首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
高潜水位煤矿区完整复垦周期的土壤碳演变特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在济宁高潜水位矿区的充填复垦区内,分析完整复垦周期的土壤碳演变特征。通过从塌陷地(M1)、复垦年限为0,3年的复垦耕地(M2、M3)以及正常耕地(M4)采集土样并检测土壤全碳(TC)、有机碳(SOC)、有机碳密度(SOCD)、有机碳组分(WDOC、POC、MOC、LFOC、HFOC、MBC)及稳定性同位素(δ13C),研究不同复垦周期阶段下土壤碳空间特征的变化情况。研究表明:(1)塌陷地的TC、SOC、SOCD和各有机碳组分含量较低。经过复垦措施期后,SOCD在复垦当年就恢复到正常耕地的水平,TC和SOC含量随着复垦年限不断增加。WDOC、POC、LFOC、MBC等组分恢复速率较快,MOC和HFOC恢复周期较长。(2)TC、SOC、SOCD和各有机碳组分的恢复速率随着土层深度的增加逐渐减缓。(3)复垦土壤的δ13 C均值在不同深度间的差异较小,而标准差和变异系数偏大,说明复垦土壤层次不明显且同一层次间土壤来源混乱。从整个复垦周期来看,复垦工作虽具有"碳汇"作用,但会对土壤层次造成破坏。建议进行塌陷地治理时,尽量采用对土层扰动较小的复垦方式,对表土剥离和回填工序进行优化和监督,从而达到更好的恢复效果。  相似文献   

2.
不同利用方式黑钙土有机碳组分剖面分布特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为研究土地利用方式对土壤碳库的影响,以东北黑钙土区的天然草地、人工林地和耕地为研究对象,采集0—100 cm土体中不同土层样品(A、AB、Bk、BC和C层),测定不同利用方式土壤有机碳(SOC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和重组有机碳(HFOC)含量。结果表明:3种利用方式SOC、LFOC和HFOC主要分布在A层,但草地WSOC含量在Bk层最多(0.27 g/kg)。由A~C层,3种土地利用方式土壤有机碳及组分有机碳含量总体均呈减少趋势,但减少程度明显不同,天然草地缓慢减少,人工林地急剧减少,耕地逐渐减少。草地转换为林地和开垦为耕地后,均造成土壤有机碳及组分有机碳含量减少,WSOC减少34%和48%,LFOC减少20%和37%,HFOC减少7%和5%,SOC减少10%和16%。草地转换为林地和开垦为耕地后,WSOC/SOC、LFOC/SOC显著降低,但HFOC/SOC却提高,说明草地被开垦后活性有机碳含量快速下降。土地利用方式和土层对SOC、WSOC和LFOC具有显著影响,且对SOC和HFOC叠加效应较强。同时,土壤理化性质也在一定程度上影响着SOC、WSOC、LFOC和HFOC。应制定合理土地利用管理政策,保护自然草地免遭破坏,减少土壤有机碳流失,发挥草地生态系统碳固存的重要作用。  相似文献   

3.
岩溶区不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  
选择重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷中5种土地利用方式(弃耕地、草地、菜地、橘园地和林地)为研究对象,在野外调查和室内分析的基础上,采用方差分析法对比分析了土壤总有机碳、溶解性有机碳、易氧化性碳、轻组有机碳、颗粒有机碳及矿物结合态有机碳的含量变化,并用相关分析法分析了土壤有机碳各组分之间的关系。结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量随土层深度增加而降低,上下层土壤TOC含量在2.69~13.88g/kg之间,不同植被覆盖类型、耕作方式和施肥是影响土壤TOC分布的重要因素。不同土地利用方式下有机碳各组分(DOC、EOC、LFOC、POC和MOC)含量在垂直分布上均呈现出随土壤深度的增加而降低的趋势,但不同土地利用方式之间的差异较大,主要与植被类型、施肥管理、耕作方式以及人为干扰有关。弃耕地含量均比较低,林地和草地受人为干扰较少含量较高,菜地土壤受施肥和翻耕影响,上下层土壤含量差异不大,橘园地上下层土壤5种有机碳组分含量差异均是最大的。弃耕地受之前耕作影响,弃耕时间短,有机质输入量少,POC/MOC值相对较低,菜地受施肥和翻耕影响上下层土壤POC/MOC值相对比较稳定,草地、橘园地和林地0—20cm土壤POC/MOC值均高于20—40cm,下层土壤有机碳比较稳定。0—20cm和20—40cm土壤有机碳及组分之间存在相关关系,0—20cm土壤TOC与LFOC和MOC之间呈显著正相关,LFOC与POC之间也呈现显著正相关;20—40cm土层,土壤TOC与EOC、LFOC和MOC之间呈显著正相关性,MOC与TOC以及EOC和LFOC均呈现正相关性,LFOC与POC之间关系由表土层的显著正相关转变为极显著正相关。下层土壤比上层土壤有机碳稳定性强,尤其是土壤TOC、LFOC和MOC能够敏感地反映土壤碳库的变化,可以作为土壤有机碳稳定性的敏感性指标。  相似文献   

