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摘要：为解决碾后白米抛光时碎米多的问题,该研究以碾后的白米为原料,研究温度、相对湿度以及含水率对白米形变消除时间的影响规律,采用二次旋转组合试验方法设计试验,对照了白米形变消除后抛光与碾后直接抛光的整精米率。用EXCEL软件和SAS软件处理数据,建立相关数学方程。结果表明：含水率、环境温度和相对湿度对形变消除时间影响显著;白米消除形变后抛光的整精米率明显高于直接抛光的整精米率。所建数学模型对碾后白米形变消除具有指导作用。 相似文献
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白米水冷却降温提高抛光后整精米率 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为解决白米抛光前风冷降温工艺过程中产生裂纹米的问题,提出抛光前白米水冷却降温工艺。采用自制的白米水冷却试验台,研究水冷却降温过程中冷却水水温、冷却时间与冷却后米温的关系,探究白米水冷却降温过程的综合传热系数,以期为白米水冷却降温设备的设计和应用提供参考依据,并以抛光后大米的整精米率为考核指标,将水冷却与风冷却降温工艺进行了对比试验。用Excel软件和SAS软件处理试验数据,结果表明水冷却降温过程中冷却水温度、冷却时间对冷却后米温影响显著,白米水冷却降温的综合传热系数大小为181.13 kJ/(m2·℃·h),白米在适宜碾米的含水率（15%～16%）条件下,经水冷却降温后抛光的整精米率可较风冷却降温提高4～9%。研究结果可为白米的水冷却降温工艺提供参考依据。 相似文献
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氮肥施用量与水稻品质的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
试验结果表明:氮肥用量0～128 9kg/hm2条件下,随着氮肥用量的提高直链淀粉含量随之增高,否则反之;氮肥用量在0～112 8kg/hm2条件下,氮肥用量愈高蛋白质含量逐渐增高;氮肥用量高于112 8kg/hm2蛋白质含量下降。氮肥用量与垩白米率和垩白度分别呈显著和极显著正相关。水稻产量与品质表现明显的矛盾。在产量因素中穗数越多精米率和整精米率越低,垩白米率和垩白度也越大;千粒重、成熟度愈高精米率和整精米率亦高,而垩白米率、垩白度则下降。 相似文献
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稻谷热风干燥缓苏工艺参数优化与试验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为提高稻谷干燥特性与营养品质,该研究探究了缓苏温度、缓苏起始时刻、缓苏时长、缓苏循环次数等缓苏工艺参数对稻谷爆腰增率、整精米率、蛋白质质量分数与脂肪酸值等干燥品质指标的影响。首先,通过单因素试验分析了稻谷干燥品质随缓苏工艺参数的变化趋势,得出爆腰增率、整精米率、蛋白质质量分数与脂肪酸值的权重均大于20%,为稻谷缓苏干燥的关键性指标;其次,通过隶属函数模型确定影响稻谷干燥品质的主要因素为：缓苏温度、缓苏起始含水率与缓苏时长;最后,以缓苏温度、缓苏起始含水率、缓苏时长为试验因子,采用Central-Composite试验,通过建立回归模型分析了各试验因素与品质指标之间的相互关系并阐释结果产生的原因。结果表明：优化参数组合为缓苏温度45 ℃、缓苏起始含水率21%、缓苏时长1.61 h,此参数组合下稻谷干燥后的爆腰增率6.63%、蛋白质质量分数5.39%、脂肪酸值11.68%,验证试验结果与优化结果间相对误差为2.97%。研究表明,优化后的缓苏干燥工艺明显改善了稻谷干燥品质,该结果可为生产实践及深入探究稻谷品质变化机理提供理论基础。 相似文献
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在糙米碾米过程中普遍存在碎米较多及碾米能耗高的问题,为改善糙米碾米品质,提出以纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的复合酶溶液处理替代常规水加湿方法的酶法预处理工艺。以贮藏期糙米(含水率15%以下)为原料,采用二次正交旋转中心组合设计试验,研究复合酶溶液处理工艺中复合酶配比、酶质量浓度、加液量及酶处理时间对碾米后整精米率和碾米能耗的影响规律,建立了各因素对整精米率和碾米能耗影响的数学模型。结果表明:构建的整精米率、碾米能耗与复合酶配比、酶质量浓度、加液量及酶处理时间之间的回归方程极显著(P0.01),得到优化参数组合为纤维素酶和木聚糖酶质量比1.3∶1 g/g、复合酶溶液质量浓度65 mg/m L、加液量1.25%,酶处理时间102 min,该条件下整精米率为80.07%、碾米能耗为90.72 k J/kg。复合酶溶液处理后整精米率较加湿调质处理提高约3.98%,节约能耗约13.06%;较纤维素单一酶溶液加湿处理后整精米率提高约0.98%,节约能耗约5.48%。并通过微观结构分析证实了糙米皮层粗纤维的局部破损是其碾米性能改善的主要原因。研究结果可为实际生产条件下的酶法糙米预处理工艺提供参考。 相似文献
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氮肥施用量与水稻品质的关系 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
试验结果表明：氮肥用量0～128．9kg／hm^2条件下，随着氮肥用量的提高直链淀粉含量随之增高，否则反之；氮肥用量在0～112．8kg／hm^2条件下，氮肥用量愈高蛋白质含量逐渐增高；氮肥用量高于112．8kg／hm^2蛋白质含量下降。氮肥用量与垩白米率和垩白度分别呈显著和极显著正相关。水稻产量与品质表现明显的矛盾。在产量因素中穗数越多精米率和整精米率越低，垩白米率和垩白度也越大；千粒重、成熟度愈高精米率和整精米率亦高，而垩白米率、垩白度则下降。 相似文献
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早籼杂交稻稻米加工品质与外观品质的相关分析和改良途径 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
对16个早籼杂交组合稻米的加工品质和外观品质8项指标分析表明，现有早籼杂交稻无一组合的加工品质和外观品质全部指标能达到部颁食用优质米1级或2级标准，主要差距是精米率低、垩白米率高和垩白面积大；整精米率、垩白米率和垩白面积组合间差异较大。通过相关分析看出：糙米率与精米率、整精米率；整精米率与精米率呈极显著正相关，粒长与粒型呈极显著正相关，与垩白面积呈显著正相关；粒宽与粒型呈极显著负相关，与垩白米率呈显著正相关。在优质早籼稻选育中应把降低垩白面积和垩白米率作为主攻目标，对亲本改良首先改良不育系的垩白。 相似文献
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氮镁耦合对寒地早粳龙粳20商品品质影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以龙粳20为供试材料,经2009年与2010年2年试验,研究了氮镁耦合对寒地早粳稻品质的影响.结果表明,氮或镁肥单独施用时,籽粒直链淀粉含量随氮肥增加而降低,增施氮肥使垩白率、粗蛋白含量提高,施氮量与整精米率呈二次曲线,镁肥单独施用能够提高籽粒粗蛋白含量,施镁量与垩白率及整精米率呈二次曲线;氮镁耦合后,镁处理对籽粒垩白率、整精米率的影响均达到极显著水平;籽粒粗蛋白含量与垩白率呈正相关、与整精米率呈负相关;直链淀粉含量与粗蛋白含量呈负相关.2年试验表明,在不同氮水平处理下,以施镁225.0～337.5kg·hm-2范围内籽粒的垩白率、整精米率及粗蛋白含量较理想. 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献