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1.
精确预测紫色土区土壤有机质含量的空间分布,对于指导紫色土区农业生产和培肥土壤具有重要意义。以杜家沟小流域为研究区,以遥感影像作辅助变量,采用回归克里格法,预测土壤有机质含量的空间分布,并与参照方法的预测精度进行比较。结果表明:(1)Landsat ETM+影像的波段2和波段5是土壤有机质含量多元线性回归预测的最佳辅助变量,回归残差的最优半方差函数模型为球状模型,模型的拟合精度较高;(2)土壤有机质含量呈由沟谷逐渐向坡顶递减的趋势,空间变异的细节信息表达较好;(3)回归克里格法在验证点的预测值与实测值的拟合能力更好,预测结果更倾向于无偏的,MAE、RMSE和R2均优于参照方法。因此,回归克里格法是紫色土区土壤有机质含量高精度空间预测的有效方法。  相似文献   

2.
复杂地形区土壤有机质空间变异性分析及制图   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
数字土壤制图作为获取土壤属性空间分布的一种新方法,目前已成为土壤科学的研究热点。探究土壤有机质在复杂地形区的空间变异特征及其空间分布制图,可为土地利用合理规划与管理、精准农业及生态环境模拟等提供有价值的数据。复杂地形区由于其地形起伏大,地貌类型多样以及采样点获取难度大等,对土壤属性制图带来一定的困难,也使得获取的属性空间分布图很难用于实际的使用。基于湟水流域2016年10—11月份采集的0—20 cm的253个土壤表层数据,采用GIS与地统计学相结合的方法,研究协同克里格(COK)、地理加权回归克里格(GWRK)以及结合土地利用类型的均值、中值修正协同克里格4种方法在湟水流域的预测精度并进行比较,旨在探索复杂地形区土壤有机质制图中地统计学方法的适用性。结果表明:(1) 4种插值方法对SOM的解释能力均较优,均可用于复杂地形区土壤有机质制图。(2)均值、中值修正协同克里格方法与地理加权回归克里格模型准确度分别为0.905,0.923,0.909,中值修正协同克里格精度最高,未考虑土地利用类型的协同克里格插值精度最低,为0.883。(3)有机质的变异系数为90.90%,存在中等空间变异性;表明其空间变异主要受土壤母质、土壤类型与土地利用管理方式、施肥等共同影响。(4) 4种方法预测图表明湟水流域的SOM高值主要分布在大通县西北部、海晏县南部等地,低值主要分布在民和县东南部等地;整体来看研究区SOM含量有利于农业发展。  相似文献   

3.
研究不同模型对土壤有机质空间预测的性能差异对制定更加科学合理的采样策略、提升采样效率和提高土壤空间预测精度有着重要的指导意义。本研究将6496个土壤样点按8∶2的比例分层随机分成训练集与验证集,应用普通克里格、随机森林以及随机森林－回归克里格三种有代表性的数字化土壤制图（Digital Soil Mapping,DSM）模型,对河南省许昌市耕地表层土壤有机质含量及空间分布进行预测,对三种模型性能表现进行综合评价。三种模型输出的预测结果显示:研究区耕地表层土壤有机质含量水平一般,均值为18.70 ~ 18.81 g kg?1,变异系数0.15 ~ 0.17,属中等强度变异;空间分布总体格局为西北与西南部分山地褐土区、东南部砂姜黑土区表层有机质含量高,中北部脱潮土、石灰性潮土区表层有机质含量低。验证结果表明:三种模型性能表现无明显差距,预测精度基本一致,输出结果对研究区耕地表层土壤有机质变异解释百分比在33% ~ 34%之间,在相同和相近尺度土壤有机质空间预测案例研究里属中等水平。在协变量有限且样点分布较为均匀的情况下,普通克里格模型便于快速获得研究区目标变量的空间分布;如果协变量比较丰富且易于收集利用,或是进行空间预测的同时还需要甄别不同因素对目标变量的影响大小,则建议采用随机森林模型;协变量有限,但样点密度较大时,随机森林－回归克里格模型可能是对目标变量进行空间预测的不错选择。  相似文献   

