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1.
为优化冬小麦水肥管理模式,在2013-2016三个小麦生长季,通过裂区试验,以春季5个不同水肥管理模式作为主区［M0：不灌溉+趁墒追肥模式;M1：拔节水+拔节肥模式;M2：拔节和扬花或灌浆初灌溉2水+拔节肥模式;M3：返青-拔节水（+追肥）+孕穗或扬花水+灌浆水的3水模式;M4：起身水（+1/2追肥）+拔节水（+1/2追肥）+扬花或灌浆初浇水+灌浆水的4水模式］,以2个当地主推冬小麦品种作为裂区（衡观35和衡4399）,比较分析了不同水肥管理模式下小麦不同生育阶段生物量、氮素吸收量、氮素利用效率、花后氮素转运效率、氮素贡献率及产量的差异。结果表明,冬小麦干物质积累量在起身到拔节期平均以M0模式最高,从扬花期开始平均以M0模式最低,成熟期M1、M2、M3和M4模式分别较M0模式高 15.9%、27.6%、40.0%和39.5%。随春季灌溉量和灌溉次数的增加,籽粒产量和氮素吸收量呈现增加趋势,与M0模式相比,M1、M2、M3和M4模式的产量分别提高28.5%、36.7%、44.7%和45.7%,氮素吸收量分别提高 21.2%、36.3%、48.2%和48.1%,氮素利用效率以M2模式最高。M1、M2、M3和M4模式的营养器官氮素花后向籽粒的转运总量较M0模式分别高26.7%、15.2%、30.1%和20.2%,但氮素转运效率及对籽粒氮素的贡献率均随灌溉次数和灌水量的增加呈现降低的趋势。衡4399三年较衡观35平均增产3.4%,差异显著;两个品种间干物质积累量、氮素积累量及氮素的吸收和利用效率差异均不显著;衡4399的氮素转运效率和贡献率分别较衡观35高5.1和12.2个百分点。在水肥利用效率较高的M2模式下,衡4399的水分利用效率和氮素利用效率较衡观35分别提高1.1%和5.6%。因此,在缺水的华北低平原区采用M2模式,选用产量潜力大、水氮利用效率高、花后营养器官氮素转运效率高的衡4399,对保证小麦产量和区域农业的可持续发展意义重大。 相似文献
2.
不同灌水模式对冬小麦产量及水分利用的调控效应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为明确不同灌水次数和灌水时期对小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响,在池栽条件下,以小麦品种矮抗58为材料,设置全生育期不灌水(W0)、灌拔节水(W1)、灌拔节水+孕穗水(2水,W2)和灌拔节水+孕穗水+灌浆水(3水,W3)4个处理,通过定位试验探讨不同灌水方式对小麦产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的调控效应。结果显示,与W0处理相比,3个生长季W1、W2和W3处理的平均产量分别提高37.2%、52.9%和52.7%,而平均耗水量分别增加27.1、70.4和94.9mm;灌水的增产效果在不同年份间存在差异,干旱年份的增产幅度显著大于正常年份。小麦总耗水量和WUE、产量均呈二次曲线关系,其中WUE以W1为最大,而产量以W2最大。综合考虑小麦产量和水分利用效率,正常降水年份在拔节期灌1次水、干旱年份灌拔节水+孕穗水(2水)为小麦节水高产灌溉模式。 相似文献
3.
为明确鉴选指标并筛选出适宜缺水地区种植的高产抗旱节水高水效小麦品种,在雨养旱作和常规灌溉条件下对56个河北小麦品种的产量（GY）、耗水量（ET）、水分利用效率（WUE）和农艺性状进行了比较分析。结果表明,河北冬小麦品种的GY、ET和WUE表现稳定,未见极高或极低品种。联合使用产量-水分高效利用指数（YHWUEI）、GY-ET-WUE指数对参试品种进行筛选,可将小麦品种划分为产量-高水效组、高产抗旱低耗水高水效组2个优势组。对2个优势组的品种取交集,最终筛选出5个具有高产、抗旱节水、高水效特征的品种,分别为衡444、衡H116021、科农1223、石麦28和中信麦15。这5个品种的典型特征是株高60~65 cm,穗下节间长度15~20 cm,穗粒数28~35粒,每穗不孕小穗数2~4个。 相似文献
4.
阶段高温对不同小麦品种产量的影响及其耐热性差异研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为应对小麦高温灾害,筛选耐热丰产种质资源,通过裂区试验,以阶段高温为主区(在开花期、花后5～10 d、11～15 d、16～20 d和21～25 d进行高温胁迫,分别用H_1、H_2、H_3、H_4和H_5表示,以自然生长条件为对照),以品种为副区(选用济麦22、矮抗58、衡4399、淮麦33、石麦22、山农20、郑麦7698和邯6172耐热性不同的8个冬小麦品种),于2016-2017和2017-2018两个小麦生长季,研究了不同阶段高温对小麦产量及穗粒数、粒重等的影响,并分析了不同品种的耐热性。结果表明, H_1、H_2、H_3、H_4和H_5处理的两年平均产量分别较对照下降59.7%、49.5%、26.2%、36.4%和34.5%,穗粒数分别减少17.9、14.8、5.9、1.2和4.0粒,千粒重分别降低0.3、1.8、7.3、13.8和12.6 g。从品种看,自然生长条件下郑麦7698、淮麦33和衡4399的产量较高,石麦22的产量最低;高温条件下郑麦7698、山农20和衡4399的产量较高,淮麦33为受高温影响最大的品种,两年减产幅度均最高;两种条件下郑麦7698、衡4399和山农20的综合产量均较高,淮麦33最低。阶段高温对不同品种的影响不同,且存在年际间差异。2016-2017年度山农20、衡4399和石麦22的H_2处理均较对照增产,但其他阶段高温处理均减产。高温胁迫后郑麦7698的减产幅度在2016-2017年度最小,而在2017-2018年度仅次于减产幅度最大的淮麦33。郑麦7698、衡4399和山农20的两年几何平均产量均较高,淮麦33最低。从热感指数看,衡4399、山农20和郑麦7698的热感指数指标大部分小于1,淮麦33、济麦22、石麦22热感指数指标大部分大于1;其他品种的热感指数指标有的时段高温大于1,有的小于1。综合产量和热感指数指标,衡4399、山农20和郑麦7698的耐热性好,淮麦33、济麦22和石麦22的耐热性较差。 相似文献
5.
