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1.
The concentration and functionality of the -adrenoceptor (-AR) subtypes in the genital tract of cyclic heifers were investigated. In each tissue sample, a single class of 1-ARs was observed, whereas two distinct classes of 2-ARs were discriminated: low-affinity (LA) and high-affinity (HA) 2-ARs. Statistical analysis showed the presence of significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations of all -AR subtypes in the follicle than in the corpus luteum. No significant differences were found in the ovary or myometrium between the luteal and follicular phases. In the ovary, the density of 1-ARs was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of 2-ARs. By contrast, there were significantly (p < 0.05) more 2-ARs than 1-ARs in the myometrium. As far as 2-ARs are concerned, LA 2-ARs were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than HA 2-ARs in all tested tissues. Competition studies suggested that the rank order of potency of antagonists for 1-ARs was prazosin > phentolamine > yohimbine, whereas for 2-ARs the order of potency was yohimbine phentolamine > prazosin. Functional assays performed on myometrium showed that noradrenaline, phenylephrine and clonidine elicited concentration-dependent contractions only in dioestrus and pro-oestrus preparations and that clonidine was more effective than phenylephrine as a contractile agent. It appeared that there were no significant modifications in -AR affinity or concentration during the different stages of bovine oestrous cycle, whereas the uterine spontaneous activity and the responsiveness to -adrenergic stimulation was strongly influenced by hormonal levels. The modifications of uterine contractility observed during the oestrous cycle may be related to modifications induced in the transductional mechanisms of -ARs.  相似文献   

2.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of fenbendazole in channel catfish   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Fenbendazole (FBZ) was administered intravenously (1 mg/kg) and orally (5 mg/kg) to catheterized, confined channel catfish. Blood samples were collected for 72 h, and resulting FBZ plasma concentrations were pharmacokinetically modelled. Following intravenous administration t1/2 was 0.51 h, t1/2 was 16.8 h, body clearance (C1b) was 0.0598 L/kg/h, and Vd (area) was 1.45 L/kg. After oral administration the t1/2 (abs) was 1.47 h, the t1/2 was 20.1 h, and the tlag was 0.1 h.Following oral administration of 5 mg FBZ/kg body weight, the following tissues and body fluids were sampled for concentrations of FBZ, oxfendazole (FBZ-SO), sulphone metabolite (FBZ-SO2) and hydroxy metabolite (FBZ-OH): liver, posterior kidney, fat, muscle, bowel contents and urine. Fenbendazole was detected in the highest concentrations in abdominal fat, whereas oxfendazole was found primarily in the kidney, liver and abdominal fat. The sulphone metabolite was detected only in urine and bowel contents, while the hydroxy metabolite was found most often in the liver and abdominal fat samples.  相似文献   

3.
The pharmacokinetics of fenbendazole and oxfendazole in cattle are described. The pharmacokinetics of oxfendazole were not significantly different when administered orally and by intra-ruminal injection. At a dose rate of 4.5 mg/kg, administered orally, fenbendazole gave rise to mean peak concentrations in plasma of fenbendazole and oxfendazole of 0.11 and 0.13 g/ml respectively. Oral administration of oxfendazole, at 4.5 mg/kg body weight, gave rise to plasma peak concentrations of fenbendazole and oxfendazole of 0.10 and 0.20 g/ml respectively. Following intra-ruminal administration of oxfendazole, the peak concentrations were 0.11 and 0.18 g/ml respectively.  相似文献   

