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1.
The efficacy of matching embryos with recipients on the basis of embryo stage and grade and donor-recipient oestrous synchrony was investigated using the records of 13,663 embryos that were collected and transferred at a commercial embryo transfer centre. The selection of early blastocysts for exact oestrous synchrony cows was effective and resulted in the highest pregnancy rates. Selection of early morulae was effective for recipients in oestrus after the donor but not when transferred into exact and negative recipients. The matching of late morulae with recipients in oestrus after the donor was not effective and had no influence on pregnancy rates. The selection of late, hatched and collapsed blastocysts for transfer into recipients in oestrus before the donor was ineffective and pregnancy rates were higher in exact and +12 hour recipients. Pregnancy rates declined 23.6 per cent in quality grades 1 to 4 whereas the range between stages was 13.3 per cent. Higher quality embryos of all stages gave the highest pregnancy rates. Examination of pregnancy rates of grades within stages suggested that the more developed the embryo the more difficult it is to grade. The difference in pregnancy rates between exact and -24 (6.9 per cent) and +24 (4.8 per cent) hour recipients was small and declined a further 4.7 per cent and 9.8 per cent in -36 and +36 hour recipients. Grade 3 and 4 embryos tolerated asynchrony better than grade 1 and 2, and early morulae tolerated asynchrony better than the other stages. It was concluded that the matching of certain embryo stages with the donor-recipient oestrous synchrony is advantageous but not always possible.  相似文献   

2.
用不同冷冻载体(玻璃管、塑料管和0.25 mL细管)及不同冷冻方法(程序化冷冻和玻璃化冷冻)对小鼠3.5 d~4 d桑椹胚和囊胚进行冷冻保存,并与不做任何冷冻保存处理直接培养进行对比。结果表明,使用玻璃管、塑料管和0.25 mL细管作为胚胎的承载材料进行玻璃化冷冻,效果差异不显著;采用程序化冷冻与OPS玻璃化冷冻法,对小鼠胚胎进行冷冻保存可以取得较好的结果。从而得出,用不同材质的冷冻载体进行玻璃化冷冻,可以获得与程序化冷冻相同的良好效果。  相似文献   

3.
Synchronization of development between the embryo and uterus is required for successful pregnancy establishment.Transfer of early embryos requires synchrony with the recipient uterus of 2 days or less in sheep,because asynchrony of 3 days or more results in failure of pregnancy recognition signaling for maintenance of corpus luteum (CL) and progesterone (P4) production and/or uterine support of the embryo.The objective was to determine if P4 treatment of recipient ewes would obviate the need for pregnancy recognition signaling and maintain a uterine environment conducive to embryo survival after asynchronous transfer,thereby establishing a universal recipient.Embryos (morulae/blastocysts) were recovered on day 6 from super-ovulated donor ewes.Recipient ewes received 25 mg P4 daily from day 6 post-estrus until 60 days after embryo transfer.Embryos were transferred into recipients on day 6,9,12,18,or 30 post-estrus.The pregnancy rate on day 22 post-transfer was 60% for synchronous transfers to day 6 ewes,44% and 22% for asynchronous transfers to day 9 and 12 ewes,and 0% for asynchronous transfers to day 18 and 30 ewes.On day 39 post-transfer,pregnancy rates remained 60% for day 6 ewes,33% for day 9 ewes,and 0% for day 12,18,and 30 ewes.The P4 treatment did extend the window of uterine receptivity to early embryos in ewes by one day,but did not create a universal recipient.Available results support the idea that a window of uterine receptivity to the conceptus exists in sheep that is independent of pregnancy recognition signaling.  相似文献   

4.
绵羊玻璃化冷冻胚胎直接移植试验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
应用EFS40玻璃化液对6.5～7日龄的绵羊胚胎进行玻璃化冷冻及解冻后直接移植试验.结果:桑椹胚、囊胚冷冻解冻后移植的妊娠率分别为37.50%(3/8)和54.55%(6/11),胚胎存活率分别为33.33%(3/9)和50.00%(6/12),差异均不显著(P＞0.05);胚胎解冻后用0.5 mol/L蔗糖脱防冻剂与直接用胚胎存放液脱除防冻剂的妊娠率分别为44.44%(4/9)和50.00%(5/10),胚胎存活率分别为40.00%(4/10)、45.45%(5/11)差异不显著(P＞0.05);10枚解冻后的胚胎细管内脱防冻剂后,直接装管移植给8只受体,妊娠率为50.00%(4/8),胚胎成活率为40.00%(4/10),与同期常规冷冻解冻组相比无显著差异(P＞0.05).  相似文献   

