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1.
本文研究不同类型的防冻剂及其浓度对快速冷冻牛胚胎的效果。试验Ⅰ：７日龄囊胚先分别放入含１０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）甘油或１０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）乙二醇改良的磷酸盐缓冲液（ＰＢＬ）中，室温下平衡１０ｍｉｎ。然后，分别移入１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油或２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，３．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙二醇＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖ＰＢＬ液中，１０ｍｉｎ后将胚胎放进冰箱的结冰层（约─２３℃），３５ｍｉｎ后直接投入液氮。冻后孵化率最高的处理组为１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖（８２．４％），其极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）地高于２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖（１５．４％），２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙二醇＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖（６３．９％），３．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙二醇＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖（３８．７％）。试验Ⅱ：７日龄胚胎先在１０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）甘油中平衡１０ｍｉｎ，而后，分别移入１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０，０．２５，０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖，停留１０ｍｉｎ后快速冷冻。解冻后，胚胎分别用０．５，０．２５，０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖除甘油。结果表明：解冻液中的蔗糖浓度对胚胎的存活力无显著影响。当冷冻处理为１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖时，胚  相似文献   

2.
为了探讨生长因子（ＥＧＦ，ＰＤＧＦ）对牛卵母细胞体外成熟与早期胚胎体外发育的影响，本研究进行了两个实验。实验１：在卵母细胞体外成熟（ＩＶＭ）中，将卵母细胞平均随机的放入表皮生长因子浓度为０，２．５，２５，５０μｇ／Ｌ的成熟培养液和对照组中。实验２：在早期胚胎体外培养（ＩＶＣ）过程中，将受精卵平均随机分配入５个不同培养液的处理组：（１）ＴＣＭ－１９９＋１０％阉公牛血清（ＳＳ）；（２）ＴＣＭ－１９９＋ＥＧＦ＋ＰＤＧＦ；（３）ＴＣＭ－１９９＋ＥＧＦ；（４）ＴＣＭ－１９９＋ＰＤＧＦ；（５）ＴＣＭ－１９９＋无生长因子、其中ＥＧＦ：５０μｇ／Ｌ，ＰＤＧＦ：０．１μｇ／Ｌ。２，３，４，５组有０．１％ＰＶＡ和０．３％ＢＳＡ，并与颗粒细胞单层协同培养。卵母细胞的体外成熟（ＩＶＭ）、体外受精（ＩＶＦ）和早期胚胎体外培养（ＩＶＣ）的方法与Ｌｕ等（１９８７）报道的相同。结果表明：浓度为５０μｇ／Ｌ的处理组分裂率与对照组无差异（８９．０％，９２．４％，Ｐ＞０．０５），而浓度为０，２．５，２５μｇ／Ｌ的处理组分裂率均显著低于对照组（７８．６％，８２．３％，８４．３％，Ｐ＜０．０５），在囊胚率和第７ｄ一级胚胎率上各组均无差异。ＥＧＦ在体  相似文献   

3.
胚胎的冷冻是用二步降温法，将胚胎降至－２５℃，并直接投入液氮。试验Ⅰ，将６～８日龄的牛胚胎置于显微镜下，按发育期把胚胎分成桑椹胚、早期囊胚、囊胚、扩展囊胚四个阶段，然后分别平衡在１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油＋０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ蔗糖ＰＢＳ液中，２０ｍｉｎ后进行冷冻。解冻后，各阶段的胚胎孵化率分别为：２９．０％，７３．２％，７４．６％，６１．２％。桑椹胚的孵化率极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）地低于其它三个阶段的胚胎，其它三个阶段之间无显著差异（（Ｐ＞０．０５）。试验Ⅱ，将７日龄的囊胚，在显微镜下鉴定质量并分为１～５级，仅１，２级胚胎用于冷冻。试验结果表明：每管装２枚胚胎时，有１枚胚胎以上孵化的细管数，１级的有９３．８％（４５／４８），２级的有７７．４％（２４／３１），它们之间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。每管装３枚胚胎时，有２枚胚胎以上孵化的细管数，１级的有８７．５％（４２／４８），２级的有６８．０％（１７／２５），二者间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。本研究结果表明：不同阶段和质量的牛体外培养胚胎冷冻后对存活率有显著的影响。  相似文献   