4.
采用野外采样和室内分析的方法研究了林地、园地、耕地3种利用方式对典型棕壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)及重组有机碳(HFOC)在0～20 cm、20～40 cm、40～60 cm 3层次中垂直分布的影响。结果表明,与林地相比,园地和耕地各层次的TOC含量和储量均显著下降;其分布份额和分布比则为园地中、下层略向上层转移,耕地则明显向中、下层转移。3种利用方式下POC的相对数量均随土层加深而递减,林地开垦为园地和耕地后,POC的相对数量仅在园地上、中层显著降低,分别减少6.67和1.70个百分点,而耕地则各层次均显著降低,其相对数量分别减少13.65、5.43和3.03个百分点;HFOC的相对数量随干预强度和土层深度增加而增大,耕地和园地比林地分别高出:上层5.77和4.00个百分点、中层10.44和6.40个百分点、下层7.35和3.92个百分点,且差异均显著。因此,将林地棕壤开垦为园地或耕地后应注重有机物料的投入,以减缓因开垦对有机碳所造成的损失和不尽合理的分布状况。  相似文献   

5.
对重庆中梁山岩溶山地不同土地利用方式下0-40cm土壤颗粒有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳的含量和分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳含量平均值表现为:林地>菜地>草地>橘园地>弃耕地.除橘园地外,其它各土地利用类型土壤细颗粒有机碳(FPOC)含量大于粗颗粒有机碳(CPOC).不同利用方式土壤颗粒有机碳含量在剖面层次中表现不同.0-20cm表层土壤CPOC含量表现为:橘园地>草地>菜地>林地>弃耕地,差异较大.土壤FPOC含量表现为:林地>草地>菜地>橘园地>弃耕地;20-40cm土壤CPOC和FPOC最高值出现在菜地,最低值出现在弃耕地.不同土地利用方式土壤矿物结合态有机碳(MOC)含量和土壤有机碳含量分布特征一致.除橘园地外土壤各组分有机碳分配比例大致表现为:MOC/SOC>CPOC/SOC>FPOC/SOC.相关分析表明,不同土地利用方式土壤SOC和POC呈正相关,相关性不一致.林地和草地呈极显著相关(P<0.01),弃耕地呈显著相关(P<0.05),菜地和橘园地相关性不显著.表明人为干扰和耕作措施会影响POC对SOC的贡献.  相似文献   

6.
亚热带森林转换对不同粒径土壤有机碳的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
以亚热带天然阔叶林和由其转换而来的针阔混交人工林和杉木人工林为研究对象,探讨森林转换对土壤有机碳(Soilorganiccarbon,SOC)含量和分布格局的影响。选取不同土层(0～20cm、20～40cm、40～60cm)土壤作为样本,运用物理分组方法研究森林转换对土壤粗颗粒有机碳(Coarse particulate organic carbon,CPOC)、细颗粒有机碳(Fine particulate organic carbon,FPOC)、矿物结合态有机碳(Mineral-associatedorganiccarbon,MOC)含量及其分配比例的影响。结果表明:天然林转换为人工林后(1)各土层土壤有机碳含量均呈下降趋势;(2)0～20cm土层土壤粗颗粒有机碳含量和分配比例均显著降低,土壤细颗粒有机碳含量和比例呈增加趋势;矿物结合态有机碳含量呈减少趋势,比例呈增加趋势;(3)各土层土壤颗粒有机碳/矿物结合态有机碳(POC/MOC)和矿物结合态有机碳/土壤有机碳(MOC/SOC)比值均呈下降趋势,0～20 cm土层土壤CPOC与SOC相关性最好,40～60cm土层MOC与SOC相关性最好。因此,亚热带天然阔叶林转换为针阔混交人工林和杉木人工林,土壤总有机碳含量降低,土壤有机碳的稳定性增强;土壤CPOC更能反映森林转换对表层土壤有机碳的影响;而MOC更能反映森林转换对深层土壤有机碳的影响。  相似文献   

7.
黄土台塬不同土地利用方式下土壤碳组分的差异   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  
为探讨土地利用方式对土壤碳固定的影响,以乔木、灌木、草和农田等不同植被类型,纯林和混交两种栽培模式的黄土台塬为对象,进行了土壤碳组分研究。结果表明,不同利用方式下林地和天然草地在0—100 cm土层总碳,轻组、重组、可溶性有机碳以及轻组有机碳分配比例(LFOC/SOC)均不同程度高于耕地,而其有机无机复合度(HFOC/SOC)则低于耕地,灌木林地和天然草地这种趋势尤为突出;各种土地利用方式间,土壤总碳和HFOC/SOC在0—20cm差异显著,总碳在60—100 cm也差异明显,轻组、重组及可溶性有机碳在0—40 cm,而无机碳则在40—100 cm差异明显;LFOC/SOC和DOC/SOC在各土层均存在一定差异。土壤总碳、有机碳以及各组分有机碳之间呈极显著正相关,而无机碳则与其呈负相关。轻组和可溶性有机碳均与粗颗粒、易氧化有机碳以及2—0.25 mm团聚体有机碳的相关性高于与细颗粒、稳态有机碳和2 mm团聚体有机碳;而重组有机碳则与之相反。轻组有机碳较有机碳、总碳、重组以及可溶性有机碳能更敏感地反映利用方式之间的差异,可作为土壤质量变化的评价指标。  相似文献   