5.
The aim of this study was to evaluate if blastocysts arising from in vitro culture of Grade 3 bovine morulae produced in vivo can promote acceptable pregnancy rates when transferred into recipients. Embryos of different stages and qualities were recovered from superovulated Bos taurus and B. indicus donors. Grade 3 morulae were cultured in either Holding Plus® or TCM‐199 (supplemented with 10% bovine fetal serum) media for 24 h at 38.5°C. After this culture period, the resulting blastocysts were morphologically classified (Grades 1, 2 and 3) and transferred into recipients previously synchronized with the donors. Non‐cultured Grades 1 and 3 morulae were used as control. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out 60 days after embryo transfer and the data were analysed by logistic regression, considering variables, such as embryo quality (Grade), donor breed, culture medium, donor‐recipient synchrony and seasonality. Embryo quality was the only variable, showing significant effect on the pregnancy rate. Pregnancy rates for non‐cultured Grade 1 and 3 morulae, and blastocysts arising from cultured Grade 3 morulae were 58.1% (n = 31), 17.1% (n = 35) and 51.1% (n = 47), respectively (p < 0.05). There were no statistical differences between non‐cultured Grade 1 morulae and cultured blastocysts. Pregnancy rates for Grades 1 (65.0%) and 2 (60.0%) were higher than Grade 3 (29.4%) cultured blastocysts (p < 0.05). It was concluded that short‐term in vitro culture is a very convenient method of identifying morphologically low quality morulae with higher chances of continuing development after the transfer into recipients.  相似文献   

6.
影响受体牛冷冻移植胚胎效果的主要因素   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
试验研究影响受体牛移植冷冻胚胎效果的主要因素,目的是解决胚胎移植产业化中容易出现的技术问题,以提高牛胚胎移植妊娠率。在季节、饲养管理、同期发情处理和胚胎移植技术以及环境条件等基本相同的情况下,结果表明:西门塔尔杂交牛的移植利用率和移植妊娠率高于黄牛杂交牛和黑白花奶牛,但各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);2～6周岁的受体牛移植利用率和移植妊娠率高于7周岁以上和2周岁以下的受体牛,但各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);经产1～3胎受体牛移植利用率显著高于4胎以上的受体牛(P<0.05),而移植妊娠率则无显著性差异(P>0.05);体况上等与中等的受体牛移植利用率和移植妊娠率无显著性差异(P>0.05);同期发情处理时卵巢处于黄体期的移植利用率显著高于卵泡期,差异极显著(P<0.01);左侧卵巢有黄体的子宫角胚胎移植妊娠率显著高于右侧(P<0.05);胚龄对胚胎移植妊娠率高低依次为早期囊胚、桑椹胚和囊胚,但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。  相似文献   

7.
Sixtyfour compacted morulae and blastocysts were bisected with a microscalpel. The majority of the demi-embryos (n = 122) were reinserted into separate zona pellucidae (ZP) before non-surgical transfer to 113 synchronized recipients, as singles (n = 98) (DE-S) or in pairs (n = 30) (DE-P). Thirty non-manipulated embryos (E) were transferred during the same period and served as controls. Pregnancies were diagnosed by rectal palpation 4-7 weeks after transfer. The pregnancy rates for DE-S, DE-P and E were 32%, 53% and 40%, respectively (P greater than 0.05). A substantial number of abortions were recorded between 50 and 250 days of pregnancy among the recipients with DE-S. The fetal survival rate for DE-S was reduced to 21% and significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than the survival rates of DE-P (43%) and E (40%). The quality of DE and the presence of ZP did not significantly influence the results. No conclusive reasons for the fetal loss could be found but different possibilities are discussed.  相似文献   