4.
基于三种空间预测模型的海南岛土壤有机质空间分布研究   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
为探索适合热带地形复杂区土壤有机质(SOM)含量的空间预测方法,以海南岛为研究区域,结合地形因子、归一化植被指数、土壤类型、土地利用类型变量,选用普通克里格法(OK)、回归克里格法(RK)、随机森林模型(RF)三种方法对训练集128个样点SOM含量的空间分布规律进行预测,并通过验证集32个验证点比较了三种方法的预测精度。结果表明:(1)0~5 cm土层三种方法的平均预测误差(ME)均接近于0,从均方根预测误差(RMSE)来看,RF(0.8867)RK(0.910 4)OK(0.9641),从决定系数(R~2)来看,RF(0.214 1)RK(0.171 5)OK(0.070 8)。综合以上三个参数,该土层最优拟合模型为RF。同理得出0~20、20~40、40~60 cm土层的最优拟合模型分别为RF、RF、OK。RK和RF能够更好地描述SOM含量局部变异信息;(2)四个土层SOM含量的均值分别为19.67、15.89、10.30、8.07 g kg~(-1),呈现出西南、东北高,西部、东南沿海地区低的空间分布趋势。  相似文献   

5.
郭龙  张海涛  陈家赢  李锐娟  秦聪 《土壤学报》2012,49(5):1037-1042
选取宜昌市红花套镇作为研究区域,研究土壤pH、有机质、有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮与土壤属性指标变量之间的关系,选择与预测变量之间具有较高相关性的变量作为辅助变量用以提高预测精度,本文试图将地理加权回归模型应用于土壤属性空间模拟中,以此与协同克里格插值的预测结果进行对照,从而比较它们的预测精度以提出更适合土壤属性预测的模型。结果表明:协同克里格插值和地理加权回归模型对土壤属性的空间模拟均有较高的预测精度,在辅助变量较多的情况下地理加权回归模型具有比协同克里格插值更为简单的算法,并且比较预测值相对误差的范围跨度和标准差以及均方根误差等方面,地理加权回归模型在土壤属性指标预测方面具有更高的预测精度,也具有更大的优势。  相似文献   

6.
陈思明  王宁  秦艳芳  张红月 《土壤》2020,52(6):1298-1305
选取适宜变量与有效方法有助于揭示河口湿地土壤有机质的空间异质性,对维护湿地生态平衡和全球碳循环的具有重要作用。以福州市闽江河口湿地为研究区,采用逐步回归分析与主成分分析法筛选显著的特征变量,运用支持向量机回归克里格法(SVROK)分析湿地土壤有机质的空间异质性,并与神经网络克里格法(BPNNOK)、回归克里格法(RK)进行比较。结果表明：归一化植被指数(NDVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)、土壤水分指数(PDI)、汇流累积量(FA)及沉积物移动指数(STI)与土壤有机质含量关系密切,其逐步回归模型的判定系数R2为0.446,显著性概率值P<0.0001,可转换为3个独立的主成分作为模型的自变量。研究区土壤有机质的空间变异主要受结构性因素影响,呈现出“北低南高”的空间格局,采用SVROK模型的预测精度更高,可较好的体现河口湿地土壤有机质的空间异质特征。该研究可为同类区域的土壤有机质空间特征研究提供方法支撑。  相似文献   

7.
郭龙  张海涛  陈家赢  李锐娟  秦聪 《土壤学报》2012,49(4):1037-1042
选取宜昌市红花套镇作为研究区域,研究土壤pH、有机质、有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮与土壤属性指标变量之间的关系,选择与预测变量之间具有较高相关性的变量作为辅助变量用以提高预测精度,本文试图将地理加权回归模型应用于土壤属性空间模拟中,以此与协同克里格插值的预测结果进行对照,从而比较它们的预测精度以提出更适合土壤属性预测的模型。结果表明：协同克里格插值和地理加权回归模型对土壤属性的空间模拟都有较高的预测精度,在辅助变量较多的情况下地理加权回归模型具有比协同克里格插值更为简单的算法,并且比较预测值相对误差的范围跨度和标准差以及均方根误差等方面,地理加权回归模型在土壤属性指标预测方面具有更高的预测精度,也具有更大的优势。  相似文献   

