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1.
Identification of new parental lines is crucial for developing ecology‐specific hybrids with ideal agronomic performance. We screened a total of 570 different ecology‐specific Indian rice varieties for the presence of fertility restorer genes, Rf3 and Rf4 using tightly linked markers DRRM Rf3‐10 and RM6100, respectively. Among these varieties, 13% carried Rf3Rf3/Rf4Rf4, 31% carried rf3rf3/rf4rf4, 6% carried Rf3Rf3/rf4rf4 and remaining 50% carried Rf4Rf4/rf3rf3 allelic combinations. A mini set of 40 varieties with variable allelic combinations of fertility restorer genes were testcrossed with WA and Kalinga‐based CMS lines. All the 80 F1s were evaluated for spikelet fertility and fertility restoration ability. Rf3Rf3/rf4rf4 genotypes mostly behaved as partial maintainers or partial restorers. In contrast, rf3rf3/Rf4Rf4 genotypes were partial or effective restorers. However, double dominant genotypes showed better fertility restoration than the genotypes containing Rf3 or Rf4 individually. Some of the genotypes showed unexpected restoration pattern implying occurrence of other fertility restorer(s) apart from Rf3 and Rf4. The perfect restorers and maintainers identified in this study can be directly used in hybrid rice breeding.  相似文献   

2.
Wild abortive (WA)-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been exclusively used for breeding three-line hybrid indica rice, but it has not been applied for generating japonica hybrids because of the difficulties related to breeding japonica restorer lines. Determining whether the major restorer-of-fertility (Rf) gene used for indica hybrids can efficiently restore the fertility of WA-type japonica CMS lines may be useful for breeding WA-type japonica restorer lines. In this study, japonica restorer lines for Chinsurah Boro II (BT)-type CMS exhibited varying abilities to restore the fertility of ‘WA-LiuqianxinA’, which is a WA-type japonica CMS line. Additionally, Rf genes for WA-type CMS were identified in the BT-type japonica restorers. Meanwhile, ‘C9083’, which is a BT-type japonica restorer, exhibited a limited ability to restore the fertility of WA-type japonica CMS lines, and a genetic analysis revealed that the fertility restoration was controlled by one locus. The Rf gene was mapped to an approximately 370-kb physical region and was identified as Rf4. Furthermore, Rf gene dosage effects and the temperature influenced the fertility restoration of WA-type japonica CMS lines. This study is the first to confirm that Rf4 has only minor effects on the fertility restoration of WA-type japonica CMS lines. These results may be relevant for the development of WA-type japonica hybrids.  相似文献   

3.
Over the past decade, M‐type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line W931A and a variety of restorer lines have been exploited for the release of hybrid seeds in soybean (Glycine max). However, the identities of restorer genes in the nuclei of soybean restorer lines are still unclear. In this study, we analysed the inheritance pattern of restorer locus Rf‐m from restorer line WR016 and constructed a high‐resolution map of this locus. Results showed that Rf‐m in WR016 is a monogenic dominant gene located within a 162.4‐kb region on chromosome 16, which is flanked on each side by new developed simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers GmSSR1602 and GmSSR1610 at a distance of 0.11 and 0.25 cM, respectively. Nineteen open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted in this region. Of these, seven genes arranged in tandem on chromosome 16 encode pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, which is similar to other reported restorer loci in plants. These results lay a solid foundation for map‐based cloning of the Rf‐m gene and will be helpful for marker‐assisted selection of elite CMS restorer lines.  相似文献   

