the C-2 position. The occurrence of these pigments in red wine highlights new chemical pathways involving anthocyanin-pyruvic acid derivatives as precursors for the formation of new pigments in subsequent stages of wine aging that may contribute to its color evolution. 相似文献
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[目的]利用葡萄糖对尿素改性可延缓尿素水解,提高尿素氮肥利用率.从葡萄糖与尿素的反应特征、产物结构方面,研究其作用机理及葡萄糖添加量对尿素分解的影响.[方法]将葡萄糖按10％的比例加入到熔融尿素中获得葡萄糖改性尿素,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和液相色谱–质谱联用(LC-MS)分析葡萄... 相似文献
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Reactions of anthocyanins and tannins in model solutions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Salas E Fulcrand H Meudec E Cheynier V 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(27):7951-7961
The reaction between procyanidin dimer Ec-EcG (B2 3'-O-gallate) and malvidin 3-O-glucoside (Mv3glc) was studied in a model solution system at two different pH values, 2.0 and 3.8. Disappearance of both species was much faster at pH 3.8 than at pH 2.0. That of Mv3glc was increased in the presence of Ec-EcG, whereas that of Ec-EcG was the same in the presence or absence of the anthocyanin. Values of absorbance at 520 nm measured at pH 2.0 were correlated with the amount of residual Mv3glc. Those measured at pH 3.8 hardly changed during the incubation, but absorbance values at 420 and 620 nm as well as resistance to sulfite bleaching were much increased, confirming that Mv3glc was converted to other pigments. Anthocyanin-flavanol adducts were observed at both pH values, but their structures were different. At pH 2.0, cleavage of the procyanidin linkage followed by nucleophilic addition of flavanol or anthocyanin moieties led to (Ec)(n)-EcG and (Ec)(n)-Mv3glc, respectively. At pH 3.8, nucleophilic addition of Ec-EcG onto the anthocyanin yielded Mv3glc-(Ec-EcG). 相似文献
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Removal of atrazine from water using covalent sequestration 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Acosta EJ Steffensen MB Tichy SE Simanek EE 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(3):545-549
Monochlorotriazines including atrazine and its major metabolites, deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine, are susceptible to nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Competitive reactions to rank the relative reactivity of nucleophiles with atrazine reveal that constrained secondary amines are the most reactive. When the nucleophile is attached to a solid support, atrazine can be sequestered from solution. As proof of concept, polystyrene resins displaying constrained secondary amines are shown to sequester atrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine from water. Sequestration can be followed spectrophotometrically or using a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry protocol. The kinetics of sequestration are similar to that of granulated charcoal. Evidence for covalent bond formation comes from control experiments with unreactive herbicides and degradation analysis of the solid support. Using both (1)H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, covalent adducts are identified in ratios close to what is calculated theoretically. This method for sequestration is effective at removing atrazine from pond water. 相似文献