4.
将经过２０～２４ｈ体外成熟培养后的牛卵母细胞在含５％ＣＯ２，９５％空气，最大相对饱和湿度和温度分别为３７℃（Ｇ１），３８℃（Ｇ２）和３９℃（Ｇ３）的培养条件下进行体外受精，以观察受精温度对牛体外受精及其随后胚胎发育的影响。结果显示，不同受精温度对牛卵母细胞体外精子入卵率（９３．６％～１００％）及受精卵裂率（７８．５％～８０．３％）无明显影响；而早期胚胎卵裂发育速度、体外囊胚发育速度及体外囊胚发育率和孵化率均随着受精温度的升高呈上升趋势。在ＩＶＦ４２～４６ｈ，Ｇ３发育到５细胞以上卵裂周期阶段的早期胚胎比率（４０．３％）非常显著地高于Ｇ２（２４．３％）和Ｇ１（１８．８％，Ｐ＜０．００１）；而相应处于２细胞阶段的胚胎比率（Ｇ３为１４．６％）则十分显著地低于Ｇ２（２５．２％）和Ｇ１（３０．１％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ｇ３的囊胚体外孵化率（７５．８％）也非常明显地高于Ｇ２（５１．９％）和Ｇ１（４７．９％，Ｐ＜０．００）。结果表明，受精温度（３７～３９℃）主要影响早期胚胎的质量，从而影响到其随后的囊胚发育率、发育速度及其孵化率，而对卵母细胞的受精、卵裂率无明显影响。  相似文献   

5.
本实验以屠宰场牛卵巢为材料,研究了卵泡大小和卵丘细胞对卵母细胞体外受精后发育潜力的影响,结果表明卵泡在小和卵丘细胞直接卵母受精后的发育。直径为２～８ｍｍ卵泡中的卵母细胞经体外成熟和体外受精后,卵裂率（６０．９％ＶＳ３７．０％,Ｐ〈０．０５）和受精卵的囊胚发育率（５６．０％ＶＳ３８．０％,Ｐ〈０．０５）明显高于直径小于２ｍｍ卵泡中的卵母细胞。而直径在８ｍｍ以上的卵母细胞卵裂率显著低于２～８ｍｍ卵泡、  相似文献   

6.
采用２种肝素浓度（１０，３０ｍｇ／Ｌ）与３种咖啡因浓度（２．５，５，１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的交叉组合，以３０ｍｇ／Ｌ肝素的受精液为对照，探讨肝素和咖啡因对牛卵母细胞体外受精的影响，并确定受精后将卵母细胞移至单层细胞的合适时间。结果表明，当卵母细胞在受精后５ｈ移至单层细胞时，１０ｍｇ／Ｌ肝素加５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ咖啡因或３０ｍｇ／Ｌ肝素加２．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ咖啡因的体外受精效果最好，二者的囊胚率和囊胚孵化率分别为５６．９％±７．０，８１．１％±１２．７及５６．９％±７．０，７８．９％±９．８。  相似文献   

7.
本研究系统探讨了体细胞因子对牛卵母细胞体外受精的影响。在受精液中添加５％或１０％的牛卵泡液（ＢＦＦ）明显降低牛卵母细胞受精后的分裂率（３８．３％和４０．４％比对照８７．５％，Ｐ＜０．００１）和囊胚发育率（１７．４％和８．３％比对照４０．４％，Ｐ＜０．００１）。然而，在受精液中加入５０％的内膜细胞受精条件液明显提高牛卵母细胞受精后的囊胚发育率（４３．１％比３４．８％，Ｐ＜０．０５），虽然该处理对牛卵母细胞受精后的分裂率无明显影响。在体外受精系统中加入颗粒细胞的受精条件液，新鲜的输卵管细胞，输卵管细胞的单层细胞或输卵管细胞的受精条件液对牛卵母细胞的分裂率及囊胚发育率均无明显影响。相反，新鲜输卵管细胞组获得较低的分裂率（８１．７％）和囊胚发育率（３２．２％）。这些结果表明：ＢＦＦ对牛卵母细胞的体外受精具抑制作用，而内膜细胞的条件液则具促进效应。ＢＦＦ的这种受精抑制因子可能来自血清而不是卵泡细胞。  相似文献   

