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1.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the kinetics of urinary recovery (UR) of 5 sugars used for gastrointestinal permeability and mucosal function testing following orogastric administration of lactose, rhamnose, xylose, methylglucose, and sucrose. ANIMALS: 7 healthy male Beagles. PROCEDURES: A sugar solution containing lactulose, rhamnose, xylose, methylglucose, and sucrose was administered by orogastric intubation to healthy dogs. Urine samples were collected immediately before sugar solution administration (baseline) and at 2-hour intervals thereafter. The UR of the 5 sugars was determined from urine concentrations measured by high pressure liquid chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection. Percent urinary recovery (%UR) of the total UR up to 12 hours after sugar solution administration was calculated for each sugar at 2-hour intervals. RESULTS: Mean %UR exceeded 85% for all 5 sugars at 6 hours after orogastric administration of the sugar solution and exceeded 90% after 8 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In healthy dogs, a urine collection period of 6 hours is sufficient for gastrointestinal permeability and mucosal function testing following orogastric administration of lactulose, rhamnose, xylose, methylglucose, and sucrose.  相似文献   

2.
The objective of this project was to develop and validate a method for concurrent separation and quantification of methylglucose, rhamnose, xylose, sucrose, and lactulose in canine urine by using high pressure anion exchange liquid chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection. The method was validated by evaluating dilutional parallelism, spiking recovery, intra-assay variability, and inter-assay variability. Observed to expected ratios for 3 urine samples, and all sugars, ranged from 77.6% to 106.9% for a 1:2 dilution, 85.2% to 121.4% for a 1:4 dilution, and 91.6% to 163.7% for a 1:8 dilution. Observed to expected ratios for spiking recovery of 3 urine samples, all sugars, and 5 different spiking solutions, ranged from 85.5% to 116.7 % (mean +/- SD, 100.5 +/- 6.0%). The intra-assay coefficients of variation were 1.6%, 3.4%, and 4.7% for methylglucose; 1.6%, 2.0%, and 3.6% for rhamnose; 2.7%, 1.4%, and 1.1% for xylose; 9.8%, 3.4%, and 4.0% for sucrose; and 3.2%, 3.3%, and 3.3% for lactulose. Inter-assay coefficients of variation were 3.2%, 5.7%, and 4.2% for methylglucose; 4.3%, 5.4%, and 6.4% for rhamnose; 3.3%, 5.0%, and 4.2% for xylose; 9.4%, 9.9%, and 9.4% for sucrose; and 6.1%, 4.9%, and 2.7% for lactulose. In conclusion, a method for simultaneous separation and quantification of 5 sugars in canine urine was established and found to be linear, accurate, precise, and reproducible. This method may prove useful in the simultaneous evaluation of gastric permeability, small intestinal permeability, and small intestinal mucosal function in dogs with gastrointestinal disorders.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intestinal permeability and absorption in healthy cats in association with diet and normal intestinal microflora. ANIMALS: 6 healthy domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURE: A sugar solution containing D-xylose, 30-methyl-D-glucose, L-rhamnose, lactulose, and 51Cr-EDTA was administered intragastrically to healthy cats, and urinary excretion of ingested sugars was determined 5 hours after administration. After the same cats had received metronidazole for 1 month, the study was repeated. A final study was performed while cats were maintained on a new diet differing in composition and processing. RESULTS: Lactulose-to-rhamnose ratios, reflecting intestinal permeability, were higher in cats, compared with values for humans or dogs, and values obtained before and after metronidazole administration (mean +/- SEM; before, 0.40 +/- 0.08; after, 0.45 +/- 0.09) were not significantly different. Intestinal absorption also was unaltered after antibiotic administration, and the xylose-to-glucose ratio was 0.70 +/- 0.03 before and 0.71 +/- 0.06 after metronidazole administration. Sugar recovery did not differ significantly while cats were maintained on canned or dry food. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Reference ranges were established for the percentage urinary recovery of orally administered D-xylose, 3-0-methyl-D-glucose, L-rhamnose, lactulose, and 51Cr-EDTA obtained after 5 hours in healthy cats. The intestines of cats appear to be more permeable than those of other species, although the normal bacterial microflora does not appear to influence the integrity or function of the feline intestine, because values obtained for the measured variables before or after antibiotic administration were not significantly different. In addition, differences were not detected when the diet was completely altered.  相似文献   

