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1.
Amphistomes of Calicophoron microbothrioides were recovered from the rumen of a Malaysian sambar deer (Cervus unicolor). Some measurements and illustrations of C. microbothrioides are given. This is a new host record for the species C. microbothrioides. 相似文献
2.
Browsing preference and ecological carrying capacity of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor brookei) on secondary vegetation in forest plantation 
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下载免费PDF全文 The browsing preference and ecological carrying capacity (ECC) of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor brookei) in acacia plantations for management and conservation of the ecosystem were investigated at Sabal Forest Reserve in Sarawak, Malaysia. The identification of the species browsed by the sambar deer was based on an observation of the plant parts consumed. ECC estimation was based on body weight (BW) and the physiological stages of animals browsed in six fenced 4‐ha paddocks. Sambar deer were found foraging on only 29 out of 42 species of secondary vegetation in the acacia plantation. The remaining species are too high for the deer to reach. Planted species, Shorea macrophylla are not palatable to the deer. This augurs well for the integration of sambar deer into shorea plantations. The most frequently exploited plants were Ficus spp. Sambar deer preferred woody species more than non‐woody species and they are browser animals. By producing metabolizable energy of 19 000 to 27 000 MJ/ha, the ECC was five head/ha to 5.25 head/ha. Given its contribution to the conservation of wildlife and its capacity to sustain the ecosystem, the sambar deer integrated farming system offers a promising strategy for the future of tropical forestry management. 相似文献
3.
S Agungpriyono Y Yamamoto N Kitamura J Yamada K Sigit T Yamashita 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》1992,54(6):1063-1069
The stomach of the lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) was observed macroscopically. It consisted of only three compartments, rumen, reticulum and abomasum without omasum. The rumen was S-shaped with large ventral and caudoventral blind sacs and the reticulum was larger than the abomasum. Internally, the rumen was covered with numerous ruminal papillae even on the pillars and the ruminoreticular fold. These papillae were leaf- or tongue-like shaped and varied in size and density. The reticulum had honey-combed crests and the secondary crests were found rarely. The lips of the reticular groove were prominent and more developed in the aboral part than in the oral one. A sac-like transition zone, which had more prominent mucosal folds than had the floor of the reticular groove, was observed between the caudal end of the reticular groove and the abomasum. Mucosal folds of the abomasum were spiral, low but rather thick. These findings were discussed in view of comparison with other ruminants and of possible functional implications. 相似文献
4.
Keneisenuo Keneisenuo MVSc Om Prakash Choudhary PhD Pranab Chandra Kalita PhD Priyanka Choudhary PhD Arup Kalita PhD Probal Jyoti Doley MVSc Jitendra Kumar Chaudhary PhD 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2021,50(3):500-511
The present study reports data on the skull bone morphometry of barking and sambar deer. The skulls of adult barking deer (n = 6) and sambar deer (n = 6) of either sex (n = 3 males and n = 3 females) were collected from the Aizawl Zoological Park, Aizawl, Mizoram, India, with official permission from the Government of Mizoram. Anatomically, barking and sambar deer's skulls were elongated, pyramid-like, dolichocephalic and consisted of thirty-two cranial and facial bones. The cranial bones were eleven (three single and four paired), comprising of occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, interparietal, parietal and temporal. The facial bones were twenty-one (one single and ten were paired), consisting of the maxilla, premaxilla (incisive), palatine, pterygoid, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic (malar), vomer, turbinates, mandible and hyoid. In the present study, altogether 41 different measurements were taken morphologically and 6 different indices were applied. The obtained morphometrical parameters were significantly (p < .01, p < .05) higher in males than females of both species. Species wise, all obtained parameters were higher in sambar deer than barking deer. The obtained 41 different skull parameters and 6 indices showed statistically significant differences (p < .01 and p < .05) between both sexes of barking and sambar deer; however, practically these differences were meagre. The present morphometrical study on the skull of both species can help the wildlife professionals and zoo veterinarians determine the sex of these animals and differentiate it from other domestic and wild small ruminants for solving veterolegal cases. This study's findings will also motivate and assist other comparative studies with various domestic and wild small ruminants. 相似文献
5.
