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1.
线性时变模型预测控制器提高农业车辆导航路径自动跟踪精度 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为提高农业车辆导航路径自动跟踪精度,提出一种基于线性时变模型预测控制的路径跟踪方法。该方法将农业车辆非线性运动学模型线性化和离散化处理,作为控制器预测方程;建立以系统控制增量为状态量的目标函数,为防止无可行解,引入松弛因子;设计系统控制量、控制增量和状态量约束条件,并将目标函数求解转为带约束的二次规划问题;采用内点法进行求解,将求得的控制输入增量第一个元素作用于系统;重复以上过程,实现优化控制。基于Matlab/Simulink平台进行了模型预测控制器设计,并分别进行了导航坐标系下的直线和圆形路径跟踪试验。结果表明,所设计的控制器能够实现直线路径的完全跟踪(误差始终为0);跟踪圆形路径时,1 m/s时的横向平均跟踪误差为7.5 cm,3 m/s时的横向平均跟踪误差为10 cm;整个跟踪过程,前轮转角始终被限定在约束范围内。不同控制器参数下的仿真结果表明,增大预测时域和控制周期能够减小跟踪误差和前轮转角变化幅度,控制时域的变化对控制器路径跟踪响应速度影响较小。同时基于设计的模型预测控制器进行了场地试验。结果表明,试验小车以1m/s的速度跟踪直线路径时,横向最大误差均值为1.622 cm,横向平均误差均值为0.865 cm;跟踪圆形路径时,当行走速度低于1 m/s时,横向最大误差小于10 cm。 相似文献
2.
基于速度自适应的拖拉机自动导航控制方法 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
针对速度因素对拖拉机自动导航系统稳定性的影响,提出了基于横向位置偏差和航向角偏差的双目标联合滑模控制方法,在建立两轮拖拉机-路径动力学模型和直线路径跟踪偏差模型的基础上,应用Matlab/Simulink进行整体系统仿真,验证了控制方法的可靠性;以雷沃TG1254拖拉机为载体搭建了自动导航控制系统田间试验平台,分别在定速和变速条件下,进行了拖拉机直线路径跟踪控制的田间试验;分析了不同速度条件下的动态跟踪控制效果,验证了设计的自动导航控制系统的稳定性和控制精度。试验结果表明:在拖拉机田间作业常见的定速直线行驶工况下,采用基于速度自适应的双目标联合滑模控制方法,拖拉机直线路径跟踪控制的横向位置偏差最大值为10.60 cm,平均绝对偏差在3.50 cm以内;航向角偏差最大值为3.87°,平均绝对偏差在1.70°以内;在进入稳态以后,前轮转向角最大摆动幅度为3°,摆动标准差为0.80°。结论表明,该文提出的基于速度自适应的拖拉机自动导航控制系统,能基本实现不同速度下的直线路径自动跟踪控制。 相似文献
3.
果园行间3D LiDAR导航方法 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为克服二维激光扫描仪在果园导航中感知信息少、无法有效应对树冠茂密、树干被遮挡等复杂三维果园场景,该研究提出一种基于3D LiDAR的果园行间导航方法。以3D LiDAR为检测设备实时采集果园信息,使用挖空打断后的树墙体心等效树干位置,根据左右树行的最佳平行度对随机采样一致性算法与最小二乘法拟合的树行进行互补融合并求其中心线得到导航线;对纯跟踪算法进行改进,实现差速运动机器人对树行的跟踪。结果表明:系统在篱壁式仿真果园环境下以0.33 m/s的速度沿中心线行走时,绝对航向定位偏差在1.65°以内,绝对横向定位偏差在6.1 cm以内;以0.43 m/s的速度跟踪树行的绝对横向偏差在15 cm以内。在真实梨园下,系统分别以0.68与1.35 m/s的速度跟踪树行,绝对横向偏差分别不超过21.3与22.1 cm。本系统可广泛用于标准果园与复杂三维果园机械的自主导航,具有可靠的稳定性。 相似文献
4.
