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1.
径流剪切力是建立土壤侵蚀过程模型重要的水动力学参数,研究径流剪切力和土壤侵蚀产沙相关关系具有重要理论和实践意义。以径流冲刷模拟试验为研究手段,研究不同流量和不同坡度组合条件下坡面侵蚀过程中径流剪切力的分布特征,并对应分析土壤剥蚀率与各阶段径流临界剪切力的相关关系。结果表明:不同试验条件下,坡面侵蚀发育各阶段径流剪切力和土壤剥蚀率随冲刷流量的增加而增加,随小区坡度的变化受临界坡度影响;土壤剥蚀率与放水流量、坡度和径流剪切力等多因子呈线性相关,与流量或坡度的大小呈正比,与径流剪切力的大小呈反比;土壤剥蚀率与各径流剪切力单因子呈幂函数或指数函数相关,随径流剪切力的增加呈增加趋势;坡面产生跌坎时的临界剪切力和坡面径流平均剪切力均可以作为土壤侵蚀预测参数。 相似文献
2.
海涂围垦区排灌工程边坡土壤侵蚀过程的水动力学特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用人工模拟降雨试验研究降雨强度和坡度两因子对海涂围垦区排灌工程边坡侵蚀产沙过程及其对径流水动力学参数的响应关系。结果表明,边坡输沙率随降雨历时增加呈S形曲线增长。随雨强和坡度增大,坡面细沟发育迅速,侵蚀量急剧增加,但在坡度25°附近存在一个侵蚀的临界坡度。高雨强和陡坡下,坡面平均流速显著增大,侵蚀输沙率与平均流速之间呈显著线性正相关关系。试验坡面径流雷诺数较小,变化于8.5~42.6之间,水流剪切力为分散边坡土颗粒的主要作用力;坡面输沙率和平均雷诺数之间呈抛物线正相关关系,且在雷诺数较小时坡面输沙率随雷诺数的增长较缓慢,随水流雷诺数的增大,水流紊乱程度越强,坡面产沙能力越强。坡面径流所受阻力系数均随雨强和坡度增大线性降低,输沙率与Manning糙率系数和Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数均呈线性负相关关系。 相似文献
3.
含砾石锥状工程堆积体侵蚀水动力学特性和细沟形态特征 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
采用人工模拟降雨的方法,以陕西关中地区的重质土壤和工程中常见的破口石为试验材料,模拟散乱锥状工程堆积体的堆积过程和堆积形态,研究了不同砾石质量含量(0,10%,20%,30%,40%)散乱锥状工程堆积体在不同降雨强度下(1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5mm/min)的侵蚀水动力学特性和细沟形态特征。结果表明:(1)流速和径流强度随雨强的增加而增大,随砾石含量的增加而减小,雨强和砾石对两者均有显著影响,其中雨强的影响较大,起控制性作用;(2)坡面径流处于层流、缓流的状态,雷诺数和弗劳德数随雨强的增加而增大,随砾石含量的增加而减小;(3)剥蚀率随雨强的增加呈指数型增大,相同降雨强度下,随砾石含量的增加线性减小,径流剪切力、水流功率、单位水流功率、过水断面单位能与剥蚀率显著相关且呈幂函数的关系,其中水流功率相关性最好,拟合优度最高,是描述侵蚀动力机制的最优因子;(4)随着降雨强度的增加,细沟出现的时间提前,沟宽、沟深、沟长和细沟密度逐渐增加,雨强相同时,随着砾石含量的增加,细沟出现的时间推迟,且逐渐变窄、变浅,细沟下切侵蚀减弱。 相似文献
4.
黄土坡面细沟水流剪切力及其侵蚀效应研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用具有定流量人工放水的组合小区模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面细沟水流剪切力及其侵蚀效应进行了试验研究。结果表明:(1)细沟水流切应力随径流历时的变化,各雨强条件均表现出增大趋势,可用线性方程很好地描述,增大速率在产流6min之后略有减小。(2)细沟水流切应力随径流历时的变化,不同坡度下也不断增大,可用直线方程进行描述,产流过程中变化趋势较为一致,其中两个大坡度下增加速率较小坡度下稍大,产流12min以后更大。(3)坡面细沟水流平均切应力随雨强增大而增大,可用对数方程描述。随坡度增加而迅速增大,可用幂函数方程描述。随雨强及坡度的变化可用二元幂函数方程描述。(4)不同雨强及坡度下,细沟侵蚀率随细沟水流切应力的增大而增大,可用线性方程描述。研究表明,细沟水流剪切力具有显著的侵蚀效应,是产生细沟侵蚀的重要水力学参数和水动力学根源。 相似文献
5.