The aim of this study is to describe differences in the ontogenesis of the rumen in the sheep (domestic ruminant) and deer (wild ruminant). A total of 50 embryos and fetuses of Merino sheep and 50 of Iberian deer were used, from the first stages of prenatal life until birth. For the study, the animals were divided into five experimental groups according to the most relevant histological characteristics. The appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was earlier in the sheep (22% gestation, 33 days) than in the deer (25% gestation, 66 days). In both cases it displayed a primitive epithelium of a stratified, cylindrical, non‐ciliary type. At around 28% gestation in the sheep (42 days) and 26% (67 days) in the deer, the rumen was configured of three clearly‐differentiated layers: internal or mucosal, middle or muscular and external or serosal. In both species the stratification of the epithelial layer was accompanied by modifications in its structure with the appearance of the ruminal pillars and papillae. The pillars appeared before the papillae and the appearance of both structures was always earlier in the deer (pillars: 70 days, 27% gestation; papillae: 97 days, 36% gestation) than in the sheep (pillars: 42 days, 28% gestation; papillae: 57 days, 38% gestation). The outlines of the ruminal papillae appeared as evaginations of the basal zone toward the ruminal lumen, dragging in their formation the basal membrane, the lamina propria and the submucosa. The tegumentary mucosa of the rumen was without secretion capability in the first embryonic phases. From 67 days (26% gestation) the neutral mucopolysaccharides appeared in the deer and at 46 days (30% gestation) in the sheep. In both cases they continued to decrease until birth, this diminution being more pronounced in the deer. Finally, the presence of neuroendocrine and glial cells was detected in the deer at earlier stages than in the sheep. 相似文献
6.
The macroscopic anatomy of the stomach and intestines of adult axis deer (Axis axis), a cervid species considered intermediate/mixed feeder, was observed and recorded. Nine adult wild axis deers of both sexes were used and studied by simple dissection. The ruminal papillae were distributed unevenly in the overall area of the inner surface of rumen and primarily were more large and abundant within the atrium. The ruminal pillars had no papillae. There was an additional ruminal pillar located between the right longitudinal and right coronary ventral pillars connected to the caudal pillar. No dorsal coronary pillars were found, and the ventral coronary pillars are connected. The reticulum was the third compartment in size, and the maximum height of the reticular crests was 1.0 mm. The Cellulae reticuli were not divided and rarely contained secondary crests. There were no Papillae unguiculiformes. The omasum was the smallest gastric compartment. The abomasum had about twelve spiral plicae, and a small pyloric torus was present. The intraruminal papillation was similar to those species that are characterized by a higher proportion of grass in their natural diet. The finding of the small reticular crests is typical for browser ruminants and was coincident with data reported for other deer. The comparative ratio of the small intestine to the large intestine was 1.69, in terms of length measurements in axis deer and appears below of the ‘browser range’. We concluded that the gastrointestinal system of axis deer reflected similar morphological characteristics of the both types of ruminants: browser and grazer, and we consider it as an intermediate feeder. 相似文献
7.
Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Feeder Pigs: Observations on the Jejunal Epithelium of Normal Feeder Pigs and Feeder Pigs Infected with TGE Virus 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Light and electron microscopy findings in the jejunal mucosa of the normal feeder pig and feeder pigs infected with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus are reported. Villi in the mid jejunum of the normal feeder pig were elongated, finger shaped and covered with a layer of columnar absorptive cells with a well developed and regular brush border. Severe lesions of villous atrophy were present in all jejunal segments of feeder swine killed 96 hours post infection with TGE virus. Atrophic villi were covered by flat to cuboidal cells with a poorly developed brush border in some areas. In other segments, cells varied in appearance from sub-columnar to columnar type of near normal appearance.
The ultrastructure of the jejunal absorptive cells in the normal feeder pig was found to be similar to that described for the jejunal cells of other adult mammals. There were no significant indications of high pinocytotic activity. The epithelial cells covering the atrophic villi of TGE infected pigs had a fine structure similar to that described for the crypt cells, ranging in appearance from very immature to moderately differentiated cells. Microvilli were very short, decreased markedly in number and irregular in arrangement. The terminal web was poorly developed. Strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum were markedly diminished and an increase in free ribosomes was noted. The significance of these observations in explaining pathogenesis of TGE in feeder pigs is discussed.