4.
The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility of using urinary recovery of sugars to evaluate intestinal permeability and absorption in dogs with traumatic injury and to determine if intestinal permeability and absorption are altered in dogs with traumatic injury. After a 6-hour fast, a sugar solution containing lactulose, rhamnose, 3-0-methyl-D-glucose, and xylose was administered via nasoesophageal tube. Urine was collected and quantitated over the 6-hour study period via closed collection urinary catheters. Urinary sugar recoveries were measured by high-pressure anion exchange liquid chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection. Urinary sugar recoveries in the trauma group at 24, 48, and 72 hours after trauma were compared to normal controls. In addition, severity of trauma was compared to urinary sugar recoveries. Twelve client-owned dogs with traumatic injury and 6 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Lactulose recovery and the lactulose:rhamnose recovery ratio were significantly higher in the trauma group at 48 hours but were no longer different from controls by 72 hours. Xylose recovery was significantly higher in the trauma group when compared to controls at 72 hours, whereas 3-O-methyl-D-glucose recovery was significantly lower in the trauma group at 24 hours. The xylose: 3-O-methyl-D-glucose ratio was higher in the trauma group at all time points. Significant correlation was found between severity of trauma and xylose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose recoveries 24 hours after injury. Results of this study support the hypothesis that intestinal permeability and absorption are altered in dogs with traumatic injury.  相似文献   

5.
In the experiment reported here, the lactulose/rhamnose urinary excretion test was used to compare intestinal permeability between four breeds of healthy adult dogs and a group of healthy adult cats. A significant difference in permeability was found between dogs and cats (P <0.001) and between different breeds of dogs (P <0.005). The range of urinary lactulose/rhamnose ratios in the dogs in this study (0.07-0.61) was wider than previously reported (0.03-0.12). The mean value for dogs was 0.19. The range in cats was 0.41-1.25 and the mean 0.52. The results of this study suggest that breed or some other factor such as environment, diet or sexual status as well as species should be taken into account when assessing intestinal permeability using the lactulose/rhamnose urinary excretion test.  相似文献   

6.
Fifteen dogs with signs of small and, or, large bowel disease that responded clinically to an exclusion diet were studied, using differential sugar absorption as an objective parameter of the mucosal response to the diet. Intestinal permeability and function were assessed by determining the urinary excretion ratios of lactulose/rhamnose and xylose/3-O-methylglucose, respectively, following oral administration of a mixture of these four sugars. Five dogs, all retrievers, were tentatively diagnosed as having dietary hypersensitivity, based upon resolution of clinical signs and normalisation of high intestinal permeability following an exclusion diet and recurrence of signs (in four of five dogs) upon challenge with the original diet. The fifth dog did not become symptomatic when challenged, but intestinal permeability increased. The remaining 10 dogs were diagnosed as having food intolerance, based upon clinical improvement on an exclusion diet, relapse on challenge with their original diet, but lack of improvement in intestinal permeability. These findings suggest that a differential sugar absorption test may be useful to determine the reasons for clinical response to exclusion diets. Demonstration of increased intestinal permeability with subsequent normalization following an exclusion diet may be useful in the diagnosis of dietary hypersensitivity, while persistent abnormalities in intestinal permeability are suggestive of underlying intestinal disease and food intolerance.  相似文献   