8.
The aim of this study was to determine whether vitrification is an effective method when used for Japanese Black Cattle (Wagyu) in vivo‐derived embryos, collected following a superovulation treatment and embryo transfer (MOET) programme. In vivo‐derived morula and blastocysts collected on day 7 after artificial insemination, were vitrified using a modified droplet vitrification (MDV) procedure and subsequently warmed for transfer (ET) into synchronized recipients. Fresh embryos, and embryos cryopreserved using a standardized slow freezing procedure (direct thaw/direct transfer, DT) served as ET controls. Two different follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) sources, Folltropin® Canada (FSH BAH, 24 donors) and a brand prepared by the Chinese Academy of Science (FSH CAS, 16 donors), were compared in a series of superovulation outcomes following well‐established FSH administration protocols. Following data analysis, the total number of ovulations recorded at the time of embryo flushing (10.5 vs 8.5; p = 0.28) and the total number of transferable embryos (6.2 vs 5.1; p = 0.52) were similar between the two FSH sources. ET for MDV (39.7%, n = 78), DT (35.2%, n = 71) and fresh controls (47.1%, n = 34) resulted in similar pregnancy rates (p > 0.05). When MDV was used, a higher pregnancy rate (42.6%) resulted from the transfer of vitrified morulae, when compared to the DT counterparts (24.3%), (p = 0.05). Transfer of vitrified morulae resulted also in higher pregnancy rate, when compared to the transfer of vitrified blastocysts (42.6% vs. 29.4%; p < 0.05). Transfer of DT blastocysts resulted in higher pregnancy rate than morulae, similarly cryopreserved (47.1% vs. 24.3%, p < 0.05). In conclusion, MDV is an effective alternative methodology for cryopreservation of in vivo‐derived embryos. This study gives also indication that, compared to vitrified blastocysts, MDV of morula stage embryos results in higher pregnancy rates following warming and transfer into synchronized recipients.  相似文献   

9.
Methods of transferring one bovine embryo to the ipsilateral uterine horn have been compared. In heifers mid-ventral surgical laparotomy under general anaesthesia (n=22) was compared with flank surgery with paravertebral anaesthesia (n=21). Pregnancy rate was higher with a midventral approach (P less than 0.05) (77.3 per cent of 42.9 per cent respectively). In heifers mid-ventral surgery (n=36) was compared with two methods of non-surgical transfer either using the Cassou insemination gun (n=36) or a modification of it (n=39) with embryos collected on days 7, 8 or 10 after oestrus. There were no differences in pregnancy rate between methods or different ages of embryos (methods: 55.6, 55.6, 43.6 per cent respectively; Day: 48.8, 55.8, 48.1 per cent respectively) but the condition score of recipients affected success (P less than 0.05). Of 10 cows which each received an embryo using the modified Cassou gun eight became pregnant.  相似文献   

10.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of certain embryo transfer parameters on the pregnancy rate after equine embryo transfer of the Brazilian Jumper Horse breed. The size, embryonic development stage, embryo quality, and synchronization of ovulation between the donor (n = 120) and recipient (n = 420) were evaluated in 396 embryos. Embryo recovery was performed on Day 6-9 after ovulation (Day 0 = day of ovulation). The recipient mares were chosen on the day of embryo recovery, and the transfers were performed that same day. The embryo size (diameter including envelopes; n = 396) ranged from 150 to 3000 μm; 67.1% measured between 400 and 1199 μm. The embryo size (400-1199 μm vs. ≤399 μm); stage of development (n = 396; blastocyst and expanded blastocyst versus compact morula and early blastocyst); quality (n = 396; grade 1 [excellent]), 2 [good], or 3 [poor]); and synchronization of ovulation between the donor and recipient (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days versus −1, 5, and 6 days, respectively) all affected pregnancy rate (P < .05). The pregnancy rate did not differ significantly among transfers performed on Days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. In conclusion, embryos measuring 400-1199 μm produced higher pregnancy rates in recipients than embryos measuring 150-399 μm, and blastocysts and expanded blastocysts produced pregnancy more efficiently than morulae and early blastocysts. The embryo quality also affected the pregnancy rate. Synchronization of donor and recipient ovulation to Days 0-4 improved the efficiency of embryo transplant.  相似文献   