相似文献8.
R J Lysons T J Alexander P D Wellstead I W Jennings 《Research in veterinary science》1976,20(1):70-76
Seventeen gnotobiotic lambs were reared up to 21 weeks of age on cows' milk followed by sterile solid diets similar to diets fed to conventional lambs. Seven were inoculated with limited defined populations of rumen bacteria, seven were left uninoculated and three were dosed with rumen contents from conventional sheep ('conventionalised'). Seven naturally-born lambs were reared for purposes of comparison. As with other species of gnotobiotic animals, both the inoculated and the uninoculated gnotobiotic lambs had small, poorly developed lymph nodes, soft colon contents and thin intestinal walls. Unlike other species the caeca of gnotobiotic lambs were of normal size. The overall size of the reticulo-rumen including contents relative to body weight was similar in gnotobiotic and conventional lambs. However, macroscopically, the musculature of the rumen seemed to be poorly developed and histological studies showed hypoplasia of the muscle tissue of both the rumen and reticulum. Rumination was noted only infrequently in gnotobiotic lambs. The epithelium of the rumen and reticulum of the uninoculated gnotobiotic lambs was similar to that of neonatal lambs, but there was normal development of papillae in gnotobiotic lambs inoculated with limited defined populations of rumen bacteria and in conventionalised lambs. Degenerative changes were observed histologically in some of the organs of gnotobiotic lambs which were consistent with nutritional deficiencies. 相似文献
9.
The quality of venison from farmed deer were evaluated based on chemical composition, palatability scores, W-B shear force, ultimate pH, and color. The samples of venison were derived from javan rusa ( Cervus timorensis russa ), moluccan rusa ( Cervus timorensis moluccensis ), sambar ( Cervus unicolor brookei ), fallow ( Dama dama ) and imported red deer ( Cervus elaphus ). Moluccan rusa and red deer were fed grass. Javan rusa, sambar and fallow deer were fed concentrate. The venison obtained from grazing deer (grass-fed) gave higher moisture content (75.3%) than concentrate-fed or confinement-raised deer (74.4%) and imported venison (70.62%). Fat content in venison shows some differences between muscles and species. The concentrate-fed animals had a higher ( P < 0.05) fat content in the venison than the grazing deer. Temperate deer (fallow and red deer) showed higher ( P < 0.05) fat content than tropical deer (rusa and sambar deer). Venison obtained from concentrate-fed deer showed normal ultimate pH values (pH ≤ 6.0) and more reddish in color than grass-fed deer. The concentrate-fed venison produced slightly higher ( P > 0.05) palatability scores than grass-fed venison. Feeding regimens (grass-fed vs. concentrate-fed) significantly ( P < 0.05) influenced fat composition in the venison of farmed deer in this study. 相似文献
10.
不同日龄舍饲绵羊瘤胃形态学变化 《畜牧与饲料科学》2016,37(4):29-29
为了研究舍饲条件下绵羊瘤胃形态学上的发育特点,随机选取40、60、120、180、240日龄绵羊瘤胃进行容积、瘤胃相对容积以及瘤胃黏膜乳头高度、宽度和密度的测定。测定结果表明,瘤胃容积和瘤胃相对容积随着日龄的增加而增大,在60日龄后瘤胃容积随日龄增加显著（P〈0.05）,在120日龄前瘤胃相对容积增加显著（P〈0.05）。瘤胃黏膜乳头高度和宽度随日龄增加而增大,瘤胃黏膜乳头密度在60日龄前随日龄增加而增大,在60日龄后随日龄增加而减少。瘤胃各部乳头形态变化的显著性差异不同。 相似文献
11.