7.
The objective of this study was to describe the kinetics of orally administered sugar probes in serum for the assessment of gastrointestinal permeability and intestinal absorptive capacity in dogs. Eight healthy dogs received lactulose (L), rhamnose (R), methylglucose (M), xylose (X), and sucrose (S) by orogastric intubation. Baseline blood samples and subsequently timed blood samples were taken during 24 hours. Sugars were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Statistical analysis was performed using a Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparison post test and a Kruskal-Wallis test. Statistical significance was set at a P-value < 0.05. Sugars in serum were detected after orogastric administration. Concentrations of L and R were significantly different from the baseline from 90 to 240 and 60 to 300 min, respectively, and those of X, M, and S were different from 30 to 240 min post-dosing (P < 0.05 for all 5 probes). Maximum concentrations of L and R were obtained at 180 min, while X, M, and S reached their maximum concentrations at 90 min post-dosing. For all sugars, no statistically significant differences were found between concentrations at 90, 120, and 180 min or between the coefficients of variation (CV%) of those mean concentrations for these 3 time points. Based on these data, the collection of 2 blood samples, one taken at baseline and the other obtained between 90 and 180 minutes after dosing, might be sufficient for the determination of gastrointestinal permeability and mucosal absorptive capacity using these 5 sugar probes in canine serum.  相似文献   

8.
Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis (LPE) is a type of canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). One of its most probable causes is a defect in the mucosal permeability barrier. In the present study, intestinal permeability in LPE dogs was examinated to evaluate its clinical value. Twenty-nine dogs with LPE diagnosed by clinical and histological examinations were included in this study. Intestinal permeability was evaluated by measuring the ratio of the concentrations of two sugars (lactulose (L) and rhamnose (R)) with different molecular weights in urine samples after oral administration of a solution containing them. Biopsy specimens of duodenum were evaluated according to histological criteria. The urinary L:R ratio in the 29 LPE dogs (1.68 +/- 1.17, mean +/- SD) was significantly higher than that in the 10 healthy control dogs (0.75 +/- 0.38, P<0.01). In the LPE dogs, a weak correlation was observed between the histopathological grading score of the duodenum and the urinary L:R ratio (r=0.408, P<0.05). The urinary L:R ratio in the 20 dogs showing hypoalbuminemia (< 2.5 g/dl) was significantly higher than that in the 9 dogs with normal serum albumin levels > 2.5 g/dl (P<0.01). In conclusion, permeability of the intestinal mucosa as determined by the urinary L:R ratio could be a useful laboratory parameter for evaluating intestinal damage in LPE dogs.  相似文献   

9.
Intestinal barrier function in pigs after weaning is almost exclusively determined in terminal experiments with Ussing chambers. Alternatively, the recovery in urine of orally administered lactulose can be used to assess intestinal permeability in living animals. This experiment was designed to study the barrier function of the small intestine of pigs over time after weaning. The aim was to relate paracellular barrier function (measured by lactulose recovery in the urine) with macromolecular transport [measured by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using Ussing chambers] and bacterial translocation to assess whether lactulose recovery is related to possible causes of infection and disease. Forty gonadectomized male pigs (6.7 ± 0.6 kg) were weaned (d 0) at a mean age of 19 d, fitted with urine collection bags, and individually housed. Pigs were dosed by oral gavage with a marker solution containing lactulose (disaccharide) and the monosaccharides l-rhamnose, 3-O-methylglucose, and d-xylose at 2 h and at 4, 8, and 12 d after weaning. The recovery of sugars in the urine was determined over 18 h after each oral gavage. The day after each permeability test, the intestines of 10 pigs were dissected to determine bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes and jejunal permeability for HRP in Ussing chambers. Recovery of l-rhamnose in urine was affected by feed intake and by the time after weaning (P ≤ 0.05). Recovery of lactulose from the urine was greater (P ≤ 0.05) at 4, 8, and 12 d after weaning compared with the first day after weaning and was negatively correlated with feed intake (r = -0.63, P ≤ 0.001). The mean translocation of aerobic bacteria to the mesenteric lymph nodes was greater at 5 and 13 d after weaning compared with d 1 (P ≤ 0.05). Lactulose recovery showed no correlation with permeability for HRP nor with bacterial translocation (P > 0.05). Although both lactulose recovery and bacterial translocation increased over time after weaning, lactulose recovery did not correlate with the permeability for HRP nor bacterial translocation within a pig (P > 0.05). Therefore, we conclude that lactulose recovery in the urine of pigs after weaning is not associated with risk factors for infections. However, it appears to be possible to measure paracellular barrier function with orally administered lactulose in pigs shortly after weaning. Further studies will reveal whether this variable is relevant for the long-term performance or health of pigs after weaning.  相似文献   