4.
The Wild Abortive (WA) system is the major cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) source for hybrid rice production in indica rice and its fertility restoration is reported to be controlled by two major loci viz. Rf3 on chromosome 1 and Rf4 on chromosome 10. With the availability of the rice genome sequence, an attempt was made to fine map, develop candidate gene based markers for Rf3 and Rf4 and validate the developed marker system in a set of known restorer lines. Using polymorphic markers developed from microsatellite markers and candidate gene based markers from Rf3 and Rf4 loci, local linkage maps were constructed in two mapping populations of ~1,500 F2 progeny from KRH2 (IR58025A/KMR3R) and DRRH2 (IR68897A/DR714-1-2R) hybrids. QTLs and their interactions for fertility restoration in Rf3 and Rf4 loci were identified. The identified QTL in both mapping populations together explained 66–72 % of the phenotypic variance of the trait suggesting their utility in developing a marker system for identification of fertility restorers for WA-CMS. Sequence comparison of the two candidate genes from the Rf3 and Rf4 regions in male sterile (A) and restorer (R) lines showed 2–3 bp indels and a few substitutions in the Rf3 region and indels of 327 and 106 bp in the Rf4 region respectively. The marker system identified in the present study was validated in 212 restorers and 34 maintainers along with earlier reported markers for fertility restoration of WA-CMS. Together DRCG-RF4-14 and DRCG-RF4-8 for the Rf4 locus and DRRM-RF3-5/DRRM-RF3-10 for the Rf3 locus showed a maximum efficiency of 92 % for identification of restorers.  相似文献   

5.
T. Komori  N. Nitta 《Plant Breeding》2004,123(6):549-553
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) by the cms‐bo cytoplasm and its restoration by the nuclear restorer gene, Rf‐1, are used for seed production of japonica hybrid rice varieties. To produce pure hybrid seeds, a prerequisite is to properly manage the seed purity of parental lines, especially CMS lines. In this study, three dominant polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based markers (M1, M2 and M3) were developed to detect mutual contamination in seed batches of CMS lines, maintainer lines, restorer lines and hybrids. M1 detected the mitochondrial sequence that was present in the cytoplasm of common japonica varieties and absent in the cms‐bo cytoplasm. M2 and M3 detected the chromosomal sequence related to the Rf‐1 allele in restorer lines and the rf‐1 allele in common japonica varieties, respectively. By the strategic use of these markers, japonica hybrids and their parental lines could be efficiently distinguished from each other. Furthermore, sensitivity tests for the three markers with a series of crude DNA samples prepared from polished grains demonstrated that these markers could detect one contaminating grain among 500 or 1000 grains. Therefore, the bulk PCR analyses with the markers developed here probably make it possible to control the seed purity of japonica hybrids properly by selecting appropriate seed batches of their parental lines quickly and efficiently.  相似文献   

6.
水稻优良恢复系明恢63两个恢复基因恢复力的单独评价   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
野败型细胞质雄性不育系统是选配杂交稻组合广泛应用的主要不育细胞质资源，野败型细胞质雄性不育的育性恢复能力由两个恢复基因控制。以前的研究表明，明恢63具有2个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(μ)，分别位于第1和第10染色体上。为了分别准确估计这两个恢复基因的遗传效应，根据分子标记基因型，从珍汕97／明恢63衍生的241个F9重组自交系群体中选择两个自交系R124和R1183，它们分别含有单个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(M)，将R124和R1183与珍汕97A杂交，分别得到F1A和F1B，再自交得到F2A和F2B。在武汉和海南分别考察F1的育性，F1A的自然结实率海南和武汉分别为53．4％和60．2％，F1B的自然结实率海南和武汉分别为70．5％和75．7％。而珍汕97A／明恢63的杂种汕优63结实率为81．4％。F2A和F2B群体育性分离均符合1个主基因1：3的孟德尔期望分离比，表明，R124和R1183分别只含有一个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(M)。Rf(M)的效应较大，恢复力强，它单独几乎可以使育性恢复正常。利用标记辅助选择方法，转移两个恢复基因可以快速选育优良恢复系。  相似文献   

7.
We have established marker-aided selection strategies for the two major Rf genes (Rf3 and Rf4) governing fertility restoration of␣cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CMS) in rice. Polymorphisms between restorer and non-restorer␣lines were observed using RG140/PvuII for Rf3 located on chromosome 1 and S10019/BstUI for Rf4 located on chromosome 10. DNA polymorphisms associated with these two loci in restorer lines of wild abortive (WA), Dissi, and Gambiaca cytoplasm are conserved, suggesting that similar biological processes control pollen fertility in this diverse cytoplasm. Because of their close linkage to Rf genes and distinct banding patterns, STS markers RG140/PvuII and S10019/BstUI are well suited for marker-aided selection, enhanced backcross procedures, and pyramiding of Rf genes in agronomically superior non-restorer lines. The combined use of markers associated with these two loci improved the efficiency of screening for putative restorer lines from a set of elite lines. Positional analyses of Rf4 and the inheritance pattern of the polymorphism in S10019/BstUI suggest that Rf4, governing fertility restoration in WA-CMS in rice, is likely to be the same gene governing fertility restoration in BT- and HL-CMS that has a gametophytic effect, which explains why 100% pollen fertility in hybrids is impossible to attain.  相似文献   