旨在比较不同年龄牦牛瘤胃组织形态、转录组表达谱的变化，挖掘影响牦牛瘤胃发育的关键基因和信号通路，为进一步探讨牦牛瘤胃发育机制提供理论基础。本研究选取非反刍阶段（1日龄与20日龄）、过渡阶段（60日龄）和反刍阶段（15月龄与3岁龄）的健康牦牛作为研究对象，共5个年龄组，每组3个样本。测量样本的体重与瘤胃重量；采集瘤胃组织样品，切片观察组织形态，并统计肌层厚度、乳头高度与宽度；提取瘤胃组织总RNA进行测序，并以1日龄为对照进行转录组分析。选取差异表达基因进行荧光定量试验，关联其与转录组数据的表达趋势。组织形态学分析结果显示，1日龄至3岁的牦牛瘤胃肌层与乳头形态有极大程度的发育与分化，15月龄和3岁牦牛瘤胃重量与指数显著增加（P<0.05）；从20日龄开始，瘤胃的肌层厚度随着日龄的增加显著增加（P<0.05）；20日龄后，瘤胃乳头高度和宽度随着日龄增加而显著增加（P<0.05）。转录组分析结果显示，20日龄组DEGs富集到胆固醇合成、丁酸代谢和PPAR信号通路等与VFA代谢相关的通路，富集到与免疫相关的免疫反应生物过程和Th17细胞分化通路，富集到与瘤胃上皮细胞异源物代谢相关的细胞色素P450外源性物质的代谢途径；60日龄组DEGs富集到脂肪酸代谢、丙酸代谢通路和丙酮酸代谢通路等与VFA代谢相关的通路，富集到与VFA吸收相关的矿物质吸收通路；15月龄与3岁组DEGs富集到维持瘤胃上皮的完整性和屏障功能的ECM受体相互作用途径。从富集通路中发现，HMGCS2、SLC26A3、PPARG、PPARD和CCL5等基因是与瘤胃营养吸收、代谢和免疫相关的候选基因。荧光定量结果显示，挑选的差异表达基因的表达与转录组测序结果一致。上述结果表明，牦牛瘤胃形态结构发育较早，20日龄是其发育的重要临界点；牦牛瘤胃肌层发育比瘤胃乳头更早，肌层厚度从20日龄时快速增加，瘤胃乳头从20日龄后快速发育；20日龄瘤胃开始VFA代谢，促进瘤胃快速健康的发育。 相似文献
12.
To determine the extent to which wild deer are contributing in the transmission of Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) livers from deer shot by hunters, farmers undertaking population control on their farms and vertebrate pest controllers were collected and frozen. The livers were later thawed, sliced and examined for the presence of adult flukes or evidence of past infection. Livers from 19 deer were examined (18 fallow [Dama dama] and one sambar [Rusa unicolor]). Seventeen of the fallow deer were animals collected on farms near Jindabyne, New South Wales. The remaining fallow deer was collected in the Australian Capital Territory and one sambar deer was collected in north-eastern Victoria. Nine of the 17 deer (53%) from the Jindabyne area were either infected with Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) or had thickened bile ducts indicating past infection. Infection levels in the infected animals varied widely from 3 liver fluke to over 50 per liver. No sign of infection was present in the deer from the Australian Capital Territory or Victoria. Fallow deer are wide-spread in the Jindabyne area and their population is increasing. It is likely their contribution to the maintenance and distribution of F. hepatica to livestock in the Jindabyne area, and in other livestock rearing areas of south-eastern Australia, is important and increasing. 相似文献
13.
The morphology of the tongue of the adult barking deer, Muntiacus muntjak, was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The result showed that the tongue of the barking deer was elongated with a rounded apex. Four types of lingual papillae were observed: filiform, fungiform, vallate and large conical papillae. The filiform papillae represented the most numerous types of lingual papillae. The fungiform papillae were distributed among the filiform papillae on the rostral and the body portions of the tongue. Ten to thirteen vallate papillae were distributed on both sides of the lingual prominence among the large conical papillae. Histologically, both the fungiform and vallate papillae contain taste buds in the epithelial layer. The distribution and types of lingual papillae found in the barking deer are similar to those in the other species that belong to the family Cervidae. 相似文献
14.