基于DF2204无级变速拖拉机的农机无人驾驶系统研制 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对农机无人化作业需求,该研究基于DF2204无级变速拖拉机和机器人操作系统（Robot Operating System,ROS）,研发了一种适于田间作业的农机无人驾驶自主作业系统。系统由控制、规划、安全和总线通信等模块组成。对DF2204无级变速拖拉机进行硬件改造与集成,设计满足农机无人驾驶要求的控制器局域网（Controller Area Network,CAN）总线协议和ROS与CAN总线通信的消息结构,包括5类控制帧和2类状态帧;设计了基于比例-积分-微分（Proportion Integration Differentiation,PID）控制器的横向跟踪与纵向速度控制算法。在北京密云试验田开展田间小麦播种实际作业试验。试验结果表明,消息结构满足50 Hz通信负载,横向跟踪平均绝对误差为2.96 cm,纵向速度平均绝对误差0.19 m/s。研究结果可为无级变速拖拉机的无人化升级改造提供参考,提高农机智能化水平和作业效率。 相似文献
5.
为了提高农机路径跟踪系统控制性能对作业速度变化的适应性,该研究提出一种基于预瞄运动学模型的快速预测控制方法。采用预瞄跟随理论建立预瞄航向误差模型,并将其作为输出方程与路径跟踪误差常规状态方程联立,构建预瞄运动学状态空间误差模型,进而运用模型预测控制算法与输入参数化衰减策略设计路径跟踪控制律。仿真试验结果表明,在不同作业速度下,预瞄模型预测控制器的直线路径跟踪横向误差均渐近趋于0,行驶曲线均无超调;当作业速度为1、3与5 m/s时,预瞄模型预测控制器的圆形路径跟踪横向最大绝对误差分别为8.52、10.42和10.82 cm,标准差分别为3.96、5.83和6.17 cm;当控制时域为10、30与60时,预瞄模型预测控制器的运算周期相对常规模型预测控制器分别减小7.5%、43.0%和48.5%;与常规模型预测控制相比,预瞄模型预测控制能够在确保路径跟踪系统控制精度的同时有效改善系统的动态性能和提高系统的实时性,使不同作业速度下的跟踪效果更加均衡。田间测试结果表明,在0.5～5 m/s作业速度范围内,预瞄模型预测控制器对作业速度变化具有较强的适应性,能够使农机快速平稳地跟踪参考路径并具有较高的控制精度,其直线路径跟踪的横向最大绝对误差均值小于5.5 cm、标准差均值小于2.5 cm,圆形路径跟踪的横向最大绝对误差均值小于15.5 cm、标准差均值小于8.5 cm,跟踪效果满足农机实际作业要求,适于复杂作业环境或高速作业场合。 相似文献
6.
小型履带式油菜播种机导航免疫PID控制器设计 总被引：9，自引：7，他引：2
针对适应于长江中下游地区稻茬田土壤黏湿、小田块的轻简化播种机智能化问题,设计了一种基于免疫PID的小型履带式油菜播种机导航控制器。以小型履带式油菜播种机为基础,利用电磁铁对其转向系统进行电控改装,采用高精度北斗定位模块和电子罗盘进行组合导航,获取履带式播种机的位置和航向信息作为导航控制器的输入,设计了小型履带式油菜播种机自动导航控制系统。建立了履带式油菜播种机运动学模型和转向角传递函数,利用Matlab仿真和实地导航试验对常规PID控制和免疫PID控制进行了对比试验。仿真表明:在相同参数条件下,与常规PID相比,免疫PID控制具有响应快、超调量小、平均跟踪误差小等特点;路面试验表明:当播种机速度为0.50m/s时,免疫PID控制器直线跟踪的平均绝对偏差为4.2 cm,最大跟踪偏差为11.9 cm。田间试验表明:当播种机速度为0.50 m/s时,免疫PID控制器直线跟踪平均绝对偏差为5.8 cm,最大偏差不超过15.2 cm,能够较好地满足播种机导航作业要求,该研究可为履带式播种机的自主导航提供了技术参考。 相似文献
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8.