11.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of using in vitro‐produced parthenogenetic (PA) embryos for co‐transfer with morulae that had been collected in vivo and cryopreserved. The proportion of PA blastocysts (20.5%) was higher than that of their in vitro fertilization (IVF) counterparts (16.6%). Although there were no differences in morphology or diameter between the two groups, the number of cells in early PA blastocysts after in vitro culture for 6 days was lower than for IVF blastocysts (25.7 and 30.4 cells, respectively), and the number in recovered PA blastocysts was also smaller than that in recovered IVF blastocysts (37.4 and 50.2 cells, respectively). When 10 morulae warmed after vitrification were co‐transferred with 10 PA blastocysts (total 20 embryos) to the uterus of five recipients, the rates of pregnancy and farrowing did not differ, but the average period until spontaneous abortion tended to be longer relative to the control (when 20 morulae were transferred). These data suggest that in vitro‐produced PA embryos offer the possibility of assisted pregnancy for cryopreserved embryos; further experiments will be needed to confirm the beneficial effect of this approach on piglet production.  相似文献   

12.
We examined the relationship between the time elapsed after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration and developmental stage of porcine embryos after collection. Prepubertal gilts, 7 to 8 months old, were given 1500 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) intramuscularly, followed by 500 IU hCG 72 h later. The treated gilts were inseminated artificially on Day 1 (Day 0=the day of hCG administration) and on Day 2. Embryos were collected surgically on Day 6 (140, 144, and 147 h after hCG administration) or on Day 7 (164, 168, and 171 h), and the developmental stages of the collected embryos were examined. From 75.2% (276/367) of the prepubertal gilts treated with hormones, we collected an average of 20.7 embryos per gilt with normal morphology. At 140 h after hCG administration, morulae (54.4%) could be collected. At 144 h, morulae and early blastocysts (57.7% and 28.9%, respectively) were collected. By 147 h, the proportion of embryos at the blastocyst to expanded blastocyst stages had increased (10.0%). From 164 h to 171 h, expanding or expanded blastocysts of more than 200 microm in diameter and hatched blastocysts could be collected. The proportion of hatched blastocysts increased from 3.2% (164 h) to 41.0% (171 h). These results suggests that although the number of ovulations differed among gilts, porcine embryos at the appropriate stages can be collected efficiently by controlling the time elapsed between hCG administration and embryo collection.  相似文献   

13.
Equine embryos can remain viable for 12 to 24 hours when cooled and stored at 5°C.1 Cryopreservation of embryos would allow for long-term preservation of genetic material and more efficient management of embryo recipients. This study compared pregnancy rates after transfer of equine embryos vitrified within 1 hour of collection or cooled for 12 to 19 hours before vitrification. Mares (N = 40) were superovulated using equine follicle-stimulating hormone (eFSH). Embryos were recovered 6.5 days after ovulation or 8 days after human chorionic gonadotropin. Forty morulae or early blastocysts with a grade of 1 to 2 and <300 mm in diameter were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: Group 1 (n = 20), washed 4 times in a commercial holding medium and then vitrified; Group 2 (n = 20), washed 3 times and then stored in the same holding medium at 5°C to 8°C in a passive cooling device for 12 to 19 hours before being vitrified. To thaw, embryos were warmed by holding the straw in air at room temperature for 10 seconds and then submerged in a water bath (20°C to 22°C) for an additional 10 seconds. The contents of the straw were transferred directly into a recipient that had ovulated 4 to 6 days previously. There were no differences (P > .05) in embryo diameter, grade, or morphology score between treatment groups before vitrification. Pregnancy rates (day 16) were not different (P > .05) between embryos vitrified immediately after collection (15 of 20; 75%) and embryos cooled for 12 to 19 hours before vitrification (13 of 20; 65%). Based on these results, small equine embryos (<300 mm) can be stored at 5°C to 8°C for 12 to 19 hours before vitrification without a significant loss of viability.  相似文献   