Details of the morphology of the forestomach of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) were examined macroscopically, and by light and scanning electron microscopy. The rumen was sac-like in shape, and the right accessory longitudinal groove was not visible externally. The reticulum was relatively small, while the omasum was oval and large. Inside the rumen, even in the dorsal sac, the ruminal papillae were densely distributed, although absent on the pillars. The caudodorsal coronary pillar was indistinct. In the ruminoreticular fold, ruminal papillae were observed even on the reticulum side. In the reticulum, the primary reticular fold was apparent and the ill-defined secondary folds were also detected in some reticular cells. In the omasum, the omasal laminae of four sizes were recognized. The fourth order of laminae was occasionally absent. Histological sections of ruminal papillae revealed that softly keratinized epithelium covered the entire ruminal mucosa. In the reticulum, soft keratinized epithelium was observed throughout, with the exception of the tips of reticular papillae on which the epithelium showed evidence of hard keratinization. The epithelium of the omasal laminae was moderately keratinized. On the floor of the reticular groove, interlaminar area and in the omasal groove, the accumulations of numerous eosinophilic cells were observed in the superficial region. Under the scanning electron microscope, shallow transverse grooves were seen on the surface of the ruminal papillae. In general, the surface structure seemed to be similar to that of sheep rather than cattle. Cellular formations of the collagen fibrils were observed at the subepithelial region. In conclusion, examination of the forestomach allows classification of the Japanese serows as requiring an intermediate type of feeding habit and being between concentrate selectors and grass-roughage eaters from a morphological view. 相似文献
15.
H. Pfannkuche F. Taifour J. Steinhoff‐Wagner H. M. Hammon G. Gäbel 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2014,98(1):140-148
The monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) has been demonstrated to be involved in the transfer of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) and/or their intraepithelial metabolites from the rumen to the blood. As MCT1 plays a role in SCFA transfer, it is assumed that SCFA are the main substrates influencing its expression. However, there are hints that MCT1 may also be expressed during the early life of the animal when SCFA are not released in the forestomach. To figure out whether MCT1 expression in the forestomach is influenced independently of SCFA during that period, we studied post‐natal MCT1 expression immunohistochemically in the epithelia of omasum, atrium ruminis, saccus dorsalis ruminis, saccus ventralis ruminis and reticulum of calves born preterm and at term. The calves were nourished by colostrum or by milk‐based formula diet. MCT1 could be found in all the forestomach compartments tested, even in preterm calves. The protein was mainly oriented to the luminal side in the immature epithelium 24 h after birth. Orientation to the blood side of the cells developed during the first 4 days after birth. In the rumen epithelia (but not in the other forestomach compartments tested), orientation of MCT1 to the blood side of the cells was paralleled by an increase in the overall expression rate during the first 4 days after birth. As lactate levels were very high directly after birth, a lactate‐dependent substrate induction may have been the underlying mechanism. However, non‐specific changes due to general differential processes might also be the cause. Both early upregulation of MCT1 and high blood lactate levels may provide the epithelia with lactate as energy source. 相似文献
16.
Ching-Lin Shyu Cheng-Chung Lin Shih-Ling Hsuan Shiow-Her Chiou Jacky Peng-Wen Chan 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2010,51(3):308-310
This article describes the clinical and pathological features of an orphan 7-day-old, male Formosan sambar fawn that was hospitalized for treatment of weakness. The fawn had been deprived of colostrum and developed suppurative meningitis that was attributed to Escherichia coli. 相似文献
17.
Thirty Holstein fetuses from 100 to 251 d after conception were utilized to study prenatal anatomical development of the epithelium of the rumen and reticulum. Four calves at birth were included in the study for comparison. Tissue sections were frozen and stained to locate specific enzymes. At 100 d, the epithelial layer of the rumen was differentiated into a thin basal zone and a thickened superficial zone of undifferentiated cells. The basement membrane was straight, and in both zones cells were perpendicular to it. At 120 to 141 d, low, primary undulations were detected in the basal zone, basement membrane and underlying lamina propria. At 150 to 166 d, secondary undulations and incipient papillae began to resemble the papillae of mature mucosa. In rumen papillae of 192-d to 215-d fetuses, shallow furrows began to separate papillae apexes from the mass of epithelium. In fetuses 244 to 251 d, the papillae began to be a separate entity. At birth, the basal position of the papillae still remained fused. An incipient separation between the papillae was seen. Several dehydrogenase enzymes, including those associated with the Krebs cycle and reductase associated with energy transformation, were observed in both ruminal and reticular tissue. Alkaline phosphatase activity was localized in the stratum corneum and in blood vessels. Development of the honeycomb configuration of reticular epithelium was evident in the 100-d fetus and progressed rapidly with age. 相似文献
18.