8.
A. Ahmadikhah    G. I. Karlov 《Plant Breeding》2006,125(4):363-367
The wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS‐WA) system, an ideal type of sporophytic CMS in indica rice, is used for the large‐scale commercial production of hybrid rice. Searching for restorer genes is a good approach when phenotyping is very time‐consuming and requires the determination of spikelet sterility in testcross progeny. To establish more precisely the genetical and physical maps of the Rf4 gene, high‐resolution mapping of this locus was carried out using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and newly designed markers in a F2 population. The genetic linkage analysis indicated that five SSR markers (RM6737, RM304, RM171, RM5841 and RM228) on the long arm of chromosome 10 were linked with the Rf4 gene. Rf4 was flanked by two SSR markers RM171 and RM6737 at distances of 3.2 and 1.6 cM, respectively. Also, within the region between Rf4 gene and RM171, a newly designed primer pair, AB443, produced two sterile‐specific markers, AB443‐400 and AB443‐500, 0.5 and 1.03 cM from the gene. The flanking markers identified give promise for their application in molecular marker‐assisted selection (MAS) and they are also suitable for starting chromosome walking to clone Rf4 gene in the near future.  相似文献   

9.
Tagging of restorer genes for wild abortive (WA) CMS source by studying a 222 individual plants from a F2 population of a cross between IR58025A × IR42686R. The restorer line IR42686R that was used in this study had been previously derived through random mating composite population (RMCP) involving 12 parents facilitated by IR36 genetic male sterility. Four Rf genes were tagged to simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers on chromosomes 1, 7, 10, 12 by recessive class analysis. The recombination frequency between a positive marker and Rf locus was calculated using maximum likelihood estimator assuming that all the 46 extremely sterile individual plants were homozygous at the targeted Rf locus. The recombination frequency between the marker and the restorer trait were converted to genetic distances using Kosambi function. A new Rf locus designated as Rf7 on chromosome 12 was found to be linked to RM7003 at a genetic distance of 13.3 cM (LOD 6.12). We report here first, a new molecular marker (RM 6344) linked to Rf4 locus on chromosome 7 that was previously mapped by trisomic analysis. RM443 and RM315 were flanking the Rf3 gene at a genetic distance of 4.4 (LOD 10.29) and 20.7 cM (LOD 3.98) on chromosome 1, respectively. The Rf6 was flanked on both side with SSR markers RM258 and RM591 at a genetic distance of 4.4 (LOD 10.29) and 23.3 cM (LOD 3.39) located on chromosome 10. The random mating composite population is an excellent breeding approach to develop superior restorer lines and for pyramiding different Rf genes of different CMS systems. Rf genes tagged with closely linked SSR markers would be facilitating marker assisted selection (MAS) in hybrid rice breeding program by reducing time and workload for identifying potential restorers. L. Bazrkar and A. J. Ali equally contributed to this work.  相似文献   