10.
Objective-To provide values for gastrointestinal permeability and absorptive function tests (GIPFTs) with chromium 51 ((51)Cr)-labeled EDTA, lactulose, rhamnose, d-xylose, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose, and sucrose in Beagles and to evaluate potential correlations between markers. Animals-19 healthy adult male Beagles. Procedures-A test solution containing 3.7 MBq of (51)Cr-labeled EDTA, 2 g of lactulose, 2 g of rhamnose, 2 g of d-xylose, 1 g of 3-O-methyl-d-glucose, and 8 g of sucrose was administered intragastrically to each dog. Urinary recovery of each probe was determined 6 hours after administration. Results-Mean ± SD (range) percentage urinary recovery was 6.3 ± 1.6% (4.3% to 9.7%) for (51)Cr-labeled EDTA, 3.3 ± 1.1% (1.7% to 5.3%) for lactulose, 25.5 ± 5.0% (16.7% to 36.9%) for rhamnose, and 58.8% ± 11.0% (40.1% to 87.8%) for 3-O-methyl-d-glucose. Mean (range) recovery ratio was 0.25 ± 0.06 (0.17 to 0.37) for (51)Cr-labeled EDTA to rhamnose, 0.13 ± 0.04 (0.08 to 0.23) for lactulose to rhamnose, and 0.73 ± 0.09 (0.60 to 0.90) for d-xylose to 3-O-methyl-d-glucose. Median (range) percentage urinary recovery was 40.3% (31.6% to 62.7%) for d-xylose and 0% (0% to 0.8%) for sucrose. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Reference values in healthy adult male Beagles for 6 of the most commonly used GIPFT markers were determined. The correlation between results for (51)Cr-labeled EDTA and lactulose was not as prominent as that reported for humans and cats; thus, investigators should be cautious in the use and interpretation of GIPFTs performed with sugar probes in dogs with suspected intestinal dysbiosis.  相似文献   

11.
Seven simple sugars, commonly used in intestinal function tests, were simultaneously administered intravenously to dogs and their urinary excretion was measured to assess their potential for metabolic degradation. Lactose, lactulose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose were excreted unchanged, but small proportions of palatinose and sucrose were not, and were assumed to have been metabolised. More than half of the administered D-xylose and a quarter of L-rhamnose was not excreted and was assumed to have been metabolised. These findings may be significant for the interpretation of differential sugar absorption tests and the D-xylose tolerance test.  相似文献   

12.
We assessed gastric and intestinal permeability and performed gastroscopy to evaluate the effects of sustained strenuous exercise on the gastrointestinal tract in racing sled dogs. Three teams of racing Alaskan sled dogs were examined approximately 1 week before and 24 hours after the 2003 Iditarod sled dog race (1,100 miles in 10 days). Each examination consisted of the administration of a solution of sucrose, lactulose, and rhamnose to evaluate gastric and intestinal permeability, as well as gastroscopy to visually inspect the gastric mucosa. Of the 54 dogs examined before the race, 16 completed the course and contributed data to the analysis. Sustained strenuous exercise was associated with an increased frequency of gastric erosions or ulcerations seen endoscopically (0% prerace versus 61% postrace). A significant postrace increase occurred in the median lactulose to rhamnose ratio in both serum and urine (0.11 versus 0.165, P = .0363; 0.11 versus 0.165, P = .0090, respectively). No significant differences were found in median serum or urinary sucrose concentrations when pre- and postrace values were compared. No correlation was found between visible gastric lesions and the concentration of sucrose in serum or urine samples obtained 4-5 hours after administration of the sugar solutions. We conclude that sustained strenuous exercise is associated with increased intestinal permeability, but the sucrose permeability test as we performed it did not correlate with visible gastric lesions.  相似文献   