《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(9)
Extract From 1860–1903, fifty red deer were liberated in the South Island. During this period wapiti, sambar, sika and fallow deer were also introduced; as with red deer these populations increased rapidly, but did not spread as far from the initial liberation areas as did red deer. Several factors were responsible for the spectacular annual increase including a congenial climate, early maturity, the young breeding age of the female, and no natural enemies. 相似文献
19.
This study aimed to characterize the relationship between the growth of rumen papillae in calves and the mRNA expression of insulin‐like growth factor‐binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the rumen papillae. The length of rumen papillae, the mRNA expression of IGFBPs in rumen papillae by quantitative real‐time PCR, and the presence of insulin‐like growth factors I and II (IGF‐I and II) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) were analyzed in nine Holstein calves divided into three groups: suckling (2 weeks, n = 3), milk‐continued (8 weeks, n = 3), and weaned (8 weeks, n = 3). The length of rumen papillae was greater (p < 0.01) in weaned calves than in suckling and milk‐continued calves, whereas the expressions of IGFBP2, IGFBP3, and IGFBP6 genes were lower (p < 0.05) in the rumen papillae of weaned calves than in milk‐continued calves. Thus, rumen papillae length and IGFBP2, 3, and 6 expressions were negatively correlated. The IHC analysis showed that IGF‐I and IGF‐II were present in the rumen epithelium of calves. These results suggested that the growth of rumen papillae after weaning is associated with the induction of IGFs by the low levels of IGFBP2, IGFBP3, and IGFBP6. 相似文献
20.
KM McRae M Schultz CG Mackintosh GH Shackell MF Martinez KJ Knowler 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2016,64(3):174-178
AIMS: To explore and validate the utility of rumen endoscopy for collection of rumen papillae for gene expression measurement.
METHODS: Four adult Coopworth ewes were fasted for either 4 or 24 hours. Animals were sedated, placed in a dorsally recumbent position at 45 degrees with the head upright, and an endoscope inserted via a tube inserted into the mouth. Biopsies of rumen papillae were taken from the ventral surface of the rumen atrium under visual guidance. Two biopsies were collected from one of the animals that had been fasted for 4 hours, and three from one of the animals that had been fasted for 24 hours. Video of the rumen atrium and reticulum was also collected. The animals recovered uneventfully. Biopsies were subsequently used for extraction and sequencing of mRNA.
RESULTS: The ventral surface of the rumen atrium was accessible after 4 hours off pasture, but a larger region was accessible after 24 hours of fasting. Sedation allowed access for endoscope use for around 5 to 10 minutes after which increased saliva flow was noted. Rumen papillae biopsies were easily collected, with samples from a variety of sites collected in the ～10 minute time window. High quality RNA was obtained for stranded mRNA sequencing. Of the resulting reads, 69–70% mapped uniquely to version 3.1 of the ovine genome, and 48–49% to a known gene. The rumen mRNA profiles were consistent with a previously reported study.
CONCLUSIONS: This method for obtaining rumenal tissue was found to be rapid and resulted in no apparent short or long term effects on the animal. High quality RNA was successfully extracted and amplified from the rumen papillae biopsies, indicating that this technique could be used for future gene expression studies. The use of rumen endoscopy could be extended to collection of a variety of rumen and reticulum anatomical measurements and deposition and retrieval of small sensors from the rumen. Rumen endoscopy offers an attractive and cost effective approach to repeated rumen biopsies compared with serial slaughter or use of cannulated animals. 相似文献