模拟降雨条件下不同砾石含量工程边坡土壤侵蚀及水动力学特征 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
[目的]探究砾石含量对急陡工程边坡土壤侵蚀及流水力学特征的影响。[方法]采用室内模拟降雨试验和人工制备土壤等方法,研究了在3种降雨强度(40,60,80 mm/h),5种砾石含量(3%,15%,35%,55%,75%)条件下50°工程边坡土壤侵蚀率变化特征以及土壤侵蚀率与各水动力学参数的关系。[结果]①40,60,80 mm/h雨强下,各砾石含量坡面径流率较土质坡面分别减少了10.1%～55.9%,13.9%～41.9%,19.6%～47.7%;径流剪切力、径流功率、过水断面单位能分别与砾石含量呈显著递减的线性函数、指数函数、幂函数关系。②坡面侵蚀率随着砾石含量的增加而减小,不同试验雨强下侵蚀率大小及变化过程具有明显差异。当雨强为40 mm/h时,坡面整体产沙率较低,随降雨过程整体呈现出缓慢增加的趋势;当雨强为60 mm/h时,不同砾石含量下侵蚀率迅速增加后呈波浪式缓慢上升或平稳下降的趋势;当雨强为80 mm/h时,砾石含量为3%条件下,坡面侵蚀率迅速增长后增速降低,当砾石含量大于15%时,边坡侵蚀率达到峰值后均开始缓慢下降。③工程边坡土壤侵蚀率与径流率、径流剪切力、径流功率、过水断面单位能均呈显著线性函数、对数函数、幂函数关系。[结论]工程边坡土壤中的砾石具有抗侵蚀作用,随着砾石含量的增多,坡面土壤侵蚀量和各水动力学参数均明显降低。 相似文献
6.
黄土高塬沟壑区沟坡道路侵蚀临界水动力学试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
道路侵蚀是黄土高塬重要的侵蚀方式,通过野外放水冲刷试验研究了黄土高塬沟壑区沟坡道路侵蚀水力学及产沙特性。结果表明,平均输沙率随坡度和流量的增加而增大,输沙率与坡度之间呈对数关系。水流剪切力在3°～12°的坡度变化中呈增大趋势,在9°～12°其增大趋势变缓。进一步的分析结果表明,道路侵蚀的发生具有一定临界条件。土壤剥蚀率与径流剪切力、水流功率和单宽能耗之间均呈线性关系,其中临界剪切力为2.443N/(m2.min),临界水流功率为0.369N/(m.s),临界单宽能耗为1.993J/(min.cm);对比分析知,土壤剥蚀率与水流功率相关系数最高。 相似文献
7.
砾石覆盖条件下盐碱土边坡降雨侵蚀水动力学特征 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
为了探究砾石覆盖对盐碱土坡面侵蚀的减沙效应,通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度和雨强条件下降雨径流水动力学特征及产沙受砾石覆盖的影响。试验坡度选取15°和30°,雨强选取92,119mm/h,坡面砾石覆盖度分别为0,10%,20%,40%,60%,80%,采用染色示踪法测定坡面径流流速。结果表明:不同坡度和雨强条件下,水流产沙率随坡面砾石覆盖度增大先增后减;雷诺数与弗劳德数均随砾石覆盖度增大呈先增后减的抛物线趋势,曼宁糙率、Dracy-Weisbach阻力系数、坡面径流剪切力和径流功率均与坡面砾石覆盖度呈线性正相关;径流功率预测产沙率效果较好,二者呈对数关系(R2=0.47)。 相似文献
8.