基于激光导航的果园拖拉机自动控制系统 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：2
为实现果园作业的自动化,以拖拉机为研究对象,采用激光导航方式实现了果园机械的自动导航。试验以激光扫描仪为检测设备对果树位置信息实时采集,采用最小二乘法规划拖拉机导航路径;拖拉机航向偏差和横向偏差作为比例控制器的输入量,以方向盘电机的转速为输出量,控制拖拉机沿导航路径直线行走;系统实现了拖拉机在果园环境下的直线行走控制功能。拖拉机以0.27 m/s的速度直线行走30 m,最大横向偏差0.15 m。试验结果表明本系统可用于果园机械的自动导航,并具有一定的可靠性。 相似文献
9.
联合收获机单神经元PID导航控制器设计与试验 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
针对联合收获机在田间直线跟踪作业中在维持高割幅率条件下易产生漏割的问题,设计了一种基于单神经元PID(Proportion Integration Differentiation)的联合收获机导航控制器。以轮式联合收获机为平台,通过对原有液压转向机构进行电控液压改装,搭载相关传感器构建了导航硬件系统。开展了常规PID控制和单神经元PID控制的仿真以及实地对比试验,仿真结果表明单神经元PID控制具有超调小和进入稳态快等特点;路面试验表明,当收获机速度为0.7 m/s时,单神经元PID控制最大跟踪偏差为6.10 cm,平均绝对偏差为1.21 cm;田间试验表明,收获机速度为0.7 m/s时,单神经元PID控制田间收获最大跟踪偏差为8.14 cm,平均绝对偏差为3.20 cm。试验表明所设计的联合收获机导航控制器能够满足自动导航收获作业要求,为收获作业自动导航提供了技术参考。 相似文献
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东方红X-804拖拉机的DGPS自动导航控制系统 总被引：37，自引：29，他引：8
该文在东方红X-804拖拉机上开发了基于RTK-DGPS的自动导航控制系统。系统主要包括RTK-DGPS接收机、导航控制器、转向操纵控制器、电控液压转向装置和转向轮偏角检测传感器。其中转向操纵控制器、转向轮偏角检测传感器和电控液压转向装置构成转向轮偏角的闭环控制回路,该回路可根据导航控制器提供的期望转向轮偏角实现偏转角的随动控制。将拖拉机运动学模型和转向操纵控制模型相结合,建立了拖拉机直线跟踪的导航控制传递函数模型,模型的输入是横向跟踪误差,输出是期望的转向轮偏角。设计了基于PID算法的导航控制器,仿真分析了系统稳定性和动态响应性能,确定了PID控制参数的较佳取值。针对东方红X-804拖拉机转弯半径大的特点,采用跨行地头转向控制方式,提出了具体的控制流程及算法。田间试验结果表明：采用所设计的DGPS自动导航控制系统,在拖拉机行进速度为0.8 m/s时,直线跟踪的最大误差小于0.15 m,平均跟踪误差小于0.03 m,所提出的跨行地头转向控制方法对试验拖拉机具有良好的适用性。 相似文献
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硫酸根自由基高级氧化技术对污染场地多环芳烃的修复效果研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
硫酸根自由基高级氧化技术(sulfate radical(SO_4~(·–))based advanced oxidation processes,SR-AOPs)是一种被广泛应用于降解土壤有机污染物的原位氧化修复技术。然而,关于SR-AOPs降解土壤多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的报道相对较少。本研究以南京某炼钢厂附近土壤作为试验样本,通过设置不同比例混合体系的过硫酸钠(Na_2S_2O_8)和亚铁离子(Fe~(2+))以及反应不同时间,探究SR-AOPs对土壤中16种PAHs的修复效果以及最佳技术方案。结果表明:Na_2S_2O_8和Fe~(2+)的配比会显著影响土壤PAHs的降解效果,当两者比例达到10︰1时,即Na_2S_2O_8用量为5 mmol/g,Fe~(2+)用量为0.5 mmol/g,反应时间为24 h时,PAHs总降解率最高,可达到29.32%;不同环数的PAHs决定了SR-AOPs的降解效果,其中SR-AOPs对四环PAHs降解效率最高,总降解率达到37.32%;此外,降解效率随反应时间增加而增加,在24 h达到效果最佳。因此,本研究结果可为SR-AOPs修复土壤PAHs提供理论依据。 相似文献
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C. Bayer T. Lovato J. Dieckow J.A. Zanatta J. Mielniczuk 《Soil & Tillage Research》2006,91(1-2):217-226
The one-compartment C model Ct=C0e−k2t+k1A/k2(1−e−k2t) is being long used to simulate soil organic C (SOC) stocks. Ct is the SOC stock at the time t; C0, the initial SOC stock; k2, the annual rate of SOC loss (mainly mineralization and erosion); k1, the annual rate to which the added C is incorporated into SOC; and A, the annual C addition. The component C0e−k2t expresses the decay of C0 and, for a time t, corresponds to the remains of C0 (C0 remains). The component k1A/k2(1−e−k2t) refers, at time t, to the stock of SOC derived from C crops (Ccrop). We herein propose a simple method to estimate k1 and k2 coefficients for tillage systems conducted in long-term experiments under several cropping systems with a wide range of annual C additions (A) and SOC stocks. We estimated k1 and k2 for conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT), which has been conducted under three cropping systems (oat/maize −O/M, vetch/maize −V/M and oat + vetch/maize + cowpea −OV/MC) and two N-urea rates (0 kg N ha−1 −0 N and 180 kg N ha−1 −180 N) in a long-term experiment established in a subtropical Acrisol with C0 = 32.55 Mg C ha−1 in the 0–17.5 cm layer. A linear equation (Ct = a + bA) between the SOC stocks measured at the 13th year (0–17.5 cm) and the mean annual C additions was fitted for CT and NT. This equation is equivalent to the equation of the model Ct=C0e−k2t+k1A/k2(1−e−k2t), so that a=C0e−k2t and bA=k1A/k2(1−e−k2t). Such equivalences thus allow the calculation of k1 and k2. NT soil had a