14.
Effect of age of equine embryos and method of transfer on pregnancy rate   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
A 2 X 2 cross-classified experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of age of equine embryo (7 vs 8 d postovulation) and method of transfer (surgical vs nonsurgical) on pregnancy rates at 50 d of gestation. Embryos were recovered 7 or 8 d postovulation using a Foley catheter and 3 liters of modified Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Upon identification, the embryos were placed in millipore-filtered PBS containing 20% heat-inactivated steer serum and maintained at room temperature until transferred. At the time of recovery, embryos were randomly assigned to be transferred either nonsurgically using a sterile insemination pipette or surgically via a flank incision. For nonsurgical transfer, the embryo was deposited into the uterine body; whereas, in surgical transfer, the embryo was placed in the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum. Recovery rates for embryos collected on d 7 (75.5%) or 8 (81.9%) were similar (P greater than .05). Age of embryo did not affect (P greater than .05) pregnancy rate. At 50 d, pregnancy rates were 60 and 57% for mares receiving d 7 or 8 embryos. However, more (P less than .05) pregnancies were obtained after transfer of embryos surgically (72%) than nonsurgically (45%). More (P less than .05) pregnancies were obtained after transfer of d 8 embryos surgically (75%) compared with nonsurgically (40%). Within method of transfer, pregnancy rates were similar (P less than .05) for surgical transfer of d 7 and 8 embryos (69 and 75%), but tended (P less than .25) to be higher for nonsurgical transfer of d 7 embryos (50%) compared with d 8 embryos (40%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

15.
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16.
This study investigated the viability of embryos from non-stimulated 2-3-month-old calves generated in vitro using oocytes from follicles of defined size in terms of their ability to produce full-term pregnancies. Ablation of follicles>or=4 mm was used to induce the emergence of a new follicular wave, and calves (n=3) were laparoscopically punctured three times at 7-day-intervals to recover cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) from follicles>8 (group A) and between 4-8 mm (group B). Calves were aged 49, 56, and 80 days, respectively, at first recovery. Morphologically intact COCs were subjected to in vitro maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture, and compact morulae/blastocysts were transferred on day 7 post-insemination to synchronized virgin heifers. Blood typing was used for maternity analysis. A total of 29 COCs were recovered, 21 cultured, yielding 11 cleaved embryos (52.4%) and 6 compact morulae/blastocysts (28.6%). No differences were observed between groups. Transfer of the 6 embryos to 5 recipients resulted in three pregnancies (one from group A and two from group B). Two normal male offspring (both from group B), with birth weights of 44 and 51 kg, were born, and two donor calves, aged 56 and 59 days, were identified as the dams. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that embryos generated in vitro from oocytes from non-stimulated calves at an age younger than two months are viable in terms of their ability to produce full-term pregnancies, and suggest that the viability of calf embryos is not related to follicle size.  相似文献   

17.
Bovine zygotes produced by in vitro oocyte maturation and fertilization were cultured for 7.5 d in a chemically defined medium without serum or proteins, except .12 IU/mL of insulin. In Exp. 1, embryos were cultured in approximately 20% oxygen (i.e., 5% CO2 in air) or 5% CO2; 5% O2; 90% N2, with the metal chelators EDTA or diethylenetetraaminopentaacetic acid (DTPA) at 0, 5, 25, or 125 microM. More (P < .01) embryos developed to blastocysts at 5% O2 (17%) than at -20% O2 (7%). Also, embryos grown at 5% O2 averaged more cells than embryos cultured at -20% O2 (38 vs 29 cells for morulae and blastocysts and 15 vs 12 cells including all embryos; P < .05). There were interactions (P < .01) among chelator, concentration of chelator, and oxygen tension. The most efficacious treatments were 5 microM EDTA at 5 or -20% O2 (24 and 20% blastocysts), 5 microM DTPA at 5% O2 (28% blastocysts), and 25 microM EDTA at 5% O2 (25% blastocysts). High concentrations of either chelator were detrimental, especially at -20% O2. In Exp. 2, a smaller range of chelator concentrations was compared (EDTA: 3, 9, 27, or 81 microM, DTPA: 3 or 15 microM) in 5% O2. More embryos developed to blastocysts and expanded blastocysts with 3 microM EDTA than the control without a chelator (20 and 16% vs 7 and 3%, respectively; P < .05). However, in Exp. 3, which concerned embryo development in .33, 1, 3, or 27 microM EDTA and .33, 1, or 3 microM DTPA, no concentration of either chelator was better (P > . 1) than the control.  相似文献   