4.
The plasma disposition kinetics of albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO), ((+)ABZSO and (–)ABZSO) and its sulphone metabolite (ABZSO2) were investigated in adult sheep. Six Corriedale sheep received albendazole sulphoxide by intravenous injection at 5 mg/kg live weight. Jugular blood samples were taken serially for 72 h and the plasma was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for albendazole (ABZ), ABZ sulphoxide (ABZSO) and albendazole sulphone (ABZSO2). Albendazole was not detected in the plasma at any time after the treatment, ABZSO and ABZSO2 being the main metabolites detected between 10 min and 48 h after treatment. A biexponential plasma concentration versus time curve was observed for both ABZSO and ABZSO2 following the intravenous treatment. The plasma AUC values for ABZSO and ABZSO2 were 52.0 and 10.8 (g.h)/ml, respectively. The ABZSO2 metabolite was measurable in plasma between 10 min and 48 h after administration of ABZSO, reaching a peak concentration of 0.38 g/ml at 7.7 h after treatment. Using a chiral phase-based HPLC method, a biexponential plasma concentration versus time curve was observed for both ABZSO enantiomers. The total body clearance was higher for the (–) than for the (+) enantiomer, the values being 270.6 and 147.75 (ml/h)/kg, respectively. The elimination half-life of the (–) enantiomer was shorter than that of the (+) enantiomer, the values being 4.31 and 8.33 h, respectively. The enantiomeric ratio (+)ABZSO/(–)ABZSO at t 0 was close to unity. However, the ratio in the plasma increased with time.  相似文献   

5.
Muscarinic and -adrenoceptors were identified in airway epithelium, smooth muscle and lung parenchyma from Holstein-Friesian calves and cows and were characterized with [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate and [3H]dihydroalprenolol, respectively. The muscarinic receptor density in the smooth muscle of cows (B max=4803±245 fmol/mg protein) was 33% greater (p<0.01) than in calves. Low receptor numbers were detected in the epithelium and parenchyma. In both calves and cows, the density of epithelial -adrenoceptors was twice as high as in smooth muscle and parenchyma. The quantity of -adrenoceptors in the tracheal epithelium (B max=994±83 fmol/mg protein) and smooth muscle (B max=492±41 fmol/mg protein) in cows was respectively 37% (p<0.001) and 35% (p<0.01) lower than in calves. Adenylate cyclase (AC) assays indicated that the basal and the (–)-isopropylnoradrenaline- (ISO-) stimulated cAMP production were not significantly different between the calves and cows. After stimulation with NaF, significantly higher cAMP production was found in all tissues from cows. Significant correlations were found between absolute AC responses to NaF and -adrenoceptor density in epithelium (r=–0.75,p<0.001) and smooth muscle (r=–0.63,p<0.01). It seems that, in older animals, the production of cAMP is independent of the number of receptors, indicating the presence of fully active compensatory mechanisms.Abbreviations AC adenylate cyclase - cAMP intra-cellular adenosine monophosphate - G-protein GTP binding protein - GTP guanosine 5-triphosphate - ISO isopropylnoradrenaline - M muscarine - QNB quinuclidinyl benzilate  相似文献   

6.
In 45 newly-weaned 3 to 4-week-old piglets, diarrhoea was induced by a combined infection with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains. In untreated control animals this dual inoculation resulted in profuse diarrhoea, vomiting, hypovolaemic shock and death of 77% of the animals within five days of TGE virus inoculation. Antisecretory drugs were administered intramuscularly for three consecutive days after experimental infection. The neurolepticum chlorpromazine, at 2 mg/kg/24 h, resulted in a significant inhibition of diarrhoea and vomiting, and in an increase in weight gain and survival. Sedation and hypothermia, however, were serious side-effects. The 2 agonist clonidine, at 80 g/kg/12 h, induced a significant antidiarrhoeal effect and a reduction in mortality. The drug, however, provoked decreased activity of 2-adrenergic excitation and incoordination. The -adrenergic antagonist propranolol, at 0.33 mg/kg/8 h, and the calcium channel blocker verapamil, at 2 mg/kg/8 h, had no beneficial effect on the experimentally induced diarrhoea.  相似文献   