lower rate of C loss (k2 = 0.019 year−1) than CT soil (k2 = 0.040 year−1), while k1 was not affected by tillage (0.148 year−1 under CT and 0.146 year−1 under NT). Despite that only three treatments had lack of fit (LOFIT) value lower than the critical 5% F value, all treatments showed root mean square error (RMSE) lower than RMSE 95% indicating that simulated values fall within 95% confidence interval of the measurements. The estimated SOC stocks at steady state (Ce) in the 0–17.5 cm layer ranged from 15.65 Mg ha−1 in CT O/M 0 N to 60.17 Mg ha−1 in NT OV/MC 180 N. The SOC half-life (t1/2 = ln 2/k2) was 36 years in NT and 17 years in CT, reflecting the slower C turnover in NT. The effects of NT on the SOC stocks relates to the maintenance of the initial C stocks (higher C0 remais), while increments in Ccrop are imparted mainly by crop additions. 相似文献
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Interpreting the dependence of soil respiration on soil temperature and water content in a boreal aspen stand 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
David Gaumont-Guay T. Andrew Black Tim J. Griffis Alan G. Barr Rachhpal S. Jassal Zoran Nesic 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2006,140(1-4):220
Continuous half-hourly measurements of soil CO2 efflux made between January and December 2001 in a mature trembling aspen stand located at the southern edge of the boreal forest in Canada were used to investigate the seasonal and diurnal dependence of soil respiration (Rs) on soil temperature (Ts) and water content (θ). Daily mean Rs varied from a minimum of 0.1 μmol m−2 s−1 in February to a maximum of 9.2 μmol m−2 s−1 in mid-July. Daily mean Ts at the 2-cm depth was the primary variable accounting for the temporal variation of Rs and no differences between Arrhenius and Q10 response functions were found to describe the seasonal relationship. Rs at 10 °C (Rs10) and the temperature sensitivity of Rs (Q10Rs) calculated at the seasonal time scale were 3.8 μmol m−2 s−1 and 3.8, respectively. Temperature normalization of daily mean Rs (RsN) revealed that θ in the 0–15 cm soil layer was the secondary variable accounting for the temporal variation of Rs during the growing season. Daily RsN showed two distinctive phases with respect to soil water field capacity in the 0–15 cm layer (θfc, 0.30 m3 m−3): (1) RsN was strongly reduced when θ decreased below θfc, which reflected a reduction in microbial decomposition, and (2) RsN slightly decreased when θ increased above θfc, which reflected a restriction of CO2 or O2 transport in the soil profile.Diurnal variations of half-hourly Rs were usually out of phase with Ts at the 2-cm depth, which resulted in strong diurnal hysteresis between the two variables. Daily nighttime Rs10 and Q10Rs parameters calculated from half-hourly nighttime measurements of Rs and Ts at the 2-cm depth (when there was steady cooling of the soil) varied greatly during the growing season and ranged from 6.8 to 1.6 μmol m−2 s−1 and 5.5 to 1.3, respectively. On average, daily nighttime Rs10 (4.5 μmol m−2 s−1) and Q10Rs (2.8) were higher and lower, respectively, than the values obtained from the seasonal relationship. Seasonal variations of these daily parameters were highly correlated with variations of θ in the 0–15 cm soil layer, with a tendency of low Rs10 and Q10Rs values at low θ. Overall, the use of seasonal Rs10 and Q10Rs parameters led to an overestimation of daily ranges of half-hourly Rs (ΔRs) during drought conditions, which supported findings that the short-term temperature sensitivity of Rs was lower during periods of low θ. The use of daily nighttime Rs10 and Q10Rs parameters greatly helped at simulating ΔRs during these periods but did not improve the estimation of half-hourly Rs throughout the year as it could not account for the diurnal hysteresis effect. 相似文献