8.
本试验主要探索了3种玻璃化冷冻液对水牛MⅡ期卵母细胞冷冻-解冻后体外发育的影响。水牛MⅡ期卵母细胞经3组玻璃化冷冻液（Ⅰ：20％乙二醇（EG）＋20％二甲基亚砜（DMSO）;Ⅱ：20％EG＋20％丙二醇（PROH）;Ⅲ：20％EG＋20％PROH＋10％DMSO）毒性试验后,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组体外受精的分裂率、8-细胞率和囊胚率之间差异不显著（P〉0．05）,分裂率均显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）,但Ⅱ组8-细胞以后的发育潜力跟对照组无显著差异（P〉0．05）。进一步比较了3组玻璃化冷冻液对卵母细胞的玻璃化冷冻效果。卵子解冻后进行体外受精后,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组的发育潜力均显著低于对照组fP〈0．05）,各组的8一细胞率和囊胚率之间无显著差异（P〉0．05）,但Ⅱ组卵裂率明显高于Ⅰ组（24．8±4．6％VS12．7±1．5％,P〈0．05）。结果表明,3种冷冻玻璃化保护液均可用于冷冻水牛MⅡ期卵母细胞,其中Ⅱ组处理的卵母细胞体外受精效果相对较好。  相似文献   

9.
本研究系统探讨了牛卵泡液（ＢＦＦ）对牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响。在成熟培养液中添加１０％的ＢＦＦ，明显提高牛卵母细胞体外成熟后的囊胚发育率（４５．１％比２８．２％，Ｐ＜０．０５），虽然该处理对牛卵母细胞体外成熟后的受精分裂率无明显影响（８７．５％比８７．５％）。然而，当ＢＦＦ在成熟培养液中的浓度提高到４０％时，卵母细胞体外成熟后的受精分裂率（６８．６％）和囊胚发育率（１６．６％）均明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。来自不同大小卵泡（２～５ｍｍ，５．１～８ｍｍ和大于８ｍｍ）ＢＦＦ的卵母细胞体外成熟培养效果无明显差异，只是来自大于８ｍｍ卵泡的ＢＦＦ将卵母细胞粘在一起，明显地降低成熟培养后的可用卵母细胞数。在成熟培养液中加入激素（２．５×１０３ｉｕ／Ｌ促性腺激素（ＨＣＧ），５０ｉｕ／Ｌ促乳素，０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ胰岛素、睾酮和雌二醇）对ＢＦＦ的卵母细胞成熟培养效果无影响。这些结果表明，在成熟培养液中添加一定浓度的ＢＦＦ可促进牛卵母细胞获得胚胎发育能力，ＢＦＦ的这一作用与其来源的卵泡大小和激素的存在与否无关。  相似文献   

10.
本文研究了苄嘧黄隆和甲黄隆的气相色谱分析方法。采用（１）５％ＯＶ－１０１／Ｃｈｒｏ－ｍｏｓｏｒｂＧＡＷＤＭＣＳ（０．２５～０．１８ｍｍ）；（２）５％新戊二醇己二酸聚酯／ＣｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｒｂＧＡＷＤＭ－ＣＳ（０．２５～０．１８ｍｍ）的两条色谱柱，邻苯二甲酸二戊酯为内标，氢火焰离子化检测器，标准偏差（ＳＤ）≤０．０６４％，变异系数（ＣＶ）≤２．１％，平均回收率为９６．７％～９８．８％。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

15.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

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