13.
The use of the lactulose and rhamnose urinary excretion test was evaluated in dogs with gastrointestinal disease. Lactulose and rhamnose rinary excretion was measured in three groups of dogs: clinically healthy dogs and dogs with gastrointestinal disease with and without coexistent panhypoproteinaemia. A significant increase in both the percentage of lactulose: percentage of rhamnose urinary excretion ratio and the percentage of lactulose excretion was demonstrated in dogs with hypoproteinaemia when compared to the other two groups. The results suggest that the lactulose/rhamnose urinary excretion test may prove a useful adjunct to currently available tests for assessing small intestinal function, but lacks sensitivity in detecting small intestinal mucosal damage in the absence of villus atrophy.  相似文献   

14.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has been reported to occur commonly in dogs with signs of chronic intestinal disease. There are usually few intestinal histological changes, and it is uncertain to what extent bacteria cause mucosal damage. The aim of this study was to apply a differential sugar absorption test for intestinal permeability and function to the objective assessment of intestinal damage in dogs with SIBO. Studies were performed on 63 dogs with signs of chronic small and, or, large bowel disease, in which SIBO (greater than 105 total or greater than 104 anaerobic colony forming units/ml) was diagnosed by quantitative culture of duodenal juice obtained endoscopically. None of the dogs had evidence of intestinal pathogens, parasites, systemic disease or pancreatic insufficiency. Differential sugar absorption was performed by determining the ratios of urinary recoveries of lactulose/rhamnose (L/R ratio, which reflects permeability) and D-xylose/3-O-methylglucose (X/G ratio, which reflects intestinal absorptive function) following oral administration. Dogs with SIBO comprised 28 different breeds, including 18 German shepherd dogs. SIBO was aerobic in 18/63 dogs (29 per cent), and anaerobic in 45/63 (71 per cent). Histological examination of duode-nal biopsies showed no abnormalities in 75 per cent, and mild to moderate lymphocytic infiltrates in 25 per cent of the dogs. The L/R ratio was increased (greater than 0–12) in 52 per cent, and the X/G ratio reduced (less than 0–60) in 33 per cent of the dogs. Differential sugar absorption was repeated in 11 dogs after their four weeks of oral antibiotic therapy. The L/R ratio declined in all 11 dogs (mean ± SD pre: 0–24 ± 0–14; post: 0–16 ± 0–11; P<0–05), but changes in the X/G ratio were more variable. These findings show that SIBO is commonly associated with mucosal damage, not detected on histological examination of intestinal biopsies, and that changes in intestinal permeability following oral antibiotics may be used to monitor response to treatment.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To assess intestinal mucosal function by measuring permeability and absorptive capacity in dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE) before and after treatment and to determine whether those variables were correlated with clinical disease activity or histologic scoring of intestinal biopsy specimens. ANIMALS: 29 dogs with CE. PROCEDURE: Dogs were designated as having dietresponsive CE or CE requiring glucorticoid treatment. Severity of clinical signs was assessed by calculating the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index (CIBDAI). Histologic severity of intestinal infiltration was assessed before and after 4 weeks of treatment in the diet-responsive group and before and after 10 weeks of treatment in the glucocorticoid group. Gastrointestinal permeability and mucosal absorptive capacity were assessed by use of intragastric administration of a solution containing lactulose, rhamnose, xylose, 3-O-methylglucose, and sucrose. Urine was collected 6 hours after administration of the sugar solution to determine urinary lactulose-to-rhamnose (L:R), xylose-to-methylglucose (X:M), and sucrose-to-methylglucose (S:M) ratios. RESULTS: Median CIBDAI scores decreased significantly in both groups of dogs after treatment. However, the median histologic grade of intestinal biopsy specimens did not change with treatment in either group. There were no significant differences in L:R, X:M, or S:M ratios after treatment in either group and no significant correlations between L:R, X:M, or S:M ratios and CIBDAI or histologic scores. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of tests for intestinal permeability and mucosal absorptive capacity were not useful indicators of clinical disease activity as assessed by the CIBDAI or the sever ity of infiltration as indicated by histologic evaluation.  相似文献   