14.
Gaseous and leaching nitrogen losses from no-tillage and conventional tillage systems following surface application of cattle manure 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
M.S. Mkhabela A. Madani R. Gordon D. Burton D. Cudmore A. Elmi W. Hart 《Soil & Tillage Research》2008,98(2):187-199
Previous studies have demonstrated inconsistent results on the impact of tillage systems on nitrogen (N) losses from field-applied manure. This study assessed the impact of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems on gaseous N losses, N2O:N2O + N2 ratios and NO3−-N leaching following surface application of cattle manure. The study was undertaken during the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons at two field sites in Nova Scotia namely, Streets Ridge (SR) in Cumberland County and the Bio-environmental Engineering Centre (BEEC) in Truro. Results showed that the NT system had higher (p < 0.05) NH3 losses than CT. Over the two seasons, manure incorporation in CT reduced NH3 losses on average by 86% at SR and 78% at BEEC relative to NT. At both sites and during both seasons, denitrification rates and N2O fluxes in NT were generally higher than in CT plots, presumably due to higher soil water and organic matter content in NT. Over the two seasons, mean denitrification rates at SR were 239 and 119 g N ha−1 d−1, while N2O fluxes were 120 and 64 g N ha−1 d−1 under NT and CT, respectively. At BEEC mean denitrification rates were 114 and 71 g N ha−1 d−1, while N2O fluxes were 52 and 27 g N ha−1 d−1 under NT and CT, respectively. Conversely, N2O:N2O + N2 ratios were lower in NT than CT suggesting more complete reduction of N2O to N2 under NT. When averaged across all soil depths, NO3−-N was higher (p < 0.05) in CT than NT. Nitrate-N decreased with depth at both sites regardless of tillage. In most cases, NO3−-N was higher under CT than NT at all soil depths. Similarly, flow-weighted average NO3−-N concentrations in drainage water were generally higher under CT. This may be partly attributed to higher denitrification rates under NT. Therefore, NT may be a viable strategy to remove NO3−-N from the soil, and thus, reduce NO3−-N contamination of groundwater. However, it should be noted that while the use of NT reduces NO3−-N leaching it may come with unintended environmental tradeoffs, including increased NH3 and N2O emissions. 相似文献
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Tjaša Danev?i? Bla? Stres David Stopar Janez Hacin 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(9):1437-1446
Peatlands play an important role in emissions of the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O, which are produced during mineralization of the peat organic matter. To examine the influence of soil type (fen, bog soil) and environmental factors (temperature, groundwater level), emission of CO2, CH4 and N2O and soil temperature and groundwater level were measured weekly or biweekly in loco over a one-year period at four sites located in Ljubljana Marsh, Slovenia using the static chamber technique. The study involved two fen and two bog soils differing in organic carbon and nitrogen content, pH, bulk density, water holding capacity and groundwater level. The lowest CO2 fluxes occurred during the winter, fluxes of N2O were highest during summer and early spring (February, March) and fluxes of CH4 were highest during autumn. The temporal variation in CO2 fluxes could be explained by seasonal temperature variations, whereas CH4 and N2O