7.
The purpose of the present investigation was to test the hypothesis that drug-induced changes in rumen contractions influence feed intake in dwarf goats. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of clonidine (1 g kg-1 min-1 for 10 min), xylazine (1 g kg-1 min-1 for 10 min), and PGF-2 (10 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) caused bradycardia and inhibition of rumen contractions. However, no appetite-stimulating effect of these drugs was observed. Other clinical changes induced by the 2-adrenergic agonists included slight sedation and a decrease in body temperature; all clinical effects of clonidine and xylazine were partly antagonized by tolazoline pretreatment (10 g kg-1 min-1 for 30 min). These results suggest that the CNS control of feeding differs in ruminants and monogastric species.In dwarf goats fasted for 2 h, i.v. administration of oxytocin (0.01 IU kg-1 min-1 for 15 min), vasopressin (0.01 IU kg-1 min-1 for 15 min), octapressin (0.003 IU kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) or PGE (0.8 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) did not change feeding behaviour during the two observation periods (0–30 min and 180–210 min after drug infusion, respectively). In previous studies, similar doses of these drugs induced changes in heart rate and inhibition of rumen contraction in goats. These findings demonstrate that drug-induced changes in forestomach contractions do not simply cause changes in feeding behaviour. The i.v. infusion of the PGF2 analogues etiproston (10 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min), luprostiol (30 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min), cloprostenol (1 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) and tiaprost (1 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) induced hypophagic effects and stimulated intestinal propulsion.  相似文献   

8.
Factor XI (F XI) deficiency is an autosomal recessive coagulopathy found in Holstein cattle. Affected animals have a 50% greater prevalence of repeat breeding. Therefore, several parameters describing ovarian function were studied. Daily blood sampling revealed that progesterone concentrations were slower to decline from a peak at day 16 (p<0.01) to values less than 3 nmol/L in F XI-deficient cows (5.14±0.69 days (mean ± SD) versus 4.05±0.63 days in control animals), resulting in an oestrous cycle length of 24.7±2.1 days compared to 22.9±3.0 days, respectively. This was not due to an alteration in the availability of prostaglandin F2 (PGF2) or oxytocin (OT) involved in luteolysis. No significant differences (p>0.05) were seen between normal (n=7) and F XI-deficient (n=7) cows in the peak values or the area under the curve for the pulse in 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2 in response to OT challenge or in the parameters describing the pulse of ovarian OT secretion after PGF2 injection (n=7 for each) between days 12 and 14. Ovulatory follicular development was assessed by ultrasound monitoring and plasma 17-oestradiol values at 8-h intervals after a luteolytic injection of cloprostenol (n=6 for each). Follicular diameter was smaller (p<0.05) and accompanied by lower peak oestradiol values near the time of ovulation in F XI-deficient cows. The results suggest that the oestrous cycle in F XI-deficient cows is characterized by a slower process of luteolysis that may be associated with smaller follicular development.Abbreviations F XI factor XI - OT oxytocin - PGF2 prostaglandin F2 - PGFM 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 - i.m. intramuscularly  相似文献   

9.
Plasma levels of fenbendazole (FBZ) and its sulphoxide (OFZ) and sulphone (FBZ.SO2) metabolites were measured in goats and sheep during low-level administration of FBZ given by intraruminal infusion or formulated into a urea-molasses feed supplement block (UMB). In experiment 1, 6 goats and 6 sheep were offered UMB containing 0.5 g FBZ/kg (MUMB) and individual block consumption was measured daily for 18 days. In experiment 2, some of the same animals (n=4 for each species) received FBZ by intraruminal infusion at 1, 1.5 and 3 mg/kg liveweight per day for 7 days at each dosage. FBZ, OFZ and FBZ.SO levels were determined in plasma collected every 3 days in experiment 1 and on days 4, 5 and26 of each infusion period in experiment 2. In both experiments, higher equilibrium levels were observed for the three metabolites in sheep than in goats. Significant linear relationships were observed between the daily FBZ dosages and the plasma levels of the three metabolites in both species. The regression coefficients were significantly higher in sheep than in goats for FBZ and OFZ but not for FBZ.SO2, and they were also significantly higher during MUMB administration than during infusion for all three metabolites in both species. FBZ is a suitable anthelmintic for incorporation into a MUMB formulation for use in livestock production systems where responses to molasses urea supplementation have been demonstrated and gastrointestinal parasitism impairs productivity. The results indicate that target dose rates for goats should be 0.75 mg/kg per day compared with 0.5 mg/kg per day for sheep.Abbreviations ANOVA analysis of variance - FBZ fenbendazole - FBZ.SO2 fenbendazole sulphone - HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography - MUMB urea-molasses feed supplement block containing 0.5 g fenbendazole/kg - OFZ fenbendazole sulphoxide - UMB urea-molasses feed supplment block  相似文献   