10.
The genetic relationship among three cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems, consisting of WA, Dissi, and Gambiaca, was studied. The results showed that the maintainers of one CMS system can also maintain sterility in other cytoplasmic backgrounds. The F1 plants derived from crosses involving A and R lines of the respective cytoplasm and their cross-combination with other CMS systems showed similar pollen and spikelet fertility values, indicating that similar biological processes govern fertility restoration in these three CMS systems. The results from an inheritance study showed that the pollen fertility restoration in all three CMS systems was governed by two independent and dominant genes with classical duplicate gene action. Three F2 populations, generated from the crosses between the parents of good-performing rice hybrids, that possess WA, Dissi, and Gambiaca CMS cytoplasm, were used to map the Rf genes. For the WA-CMS system, Rf3 was located at a distance of 2.8 cM from RM490 on chromosome 1 and Rf4 was located at 1.6 cM from RM1108 on chromosome 10. For the Dissi-CMS system, Rf3 was located on chromosome 1 at 1.9 cM from RM7466 and Rf4 on chromosome 10 was located at 2.3 cM from RM6100. The effect of Rf3 on pollen fertility appeared to be stronger than the effect of Rf4. In the Gambiaca-CMS system, only one major locus was mapped on chromosome 1 at 2.1 cM from RM576. These studies have led to the development of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for selecting putative restorer lines, new approaches to alloplasmic line breeding, and the transfer of Rf genes into adapted cultivars through a backcrossing program in an active hybrid rice breeding program.  相似文献   

11.
X. L. Tan    Y. L. Tan    Y. H. Zhao    X. M. Zhang    R. K. Hong    S. L. Jin    X. R. Liu  D. J. Huang 《Plant Breeding》2004,123(4):338-341
Cytoplasmic male sterility of Dian‐type 1 (CMS‐D1) was developed 30 years ago in Yunnan. A major gene conferring fertility restoration for the CMS‐D1 system was detected by microsatellite markers in advanced inbred lines consisting of 196 maintainers and 62 restorers developed in breeding programmes of hybrid rice involving the CMS‐D1 system. The gene was mapped between two simple sequence repeat markers, OSR33 and RM228, on chromosome 10, and was temporarily designated as Rf‐D1(t). The genetic distances of the gene to the two microsatellite markers were 3.4 and 5.0 cM, respectively. This linkage was confirmed by using an F2 population derived from a cross between a CMS‐D1 line and a restorer. This study also demonstrated that using OSR33 was reliable and efficient for identification of restoring lines in hybrid rice breeding with the CMS‐D1 system.  相似文献   

12.
野败型育性恢复基因在AA基因组野生稻中的分布与遗传   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
分析了野败型恢复基因在AA基因组野生稻的分布。结果表明：（1）在31份野生稻中，有16份含有恢复基因，分布频率达51.6%。（2）6个AA基因组野生稻种中有4个种存在恢复基因，但主要集中于O. rufipogon和O. nivara。（3）在所鉴定的16份野生稻恢复系中，对野败型花粉育性恢复力大于80%和50%～80%的各6份，小于50%的4份；强恢复  相似文献   

13.
In CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility)‐based hybrid rye (Secale cereale L.) breeding, effective pollen‐fertility restoration is an essential prerequisite for achieving maximum grain yield on the one hand and for minimizing ergot (Claviceps purpurea) infestation on the other. Restorer genes for the CMS‐inducing ‘Pampa’ cytoplasm derived from landraces collected in Iran and Argentina are used by breeders for achieving this goal. Here, restorer genes from four germplasm sources (‘Altevogt 14160’, ‘IRAN III’, ‘Trenelense’ and ‘Pico Gentario’) were analysed by producing three‐way cross hybrids between an elite CMS single cross and pollinators with and without a given restorer gene. Materials were evaluated on large drilled plots for restorer index (RI), grain yield, plant height and other traits in six environments. In experiment 1, a restorer gene from ‘Altevogt 14160’ was used. Seven pairs of marker‐selected carrier and non‐carrier backcross lines served as pollinators. In experiment 2, the pollinators were 17 backcross line pairs from the other three germplasm sources. These lines were grouped as high (RI > 67%) and low restorers (RI < 30%), respectively, using testcrosses with a highly diagnostic CMS tester. Hybrids carrying an exotic restorer gene suffered from a significant grain yield reduction by 4.4% and 9.4% and were 9.3 and 4.8 cm taller in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Thousand‐kernel weight was reduced, whereas quality traits were only slightly affected. For all traits, significant genetic variance existed among the testcrosses to the presence vs. absence of a given exotic restorer gene. This offers a chance for the breeder to reduce or ultimately overcome the presently observed performance reductions brought about by exotic restorer genes.  相似文献   