fluxes could be correlated to groundwater level and soil carbon content. The experimental sites were net sources of measured greenhouse gases except for the drained bog site, which was a net sink of CH4. The mean fluxes of CO2 ranged between 139 mg m−2 h−1 in the undrained bog and 206 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained fen; mean fluxes of CH4 were between −0.04 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained bog and 0.05 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained fen; and mean fluxes of N2O were between 0.43 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained fen and 1.03 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained bog. These results indicate that the examined peatlands emit similar amounts of CO2 and CH4 to peatlands in Central and Northern Europe and significantly higher amounts of N2O. 相似文献
16.
This study was conducted to examine whether the applications of N-inputs (compost and fertilizer) having different N isotopic compositions (δ15N) produce isotopically different inorganic-N and to investigate the effect of soil moisture regimes on the temporal variations in the δ15N of inorganic-N in soils. To do so, the temporal variations in the concentrations and the δ15N of NH4+ and NO3− in soils treated with two levels (0 and 150 mg N kg−1) of ammonium sulfate (δ15N=−2.3‰) and compost (+13.9‰) during a 10-week incubation were compared by changing soil moisture regime after 6 weeks either from saturated to unsaturated conditions or vice versa. Another incubation study using 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate (3.05 15N atom%) was conducted to estimate the rates of nitrification and denitrification with a numerical model FLUAZ. The δ15N values of NH4+ and NO3− were greatly affected by the availability of substrate for each of the nitrification and denitrification processes and the soil moisture status that affects the relative predominance between the two processes. Under saturated conditions for 6 weeks, the δ15N of NH4+ in soils treated with fertilizer progressively increased from +2.9‰ at 0.5 week to +18.9‰ at 6 weeks due to nitrification. During the same period, NO3− concentrations were consistently low and the corresponding δ15N increased from +16.3 to +39.2‰ through denitrification. Under subsequent water-unsaturated conditions, the NO3− concentrations increased through nitrification, which resulted in the decrease in the δ15N of NO3−. In soils, which were unsaturated for the first 6-weeks incubation, the δ15N of NH4+ increased sharply at 0.5 week due to fast nitrification. On the other hand, the δ15N of NO3− showed the lowest value at 0.5 week due to incomplete nitrification, but after a subsequence increase, they remained stable while nitrification and denitrification were negligible between 1 and 6 weeks. Changing to saturated conditions after the initial 6-weeks incubation, however, increased the δ15N of NO3− progressively with a concurrent decrease in NO3− concentration through denitrification. The differences in δ15N of NO−3 between compost and fertilizer treatments were consistent throughout the incubation period. The δ15N of NO3− increased with the addition of compost (range: +13.0 to +35.4‰), but decreased with the addition of fertilizer (−10.8 to +11.4‰), thus resulting in intermediate values in soils receiving both fertilizer and compost (−3.5 to +20.3‰). Therefore, such differences in δ15N of NO3− observed in this study suggest a possibility that the δ15N of upland-grown plants receiving compost would be higher than those treated with fertilizer because NO3− is the most abundant N for plant uptake in upland soils. 相似文献
17.