16.
BACKGROUND: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently prescribed to dogs for their analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Their beneficial actions can be offset by gastrointestinal (GI) toxicosis. Endoscopy has traditionally been employed to detect GI lesions, but alterations in GI permeability precede the development of mucosal damage. HYPOTHESIS: Carprofen and meloxicam alter GI permeability and mucosal absorptive capacity of dogs. ANIMALS: Twenty adult dogs treated with an NSAID for >7 days were evaluated by permeability tests while receiving either carprofen (10 dogs) or meloxicam (10 dogs). METHODS: Prospective, longitudinal observational study. A 6-sugar permeability test (sucrose, lactulose, rhamnose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-xylose, and sucralose) was performed on the day before NSAID treatment, and after 3 and 8 days of treatment. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the urinary recovery ratios of lactulose: rhamnose, D-xylose: 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, or sucralose recovery within either group at any time during the study. Sucrose permeability in the meloxicam group did not alter significantly over time. However, sucrose permeability in the carprofen group decreased significantly by day 3 (P = .049) and increased again by day 8 (P = .049), to a level that was not significantly different to permeability before treatment (P = .695). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The absence of increased GI permeability and diminished mucosal absorptive capacity in this group of dogs does not support the development of acute GI toxicosis during treatment with either meloxicam or carprofen.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of age and body size of dogs on intestinal permeability (unmediated diffusion) as measured by the ratio of urinary lactulose to L-rhamnose (L:R) and absorption (carrier-mediated transport) as measured by the ratio of urinary D-xylose to 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (X:MG) and to determine whether these variables correlated with fecal quality. ANIMALS: 6 Miniature Poodles, 6 Standard Schnauzers, 6 Giant Schnauzers, and 6 Great Danes. PROCEDURE: A solution that contained lactulose and rhamnose or xylose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was administered orally to dogs that were 12, 22, 36, and 60 weeks old. Urine was collected 6 hours later, and urinary L:R and X:MG were calculated. Fecal moisture and scoring were recorded during the same periods. RESULTS: Age and breed did not affect intestinal absorption, and we did not detect a relationship between X:MG and fecal variables. In contrast, we detected significant effects of age and body size on intestinal permeability. Puppies (12 weeks old) and large dogs had higher intestinal permeability than adult (60 weeks old) and small dogs. The increased intestinal permeability in large dogs was associated with lower fecal quality as indicated by the significant positive correlations between L:R and fecal moisture (r, 0.61) and L:R and fecal scores (r, 0.86) in adult dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results indicate that age and body size should be considered when assessing intestinal permeability by use of the L:R urinary excretion test in dogs. High intestinal permeability could be a possible cause of poor fecal quality in large dogs.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVES: To measure urinary concentrations of doxycycline in cats and dogs and tetracycline in dogs 4 h after conventional oral dosing and determine whether these antibiotics were present in sufficient concentrations to be effective against common feline and canine urinary tract pathogens as assessed in vitro by Epsilometer and disc diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility methods. DESIGN: A prospective study involving oral administration to clinically normal cats and dogs of doxycycline or tetracycline (dogs only) and culture of bacteria from dogs and cats with urinary tract infections to determine their susceptibility to both doxycycline and tetracycline in vitro. PROCEDURE: In the first study, nine cats and eight dogs were administered doxycycline monohydrate (5 mg/kg every 12 h) and a further eight dogs were administered tetracycline hydrochloride (20 mg/kg every 8 h) for 72 h. Blood was collected at 2 and 4 h, and urine at 4 h, after the last dose. The concentration of each agent in serum and urine was determined by modified agar diffusion. In the second study, 45 urine samples from cats and dogs with urinary tract infections were cultured. Every bacterial isolate was tested in vitro using both Epsilometer (doxycycline and tetracycline) and disc diffusion (doxycycline, tetracycline or amoxycillin-clavulanate) tests. RESULTS: Serum doxycycline concentrations in sera of cats and dogs at 2 h were 4.2 +/- 1.0 mg/mL and 3.4 +/- 1.1 mg/mL, respectively. The corresponding concentrations at 4 h were 3.5 +/- 0.7 mg/mL and 2.8 +/- 0.6 mg/mL. Urinary doxycycline concentrations at 4 h (53.8 +/- 24.4 mg/mL for cats and 52.4 +/- 24.1 mg/mL for dogs) were substantially higher than corresponding serum values. Serum tetracycline concentrations in dogs at 2 and 4 h, and in urine at 4 h, were 6.8 +/- 2.8, 5.4 +/- 0.8, 144.8 +/- 39.4 mg/mL, respectively. Most of the urinary tract pathogens (35/45) were susceptible to urinary concentrations of doxycycline and 38/45 were susceptible to tetracycline. In contrast 41/45 of all isolates were susceptible to amoxycillin-clavulanate. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of urinary concentrations of doxycycline after conventional oral administration. Concentrations attained in the urine of normal cats and dogs were sufficient to inhibit the growth of a significant number of urinary tract pathogens and thus doxycycline may be a useful antimicrobial agent for some urinary tract infections.  相似文献   