8.
荒漠草原沙漠化对土壤无机碳和有机碳的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以空间代替时间的方法,通过对宁夏荒漠草原不同沙漠化阶段土壤有机碳(SOC)和无机碳(SIC)的研究,探讨荒漠草原沙漠化对土壤SIC、SOC及不同粒径组分土壤SIC、SOC分布特征的影响。结果表明:(1)随着荒漠草原沙漠化程度的加剧,0—10cm土层各粒径组分土壤SIC和SOC含量呈下降趋势。半固定沙地和流动沙地各粒径组分土壤SIC含量均表现为黏粉粒无机碳(CSIC)>细砂粒无机碳(FIC)>粗砂粒无机碳(CIC),而SOC含量均表现为细砂粒有机碳(FOC)>粗砂粒有机碳(COC)>黏粉粒有机碳(CSOC)。(2)随着荒漠草原沙漠化程度的加剧,0—30cm土层土壤无机碳(SICD)、土壤有机碳(SOCD)和土壤总碳(STCD)密度均表现为荒漠草原>固定沙地>半固定沙地>流动沙地。固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地土壤SOCD、SICD分别比荒漠草原降低了18.5%,57.7%,60.5%和6.7%,35.9%,47.0%。(3)0—10cm土层各粒径组分土壤SOC和SIC含量、全土SOC含量与0—30cm土层SOC和SIC均呈显著正相关关系,其中土壤粗砂粒有机碳和粗砂粒无机碳对SOC影响最大,而土壤黏粉粒有机碳和黏粉粒无机碳与全土SIC含量呈显著负相关关系。因此,沙漠化防治对于减少荒漠草原土壤碳损失极为重要。  相似文献   

9.
对黄土高原沟壑区人工沙棘林不同恢复阶段土壤中的黑碳(BC)、总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(LOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)、稳定性有机碳(SOC)、矿质结合态有机碳(MOC)的空间分布和积累进行研究.结果表明,不同恢复阶段人工沙棘林的土壤BC、POC、LOC、TOC由表层至下层均呈显著降低规律,SOC、MOC由表层至下层均呈显著上升规律.不同恢复阶段0-10 cm土层表现为MOC＞ SOC＞ BC＞POC＞ LOC,10-20 cm土层表现为SOC＞ MOC＞ BC＞ POC＞ LOC,20-30 cm土层表现为SOC＞ MOC＞BC＞ POC＞ LOC.不同恢复阶段人工沙棘林土壤BC/TOC以0-10 cm土层最低,随恢复阶段的延长而下降.不同恢复阶段LOC/TOC、POC/TOC由表层至下层呈明显降低规律.不同恢复阶段在0-10 cm,10一20 cm土层中,BC/TOC随恢复年限延长呈下降趋势,而POC/TOC呈上升趋势,恢复年限对LOC/TOC均无影响,且两土层呈现一致的规律.20-30 cm土层中,恢复年限对POC/TOC无影响.BC/TOC随恢复年限延长呈明显下降趋势,LOC/TOC则呈现凹形分布.  相似文献   

10.
土壤活性有机碳对土地利用方式最为敏感,定量分析不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳分布特征的影响对流域的土壤碳循环研究具有重要意义。从滇中尖山河小流域坡耕地、荒草地、林地、园地4种不同土地利用类型角度,系统地分析了0—10,10—20,20—30 cm土层土壤有机碳（SOC）、微生物有机碳（MBC）、易氧化有机碳（EOC）及可溶性有机碳（DOC）的分布特征及其相关性。结果表明:不同土地利用类型下土壤SOC,MBC,EOC,DOC整体均表现为园地 > 林地 > 坡耕地 > 荒草地;4种土地利用类型MBC,EOC,DOC整体上随着土层深度的增加而逐渐降低,且主要分布在0—20 cm土层,在20—30 cm土层含量较低（低于30%）;4种土地利用类型下SOC和MBC,EOC,DOC呈极显著正相关关系,MBC,EOC,DOC两两之间也表现出极显著正相关。综上,退耕还林以及在荒草地种植人工林可作为提高土壤有机碳及活性有机碳含量的有效措施,并将在减少流域水土流失和面源污染、改善土壤质量、恢复土壤肥力等方面起到重要作用。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

15.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号