Georgia R. Koerber Paul W. Hill Gareth Edwards-Jones David L. Jones 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(10):1835-1841
Distinguishing between root and non-root derived CO2 efflux is important when determining rates of soil organic matter turnover, however, in practice they remain difficult to separate. Our aim was to evaluate two methods for determining the component of below-ground respiration not dependent on plant roots (i.e., basal soil respiration; Rb). The first approach estimated Rb indirectly from the y-intercept of linear regressions between below-ground respiration (BGR) and root biomass. The second approach involved direct measurements of soil respiration from bare plots. To compare the contrasting approaches, BGR and crop biomass measurements were collected throughout the year in a range of agricultural systems. We found that both methods were very closely correlated with each other. Values of Rb determined by the intercept approach, however, were slightly higher than those determined by measurement of bare plots. Both approaches showed a seasonal trend with estimates of Rb lowest in winter months at 0.02 t C ha−1 month−1 for the y-intercept approach and 0.11 t C ha−1 month−1 for the bare plots approach, even after the data had been corrected for the influence of soil temperature. Highest rates of Rb occurred from the height to the end of the crop growing season (0.8-1.5 t C ha−1 month−1). The annual CO2 efflux due to Rb was estimated to be 8.1 t C ha−1 y−1 from the y-intercept approach and 6.8 t C ha−1 y−1 from bare plots. Annual BGR was 12.1 t C ha−1 y−1. We conclude that both methods provide similar estimates of Rb, however, logistically the bare plots approach is much easier to undertake than the y-intercept approach. 相似文献
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Takeo Yamakawa Masaharu Eriguchi A.K.M. Anuwar Hussain Junji Ishizuka 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):461-469
For the increase of the occupation ratio of inoculum strain in the competition with indigenous rhizobia, the relationship between Rj-genotypes of soybean and the preference of Rj-cultivars for various types of rhizobia for nodulation was investigated by using the Rj 2 Rj 4-genotype of soybean isolated from the cross between the Rj 2 Rj 3-cultivar IAC-2 and Rj 4-one Hill (Ishizuka et al. 1993: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 39, 79-86). Firstly, these Rj 2 Rj 4-genotypes were found to harbor the Rj 3-gene. The Rj 2Rj3Rj4-genotypes of soybean were considered to exhibit a more narrow microsymbiont range for nodulation than the Rj 2 Rj 3-and Rj4-cultivars. Therefore, rhizobia were isolated from the nodules of various Rj-genotypes of soybeans grown in soils, and the preference of the Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-genotype for indigenous rhizobia was examined. The nodule occupancy of serotype 110 was significantly higher in the bacteroids of the nodules from the Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-rgenotypes than in those from the other genotypes, non Rj-, Rj 2 Rj 3-, and Rj 4-cultivars. These results demonstrated that the Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-genotype prefers more actively serogroup USDA110 to the others of rhizobia. Thus, Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-genotype is superior to non- Rj-, Rj 2 Rj 3-, and Rj 4-genotypes for the formation of efficient nodules for nitrogen fixation. 相似文献
20.
Methane fluxes were measured monthly over a year from tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia using a closed-chamber technique. The CH4 fluxes in forest ecosystem ranged from −4.53 to 8.40 μg C m−2 h−1, in the oil palm ecosystem from −32.78 to 4.17 μg C m−2 h−1 and in the sago ecosystem from −7.44 to 102.06 μg C m−2 h−1. A regression tree approach showed that CH4 fluxes in each ecosystem were related to different underlying environmental factors. They were relative humidity for forest and water table for both sago and oil palm ecosystems. On an annual basis, both forest and sago were CH4 source with an emission of 18.34 mg C m−2 yr−1 for forest and 180 mg C m−2 yr−1 for sago. Only oil palm ecosystem was a CH4 sink with an uptake rate of −15.14 mg C m−2 yr−1. These results suggest that different dominant underlying environmental factors among the studied ecosystems affected the exchange of CH4 between tropical peatland and the atmosphere. 相似文献