18.
The relationship of plasminogen activator (PA) production to cell stage, cell number and changes in overall diameter and zona pellucida thickness for bovine embryos developing in vitro was determined. Late morulae to blastocysts (n = 80) were collected nonsurgically from naturally mated, estrous-synchronized, superovulated crossbred beef cows. Embryos were cultured, one embryo per 25-microliters microdrop, for 6 d. At 24-h intervals, embryos were evaluated for stage of development and transferred to fresh microdrops; media were recovered for PA analysis. In addition, embryo diameter and zona pellucida thickness were measured with an ocular micrometer. Plasminogen activator production was determined using a caseinolytic assay with urokinase as the standard. Changes in diameter, zona pellucida thickness and PA production per 24-h interval for each embryo were plotted, and the graphs were cut out and weighed. Sixty-one embryos (76%) completed the hatching process. Total PA production was correlated positively (P less than .005) to embryonic size (r = .40), developmental stage (r = .35) and cell number (r = .35) and negatively, but weakly, correlated to zona pellucida thickness (r = -.13; P = .267). Hatched embryos produced more total PA than embryos that did not hatch (.140 +/- .011 vs .070 +/- .019 g; P less than .01). These results suggest that as embryonic size and cell number increase and development progresses, bovine embryos liberate more PA.  相似文献   

19.
This study examined the influence of EGF on the expression of EGF receptors (EGFR) and developmental competence of embryos cultured individually versus those cultured in groups. Cat oocytes were in vitro matured and fertilized (IVM/IVF), and cleaved embryos were randomly assigned to one of seven culture conditions: one group each in which embryos were subjected to group culture supplemented with or without 5 ng/ml EGF and five groups in which embryos were subjected to single-embryo culture supplemented with EGF (0, 5, 25, 50 or 100 ng/ml). Morulae, blastocysts and hatching blastocysts were assessed at days 5 and 7; post IVF, respectively, and total blastocyst cell numbers were assessed at day 7. Relative mRNA expressions of EGFR of 2–4-cell embryos, 8–16-cell embryos, morulae and blastocysts cultured in groups or singly with or without EGF supplementation were examined. OCT3/4 and Ki67 in blastocysts derived from the group or single-embryo culture systems with or without EGF supplementation were localized. A higher rate of embryos cultured in groups developed to blastocysts than individually incubated cohorts. Although EGF increased blastocyst formation in the single-embryo culture system, EGF did not affect embryo development in group culture. Expression levels of EGFR decreased in morulae and blastocysts cultured with EGF. An increased ratio of Ki67-positive cells to the total number of cells in the blastocyst was observed in singly cultured embryos in the presence of EGF. However, EGF did not affect the expression of OCT3/4. These findings indicate that EGF enhanced developmental competence of cat embryos cultured singly by stimulating cell proliferation and modulating the EGFR expression at various developmental stages.  相似文献   

20.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of iron and copper on bovine oocyte maturation, preimplantation embryo development and apoptosis of blastocysts. The concentrations of iron in the culture media were 0 (control), 0.45, 0.81, 1.96 and 3.26 mg/l, and the concentrations of copper were 0 (control), 0.093, 0.27, 0.46 and 0.68 mg/l. The changes in the iron (1.96 mg/l) and copper concentrations (0.46 mg/l) in the culture media were measured after oocyte maturation for 22 h and after zygote culture for 48, 96, 144 and 192 h. The results showed that there were no significant differences in oocyte maturation and cleavage between media containing iron and the control, but the media containing iron had higher (P>0.05) rates of 8-cell embryos, morulae, and blastocysts than the control, and addition of 1.96 mg/l of iron increased the blastocyst rate (P>0.05). The effects of copper on oocyte maturation and cleavage were similar to iron, and addition of 0.46 and 0.68 mg/l of copper increased the rates of morulae and blastocysts (P>0.05). Addition of iron or copper significantly decreased the number of apoptotic blastomeres compared with the control (P>0.05). After oocyte maturation for 22 h and zygote culture for 48 h, the iron concentrations decreased by 3.6 and 9.2%, respectively, and the copper concentrations decreased by 6.5 and 10.9%, respectively. After zygote culture for 96, 144 and 192 h, the iron concentrations decreased by 21.4, 25.5 and 27.0%, respectively, the copper concentrations decreased by 23.9, 28.3 and 30.4%, respectively. In conclusion, iron and copper played an important role in the success of culture of 8-cell embryos, morulae, and blastocysts, and long-term lack of iron or copper increased the number of apoptotic blastomeres. Furthermore, transition of primary demand for trace amounts of iron or copper from the cytoplast to culture medium for utilization by zygotes may occur after in vitro zygote culture for 48 h.  相似文献   

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