8.
复杂地貌类型区耕地土壤有机质空间插值方法研究   总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23  
选择适宜区域特征的高效点面拓展模型对揭示土壤属性空间分布规律具有重要意义。根据不同地貌类型特征在福建省各地级市选取了9个典型县(市、区),利用2008年采集的29 320个样点数据系统评价不同空间插值方法对耕地土壤有机质含量推算精度的影响。结果表明,福建省各典型县耕地土壤有机质平均含量为27.83 g kg-1,变异系数为37.87%,半方差函数以指数模型拟合效果最佳;全省平原或盆地、丘陵和山地分布面积相当的地区(如闽侯县、建瓯市、永定县、涵江区、福鼎市)采用泛克里格法插值的精度较高,山地为主的地区(如大田县)采用简单克里格法插值的精度较高,而以平原、台地为主的地区(如南安市、同安区、漳浦县)采用普通克里格或张力样条函数法插值的精度较高。  相似文献   

9.
基于GIS和地理加权回归的砂田土壤阳离子交换量空间预测   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  
王幼奇  张兴  赵云鹏  包维斌  白一茹 《土壤》2020,52(2):421-426
土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)反映土壤保水保肥能力,研究CEC空间分布可为土壤改良和田间施肥提供理论依据。本文以宁夏香山地区砂田淡灰钙土为研究对象,在土壤CEC和理化性质相关分析基础上以普通克里格(OK)为对照,探索回归克里格(RK)和地理加权回归克里格(GWRK)在CEC空间插值上的应用,并对三者的插值精度及制图效果进行评价。描述统计表明研究区土壤CEC含量均值为10.145cmol/kg,CEC与有机质含量呈显著正相关,与砂粒含量呈显著负相关;地统计分析表明CEC实测值、OLS残差和GWR残差块金系数分别为8.50%、6.36%和7.02%,比值均小于25%,具有强烈空间自相关;对验证点进行插值精度分析,RK和GWRK的相对模型改进值(RI)分别为40.49%、41.50%,插值精度GWRKRKOK;从成图效果看,GWRK中辅助变量参与了局部回归,成图效果更加精细,揭示了更多空间变化细节。本研究结论可为土壤CEC空间预测研究提供可靠的方法借鉴。  相似文献   

10.
针对土壤精细化管理体系中合理样点数及空间预测优化问题,本文将基于土壤－地形关系,探讨了不同采样方式下以局部样点数量为代表提供最优数据的可能性。以地统计学、土壤－地形关系、地理加权回归克里格（GWRK）模型为基础,经系统格网、地形单元分区和地形起伏度最佳统计单元等三种采样方式分析合理样点集的空间分布对土壤有机质空间预测精度的影响。结果表明:（1）确定地形起伏度最佳统计单元大小为10 × 10像元,且平原区样点分布最为密集,合理样点数为1656;（2）高程、坡向、地形位置指数、相对位置指数、地形起伏度是影响土壤有机质空间变异的主要因素,能够解释研究区内有机质含量空间变异的69.2%;（3）GWRK模型精度均比普通克里金插值（OK）精度高,且山脊、背坡、陡坡、坡脚等坡位内合理样点数分别为39、481、9、28。在样点数最多时（n = 2806）,GWRK精度提高幅度及样点数量对预测结果影响有限。当样点数量减少时,有机质预测值空间分布的局部变异性随样点数减少而减少。因此,不同采样方式下合理样点集明显影响有机质预测精度,但预测结果分布趋势相似,仍可完整表征土壤有机质空间分布的空间格局。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

16.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

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