19.
Techniques for the measurement of breath hydrogen excretion have been evaluated in dogs and the breath hydrogen test has been shown to be useful for clinical diagnosis and as a research tool. A simple method was developed for collection of expired air and measurement of breath hydrogen concentrations in cats, which enabled demonstration of carbohydrate malassimilation. Breath hydrogen concentrations were measured in healthy cats after food was withheld and after xylose and lactulose administration. Breath samples were collected by use of an open flow system with the cat confined in an acrylic plastic chamber. Breath hydrogen excretion did not exceed 0.53 ml of hydrogen/h in cats not fed. Breath hydrogen concentrations after the ingestion of xylose, a pentose sugar given orally at 0.75 g/kg of body weight, were not significantly higher from those of cats not fed. After ingestion of 3.35 g of lactulose, a nonabsorbable disaccharide, breath hydrogen excretion increased and breath hydrogen concentrations were significantly higher by 45 minutes (P less than 0.05) and 60 minutes (P less than 0.01) from breath hydrogen concentrations measured in cats not fed and after xylose administration. Administration of lactulose at an increased dosage resulted in further significant (P less than 0.01) increases in breath hydrogen excretion. In this study, mouth-to-cecum transit times were variable. A mean +/- SEM mouth-to-cecum transit time of 86 +/- 6 minutes was calculated from measurement of breath hydrogen excretion after oral administration of 3.35 g of lactulose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

20.
Altered intestinal permeability is implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse equine medical conditions including alimentary laminitis and protein-losing enteropathies associated with parasitic infection. The aims of this study were to assess the feasibility of applying the 51Cr-EDTA absorption test for the assessment of intestinal permeability in the horse, and to apply this test in horses with experimentally induced alterations in gastrointestinal function. Four healthy ponies were administered 36 MBq of 51Cr-EDTA via naso-gastric tube, and urine samples were collected into polythene bags strapped to the pony's abdomen. Total urine voided every 6 h was collected during each test, and 1 ml samples were taken for measurement of gamma-radiation. Urinary recovery of 51Cr-EDTA was measured following intravenous atropine sulphate or bethanecol, and following 22 and 46 days of administration of 250,000 third-stage cyathostome larvae. There was no significant difference in urinary 51Cr-EDTA recovery following the control treatment, and following atropine or bethanecol administration, but significant increases were detected in the animals with experimental cyathostome infection consistent with increased permeability of the intestinal membrane. Motility modifying agents (bethanecol and atropine) did not affect absorption of 51Cr-EDTA, suggesting that subtle changes in motility might not affect the ability of this test to detect altered intestinal permeability. The finding of increased urinary recovery of 51Cr-EDTA in ponies with cyathostome infection suggests that 51Cr-EDTA may be a useful marker for assessment of intestinal permeability in the horse.  相似文献   

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