10.
With electromyography and strain gauges the uterine motility of the sow during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy was studied. Special attention was paid to characterization of myometrial activity at the time of intrauterine migration of blastocysts.From recordings of 4 animals (3 became pregnant) 3 types of electrical spiking activity (each could be correlated with an elevation of the strain gauge tension) were discerned. Two of them appeared regularly and were suitable for analysis: High Voltage Slow Acticity (with relative high amplitude and low frequency of spikes) and Low Voltage Fast Activity (with relative low aplitude and high frequency of spikes).The sexual status markedly influenced myometrial activity: during prooestrus and oestrus only one type of electrical activity was present whereas the myoelectrical complex (an episode of this activity and the subsequent interval of inactivity) was shorter than 10 min. During dioestrus the myoelectrical complex was longer than 10 min and High Voltage Slow Activity (solely on the cervix and bifurcation) and Low Voltage Fast Activity occurred simultaneously in episodes which mainly appeared to originate on the bifurcation.The characteristics of uterine activity during pregnancy were similar to those of a cyclic sow until day 12. It was only on day 12 that gestation appeared from an increased frequency of myoelectrical complexes.It is concluded that Low Voltage Fast Activity as it was found on the uterine horn at days 8–9 might be involved in the process of intra-uterine migration of blastocysts. In cyclic and in pregnant animals the patterns of Low Voltage Fast Activity were similar. Therefore, the occurrence of Low Voltage Fast Activity is independent of the actual presence of blastocysts. It seems to be exhibited in dependence on the ovarian hormones.  相似文献   

11.
Seven lambs were fed a mixture of bog plants containing 15 g (wet matter)Narthecium ossifragum per kg live weight for 10 consecutive days. Their serum creatinine concentration increased from day 1 to 4 but then fell to normal by day 6 after feeding started. In the same animals, the serum magnesium concentration was increased on days 3, 4 and 5. Histopathological examination of the kidneys of 2 lambs killed after being fed 25 gN. ossifragum per kg live weight for one day revealed tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis. There were no signs of disease or distress in the experimental animals and their appetite remained normal throughout the experimental period. It was concluded thatN. ossifragum is probably nephrotoxic to lambs.Abbreviations ALP alkaline phosphatase - ASAT aspartate aminotransferase - -HBA -hydroxybutyric acid - CK creatine kinase - d.m. dry matter - -GT -glutamyltransferase - GLDH glutamate dehydrogenase - MCV mean cell volume - RBC red blood cells - SEM standard error of the mean - WBC white blood cells - w.m. wet matter  相似文献   

12.
In recent years human and animal cancers have increasingly been shown to have a viral component in their aetiology. Oncogenic viruses will continue to be discovered although with certain cancers there is also an important environmental component, and with others — congenital cancers and cancers of early childhood — an important genetic component. There is thus the probability that cancer may not be an entity. Rather it may be a syndrome, the phenotypic expression of alteration of cellular metabolism, differentiation and cell death. More information is needed on the mathematics of cell division and destruction,in vivo andin vitro, and the involvement of biological clocks, i.e. ageing processes. These data, when available, should help us to understand better the nature of cancer and lead us to more effective methods of prevention and cure.Abbreviations AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - ALV avian leukosis virus - COFAL complement-fixation test for avian leukosis viruses - FeLV feline leukaemia virus - kb kilobases - L/S viruses leukosis/sarcoma viruses - MMTV mouse mammary tumour virus - MuLV mouse leukaemia virus - wt wild type  相似文献   