14.
IR 58025A is a very popular wild‐abortive cytoplasmic male sterile (WA‐CMS) line of rice and is extensively used for hybrid rice breeding. However, IR 58025A and many hybrids derived from it possess mild aroma (undesirable in some parts of India) and are highly susceptible to bacterial blight (BB) and blast diseases. To improve IR 58025A for BB and blast resistance, we have introgressed a major dominant gene conferring resistance against BB (i.e. Xa21) and blast (i.e. Pi54) into IR 58025B, the maintainer line of IR 58025A. An introgression line of Samba Mahsuri (i.e. SM2154) possessing Xa21 and Pi54 genes in homozygous condition and fine‐grain type was used as donor parent, and backcross breeding strategy was adopted for targeted introgression of the resistance genes. PCR‐based molecular markers tightly linked to Xa21 and Pi54 were used for selection of BB‐ and blast‐resistant lines, while closely linked markers were used for identification of backcross‐derived plants devoid of Rf4 and aroma. At BC2F5, four backcross‐derived lines possessing resistance against BB and blast, devoid of aroma, high yield, short plant stature, long‐slender grain type and with recurrent parent genome recovery ranging from 88.8% to 98.6% were selected and advanced for further evaluation. The improved versions of IR 58025B, viz. SB54‐11‐143‐9‐44‐5, SB54‐11‐143‐9‐44‐98, SB54‐11‐143‐9‐44‐111 and SB54‐11‐143‐9‐44‐171, behaved as perfect maintainers when test‐crossed with WA‐CMS lines. Agronomically superior lines of improved IR 58025B are being converted to CMS line through backcrossing for developing high‐yielding and biotic stress‐resistant rice hybrids.  相似文献   

15.
The cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system is ideal for exploiting heterosis in crops such as cotton. However, CMS-D2, which is based on Gossypium harknessii cytoplasm, is still not widely used for cotton production. In this study, we developed an efficient marker-assisted selection method based on insertion/deletion (InDel) markers that can identify restorer lines carrying Rf1. Whole-genome resequencing was first completed for restorer [N(Rf1Rf1)] and maintainer [N(rf1rf1)] lines with normal fertile cytoplasm (N). Comparisons with the TM-1 reference genome sequence resulted in the identification of 292,065 and 183,657 InDels for the restorer and maintainer lines, respectively. Most of the InDels in the restorer line were distributed on Chromosome_D05, which carries Rf1. Of the 12 InDel markers near the Rf1 target region that were further validated, four co-dominant markers (i.e., InDel-1891, InDel-3434, InDel-7525, and InDel-9356) co-segregated with Rf1, as verified by a segregation analysis in an F2 population. We subsequently used InDel-1891 to determine the allele status at the Rf1 locus in a backcross scheme for transferring Rf1. In this study, we developed new markers to increase the marker density in the Rf1 target region, which will be useful for the fine mapping of Rf1. The development of convenient and inexpensive co-segregating InDel markers will facilitate the marker-assisted selection of restorer lines carrying Rf1.  相似文献   

16.
The spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus, is one of the most important pests of sorghum, and host plant resistance is an important component for the management of this pest. Most of the sorghum hybrids currently under cultivation are based on cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS). In order to develop a strategy for resistance to stem borer, we studied the traits associated with resistance, and their nature of gene action in F1 hybrids derived from resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible CMS and restorer lines. The hybrids based on stem borer-resistant, moderately resistant, or susceptible CMS and restorer lines were equally resistant or susceptible as the parents for leaf feeding [Damage rating (DR) 5.8 to 6.6 vs. 5.9 to 6.6], and had significant and decreasing trend in deadheart formation (resistant CMS × resistant restorer lines < moderately resistant CMS × moderately resistant restorer lines < susceptible CMS × susceptible restorer lines), respectively. Proportional contributions of restorer lines were greater than those of the CMS lines for leaf feeding, deadhearts, recovery and overall resistance, stalk length, nodes per plant, stem borer holes per plant, and peduncle tunneling. The general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) estimates suggested that leaf feeding score, number of nodes, overall resistance score, panicle initiation, recovery score, and stalk length (dominance type of gene action) have been found to be associated with resistance to spotted stem borer, governed by additive type of gene action, their correlation and direct effects in the same direction, and explained 65.3% of the variation in deadhearts, and thus could be used as marker traits to select and breed for resistance to C. partellus in sorghum. The parents having significant SCA effects for two or more resistance traits for either or more parents have also been discussed for their use in the stem borer resistance breeding.  相似文献   