黄土丘陵区不同坡度撂荒草地入渗特征影响因素试验研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
降雨特征和坡度是影响土壤入渗过程的重要因素,在植被恢复过程中,其对土壤入渗特征的影响可能会有所不同。选取黄土丘陵区6个坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°,25°和30°)的撂荒草地(2年)径流小区(5 m×20 m),观测自然降雨条件下(共计34场降雨,产流11场)植被生长旺期(7—9月)土壤入渗特征,研究降雨过程参数(降雨量、平均雨强、降雨历时和I_(30))、坡度和植被盖度对坡面入渗特征的影响。结果表明:(1)11场产流降雨不同坡度土壤入渗量总体变化范围为6.58～70.91 mm,入渗补给系数为0.83～1.00,入渗率为0.22～19.35 mm/h;(2)土壤入渗量随降雨量呈线性增加(R~2=0.99,p0.01),入渗补给系数随I_(30)呈指数降低(R~2=0.91,p0.01),平均入渗率随降雨强度呈线性增加(R~2=0.71,p0.01),随降雨历时呈幂函数降低(R~2=0.99,p0.05);(3)坡度增大使得径流位移增长,导致入渗量、入渗补给系数和平均入渗率整体随坡度增大而呈幂函数增加,但当坡度25°时,因径流势能沿坡面方向分量增加,径流流速加快,上述入渗特征参数略有降低;(4)由于降雨量在植被生长周期内呈下降趋势,很大程度上导致植被对入渗特征的影响受控于降雨量,土壤入渗量表现出随着植被盖度的增加呈幂函数显著下降的趋势。总体而言,降雨特征和坡度是影响土壤入渗的主要因素,且土壤入渗特征参数可表示为降雨过程参数和坡度的综合幂函数方程;在入渗补给系数较高的情况下,植被覆盖对土壤入渗特征的影响减弱。研究结果对于坡面尺度降雨径流调控机制和生态水文过程研究具有重要意义。 相似文献
9.
东北黑土区野外模拟降雨条件下产流产沙研究 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
对不同坡度(3°,5°,7°,9°,12°,15°)的径流小区,采用野外人工模拟降雨试验方法,对不同降雨强度(1.24,1.87,2.17 mm/min)黑土坡地产流和产沙随雨强和时间的变化特性进行模拟试验.通过对模拟降雨试验数据分析,得出结论:①同一坡度下,产流时间随雨强的变化具有明显的规律性,雨强越大,产流所需的时间越短.②累计产沙量随累计径流量的增加呈幂函数增加,满足y=AxB函数形式(定义A为产沙基数系数,B为产沙速率系数).③侵蚀产沙量随含沙量的增加呈线性增加,其表达式满足y=ax+b形式,系数a体现了产沙能力.④随着雨强的增大坡面径流量也增大;随着坡度的增大坡面径流量呈现先减小后增加,最后减小的趋势.⑤随着雨强的增大,坡面侵蚀产沙量基本呈现增加的趋势;而随着坡度的增加,坡面侵蚀产沙量变化复杂,12°～l5°之间存在试验条件下的临界坡度. 相似文献
10.
不同雨强及坡度对华南红壤侵蚀过程的影响 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
[目的]研究不同雨强及坡度对华南红壤侵蚀过程的影响,为认识红壤侵蚀过程和水土流失防治提供科学依据。[方法]通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了不同降雨强度、不同坡度对华南红壤坡面降雨产流过程和侵蚀产沙过程的影响。[结果](1)相同坡度条件下,坡面径流量、侵蚀产沙量均随着雨强的增大而线性增大;相同雨强下,径流量随坡度的增加而减小,而产沙量随着坡度的变化比较复杂;(2)雨强和坡度共同影响着坡面产沙过程,当雨强小于等于180mm/h时,产沙量随坡度的增加而增大,在240mm/h出时呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在15°附近出现临界坡度。在降雨初期,径流率表现为波动增加过程,15min后趋于平稳,一直持续到降雨结束,其中雨强为240,180mm/h时波动较为剧烈,而产沙率呈现急剧而短暂的上升后迅速下降,在大雨强、陡斜坡条件下此现象尤为明显;(3)坡面径流平均流速与单宽流量、坡度比存在显著的幂函数关系,流速与径流量、侵蚀产沙量有着类似的变化规律。[结论]红壤侵蚀过程中雨强为主要影响因素,坡面流速可作为表征红壤坡面侵蚀特征的重要因子。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献