13.
Swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and Droughtmaster cattle (Bos indicus × B. taurus), fitted with gastrointestinal cannulae, were dosed intraruminally with fenbendazole at 7.5 mg/kg liveweight, together with a chromium oxide capsule and a pulse dose of NaCoEDTA, to estimate the flow dynamics of the digesta in the rumen and duodenum. The concentrations of fenbendazole (FBZ) metabolites were measured in plasma and duodenal fluid collected over 120 h. In plasma, significantly lower peak concentrations and earlier disappearance of FBZ and its sulphoxide (OFZ) metabolite were observed in buffalo, which considerably reduced systemic availability in comparison with cattle. The availability of OFZ in the duodenal fluid of buffalo was significantly lower, whereas FBZ disposition was similar to that in cattle. The turnover rate of fluid in the rumen was higher in buffalo than in cattle, while the flow parameters for other digesta were similar in the two species. It is concluded that the decreased absorption of drug in buffalo was attributable to the shorter residence time of the dose in the rumen, and probably in the entire gastrointestinal tract. This may reduce the efficacy of treatment and indicate the need for higher dose rates for benzimidazole anthelmintics in buffalo than in cattle.Abbreviations AAS atomic absorption spectroscopy - AUC area under the concentration-versus-time curve - C max maximum concentration - FBZ fenbendazole - FBZ.SO2 fenbendazole sulphone - HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography - OFZ fenbendazole sulphoxide  相似文献   

14.
Stress, stressors and the stress response are terms which represent concepts rather than oeing precisely definable. No single theory of stress has been universally accepted. Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome of stress remains the primary theory for the basis of stress research in food-producing animals; however, other concepts and theories have been developed. This paper reviews current theories and suggests that the complexity of research on stress in food-producing animals can be attributed to the lack of concrete theories and concepts regarding identifiable stressors, the endocrine responses stimulated by potential stressors and the complex and integrated biological changes in the neuro-endocrine system resulting from exposure to hypothesized stressors.  相似文献   

15.
Protein kinase C (PKC) activity was evaluated and the phosphorylation of its endogenous substrates was explored in fatty liver induced by administration of ethionine (an analogue of methionine) to cows in order to assess the relevance of PKC-dependent phosphorylation in the development of fatty liver. PKC activity was decreased in both the cytosolic and the total particulate fractions from fatty livers, compared to the corresponding fractions from control liver. The mode of activation by the PKC cofactors (1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, phosphatidylserine and Ca2+) was similar in both control and fatty livers, suggesting a quantitative but not a qualitative change in PKC in fatty liver. At least three substrate proteins (34 kDa, 26 kDa and 19 kDa) were found in the cytosolic fraction and their phosphorylation was reduced in fatty liver. These results suggest that impairment of the signal transduction pathway mediated by PKC is involved in the pathogenesis of fatty liver in cows.Abbreviations ATP adenosine triphosphate - EGTA ethylene glycol bis(-aminoethylether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid - NEFA non-esterified fatty acid - OAG 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol - PKC protein kinase C - PS phosphatidylserine - SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - TG triglyceride - TPA 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate  相似文献   

16.
The pharmacokinetics of sulphadimidine after a single dose (200 mg/kg i.v.) was studied in five healthy lactating buffaloes. The study revealed that the drug attained its peak concentration of 314.0±13.0, 242.4±3.0 and 100.2±2.5 g/ml at 15 min, 30 min and 12 h in plasma, milk and uterine fluid, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated by a 2-compartment open model gave values for t1, t1 and vdarea of 2.10±0.36 h, 12.36±0.57 h and 1.23±0.07 L/Kg, respectively. A high vdarea as well as a value of 0.74±0.08 for K12:K21- (tissue Plasma) indicates better penetration of the drug into the different body fluids and tissues, which is further supported by a high concentration obtained in milk and uterine fluid. The therapeutic concentration (50 g/ml) was maintained for around 24 h in plasma and milk and 12 h in uterine fluid. The results suggest that, apart from its use in systemic infections, the drug can be effectively used by the i.v. route in uterine and mammary gland infections. The dosages for maintaining concentration of 50 g/ml, 100 g/ml and 150 g/ml at convenient dosage intervals of 12 and 24 h were also determined.  相似文献   