17.
The Rfo fertility restorer gene for the Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) applied for oilseed rape hybrid seed production can be monitored with the use of the RAPD OPC021150 marker while molecular breeding. The aim of this work was to convert the RAPD marker into a more suitable SCAR marker. Total DNA was isolated from a doubled haploid line derived from the line BO20 (INRA, France). A fragment of 1150‐bp linked to the Rfo gene was PCR amplified with the use of the RAPD OPC02 primer, cloned and sequenced. A pair of primers was designed and PCR amplification was performed to develop a SCAR marker for the Rfo gene. The new marker was applied for analysis of 220 oilseed rape lines comprising doubled haploid and inbred restorer lines, restored hybrids as well as F1 and F2 recombinant generations involving restorer lines. Simultaneously, the RAPD OPC02 marker was used and it revealed that the markers are equivalent to each other. However, the developed new SCAR marker has made the analysis more practical, rapid and efficient.  相似文献   

18.
Development of cytoplasmic-genic male sterility in safflower   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
K. Anhani 《Plant Breeding》2005,124(3):310-312
An interspecific cross was made between Carthamaus oxyacantha and the cultivated species C. tinctorius to develop a cytoplasmic‐genic male sterility (CMS) system in safflower. C. oxyacantha was the donor of sterile cytoplasm. The 3: 1 segregation pattern observed in BC1F2 suggested single gene control with dominance of male‐fertility over male‐sterility. The information obtained from crossing male sterile X male fertile plants in BC1F3 and BC1F4 generations showed statistically significant single gene (1: 1) segregation for male sterility vs. male fertility. The results demonstrated that C. tinctorius possesses a nuclear fertility restorer gene and that a single dominant allele restored fertility (Rf) in progeny carrying CMS cytoplasm of C. oxyacantha. Male sterility occurred with the homozygous recessive condition (rfrf) in a sterile C. oxyacantha cytoplasm background and not in the normal cytoplasm of C. tinctorius. The genetic background of different restorer lines of C. tinctorius having normal cytoplasm did not effect fertility restoration. The absence of male sterile plants in C. tinctorius populations ruled out the possibility of genetic male sterility. Normal meiosis in F1 and BC1F2 ruled out a cytogenetic basis for the occurrence of male sterility.  相似文献   

19.
水稻广亲和广谱型恢复系SWR78的选育   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
利用野败（WA）型、红莲（HL）型、包台（BT型）3种细胞质的同核异质粳稻广亲和不育系苏秋A与19个籼、粳恢复系测交,筛选出对以上3种细胞质不育系均具正常恢复力的广谱型恢复系6078。通过回交,将广亲和品种Lemont的广亲和基因导入6078,育成广亲和广谱型恢复系SWR78。经测交鉴定,SWR78对WA型、印水（ID）型、HL型、BT型4种细胞质的10个籼、粳不育系均具正常恢复力。  相似文献   

20.
X. L. Li    L. K. Liu    N. Hou    G. Q. Liu  C. G. Liu 《Plant Breeding》2005,124(4):413-415
‘Yi 4060’ is an elite restorer line of a non‐photoperiod‐sensitive D2‐type cytoplasmic male‐sterile (CMS) line of wheat. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were employed to map one major fertility‐restoring gene (D2Rf1) in ‘Yi 4060′. The sterile and fertile DNA pools were established from individuals in BC6, based on bulked segregant analysis. One RAPD marker E09, linked to D2Rf1, was converted to a SCAR marker and designated as E09‐SCAR865. The genetic distance between E09‐SCAR865 and D2Rf1 is 9.5 cM. Two SSR markers, Xgwm11 and Xgwm18, were also linked to a D2Rf1 and co‐segregated with E09‐SCAR865. The three molecular markers are useful in marker‐assisted breeding of the elite restorer lines for D2 ‐type CMS lines in wheat.  相似文献   

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