17.
Diseases caused by lymphoid leukosis virus (LLV), a retrovirus, take a long time after infection to develop and have a wide variety of pathological manifestations. This long latent period is characteristic of persistent virus infections. Disease produced by LLV infection and its underlying mechanisms is compared with persistent infections caused by other retroviruses in birds and mammals of veterinary importance. The diseases considered for comparison are those caused by reticuloendotheliosis, feline leukaemia, bovine leukosis and equine infectious anaemia viruses. There are significant changes in the immunological status in all diseases caused by these viruses. LLV infections follow this trend with, in manifestations of neoplastic disease, a perturbation of the normal switch that occurs from IgM to IgG synthesis. There are also indications of other immunological disturbances.Factors other than immunological disturbances may contribute to the length of time after infection required for the many forms of LLV infection to appear. Such additional factors may include the operation of biological clocks, such as the arrival of sexual maturity, and also the very nature of retroviruses. These factors, like the immunological changes, play major roles in the maintenance and progression of persistent retrovirus infections.Abbreviations ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone - AEV avian erythroblastosis virus - AMV avian myeloblastosis virus - BLV bovine leukaemia virus - CAV chicken anaemia virus - EBL enzootic bovine leukaemia - EIAV equine infectious anaemia virus - env envelope gene - FeLV feline leukaemia virus - FeSV feline sarcoma virus - FOCMA feline oncovirus membrane-associated antigen; gag, group antigen gene - HTLV human T-cell leukaemia virus - LLV lymphoid leukosis virus - L/S leukosis/sarcoma - LTR long terminal repeat - MAV myeloblastosis-associated virus - MDV Marek disease virus - MuLV mouse leukaemia virus - ORF open reading frame; pol, polymerase gene - REV reticuloendotheliosis virus - RIF resistance-inducing factor - RSV Rous sarcoma virus  相似文献   

18.
Pathogenic mechanisms of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) show chronic arthritis and cachexia, which are progressive in nature. The immunopathogenic mechanisms responsible for these progressive clinical symptoms have not been fully elucidated. Various haematological and immunological parameters were evaluated in experimentally-infected goats showing typical signs of CAEV-induced disease. Infected goats showed recurrent lymphocytosis that may be due to constant presentation of antigen by infected cells of a monocyte/macrophage lineage. The serum alkaline phosphatase and -glutamyl transferase concentrations were elevated in infected goats, a characteristic of hepatic and bone disorders. All other serum chemistry parameters were similar between infected and control goats. Importantly, the serum tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-) levels were higher in infected goats. The cachexia seen in infected goats may be at least partly due to altered metabolism as a result of prolonged elevation of serum TNF- levels. Depressed natural killer cell activity was observed in infected goats and may contribute towards the establishment of a persistent infection with CAEV.Abbreviations AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - CAEV caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus - GGT -glutamyl transferase - HBSS Hanks' balanced salt solution - HIV human immunodeficiency virus - NK natural killer - PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells - PCR polymerase chain reaction - SAP serum alkaline phosphatase - TNF tumour necrosis factor  相似文献   

19.
The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin were investigated in goats after a single intramuscular administration of enrofloxacin at 2.5 mg/kg body weight. The plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were determined simultaneously by a HPLC method. The peak concentrations (C max) of enrofloxacin (1.13 g/ml) and ciprofloxacin (0.24 g/ml) were observed at 0.8 and 1.2 h, respectively. The elimination half-life (t 1/2), volume of distribution (V d(area)), total body clearance (ClB) and mean residence time (MRT) of enrofloxacin were 0.74 h, 1.42 L/kg, 1329 ml/h per kg and 1.54 h, respectively. The t 1/2, area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) and the MRT of ciprofloxacin were 1.38 h, 0.74 g h/ml and 2.73 h, respectively. The metabolic conversion of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin was appreciable (36%) and the sum of the plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was maintained at or above 0.1 g/ml for up to 4 h. Enrofloxacin appears to be useful for the treatment of goat diseases associated with pathogens sensitive to this drug.  相似文献   

20.
Sorghum grains with low (0.28 per cent catechin equivalent (%CE) or high (1.36 %CE)) tannin contents were used to study the effect of tannin on growth and on the apparent absorption of Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe and Co by chickens. High-tannin sorghum caused a highly significant (p0.01) reduction in the weight gain and feed intake of broiler chicks compared to low-tannin sorghum and increased the feed conversion ratio (p0.01). The amount of tannin did not affect mortality. The apparent absorption of Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe and Co was reduced (p0.01) by feeding sorghum grains with a high tannin content.  相似文献   

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