抗旱节水春小麦品种鉴选指标比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为给抗旱节水春小麦新品种的选育提供参考依据,在节水灌溉和常规充分灌溉条件下,对20个北方春麦区主栽品种的形态及生理指标、产量形成、水分利用效率（WUE）进行了系统测定和分析,并比较了相关抗旱节水性能评价指标。结果表明,节水灌溉条件下,多数品种的产量和WUE都表现一般,通过系统聚类筛选出5个经济产量和WUE都表现较好的小麦品种。以抗旱指数评价,宁春41号、龙麦32号和农鉴7号抗旱性优于对照永良4号,而巴优2号和农鉴1号表现不及永良4号;以产量-水分高效利用指数评价,5个品种的节水性能均优于永良4号。产量-水分高效利用指数与经济产量、WUE均呈显著正相关,而抗旱指数及其修订式与产量、WUE的相关不显著,产量-水分高效利用指数结合抗旱指数是筛选抗旱节水春小麦品种的有效方法。抗旱、节水、高产春小麦品种的共同特征是株高较高、上部节间长且株高构成指数较大;叶型中等,叶片高光效;根系发达,分布合理;贮藏物质高转运等。宁春41号是兼具抗旱、节水、高产潜力的春小麦品种,适宜在内蒙古河套灌区引进推广。 相似文献
6.
7.
以常规粳稻南粳9108为试验材料,在壤土、黏土、砂土3种类型土壤下,自有效分蘖临界叶龄期开始分别设置轻度节水灌溉(-15k Pa)、重度节水灌溉(-25k Pa)处理,并以常规水层灌溉为对照(CK),探究不同土壤类型下不同灌溉方式对水稻产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,在壤土和黏土条件下,与CK相比,轻度节水灌溉、重度节水灌溉处理显著提高了水稻产量和水分利用效率,其中,轻度节水灌溉较CK分别增产13.89%和10.96%,重度节水灌溉分别增产7.02%和6.61%,水分利用效率轻度节水灌溉较CK分别提高32.0%和26.0%,重度节水灌溉较CK分别提高29.0%和26.0%;在砂土条件下,轻度节水灌溉和重度节水灌溉处理产量较CK明显下降,但水分利用效率提高,其中,轻度节水灌溉处理较CK减产5.67%、水分利用效率较CK提高18.0%,重度节水灌溉处理较CK减产11.22%、水分利用效率较CK提高21.0%。在壤土、黏土条件下,轻度节水灌溉能够提高地上部群体干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长速率和净同化率,从而提高产量,而砂土条件下节水灌溉降低了地上部群体干物质积累,最终导致减产。 相似文献
8.
为给邯郸地区小麦节水栽培提供依据,于2016-2017年选用高产小麦品种邯麦16号进行大田试验,设置了3个测墒补灌处理(分别用W70、W75和W80表示,W70处理拔节期、开花期的0～40 cm土层目标相对含水量均为70%,W75处理均为75%,W80处理均为80%),以全生育期不灌溉W0和当地常规灌溉WN为对照,研究了拔节期、开花期测墒补灌对邯麦16号小麦产量及耗水特征的影响。结果表明,与WN处理相比,W75处理的总灌水量明显降低,土壤水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例明显提高,促进了小麦对土壤水的利用;W75处理的总耗水量明显下降,籽粒产量、水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率、灌溉效率均显著增加。开花期依据土壤含水量补灌至目标相对含水量为75%的水分管理措施,较传统灌溉明显降低了总耗水,同时提高了小麦产量和水分利用率,实现了高产、节水及水分高效利用,是本试验条件下最优测墒补灌处理。 相似文献
9.
为给小麦抗旱性快速鉴定中气冠温差(CTD)的应用提供依据,采用20个冬小麦品种,设置水、旱两种处理,研究了冬小麦不同抗旱节水性品种的气冠温差CTD的信号表达差异及其最佳测定时期(生育期、单日时间)和影响因素,探讨品种鉴定筛选的量化评判指标.结果表明,在小麦扬花期的13:30～14:00时利用红外测温仪和精密温度计测定CTD,能够较好地鉴别出不同品种对水分反应的生理特性差异.不同小麦品种间的CTD差异很大,但不同水旱处理的CTD变化趋势基本一致.小麦扬花期(4月30日前后)CTD出现最高值,单日测定时间在13:30～14:00时出现最高值,且品种间差异较大.旱作处理下CTD平均值为7.09℃,变化范围为5.6～8.5℃;灌水处理CTD平均值8.81℃,变化范围为7.8～10.3℃;CTD与产量、抗旱指数及水分利用效率均呈极显著正相关,因此CTD既可作为旱作条件下抗旱品种的选择指标,也可作为灌溉条件下高效节水品种的选择指标.CTD≥7.92℃的品种抗旱性好,CTD≥9.55的品种水分利用效率高. 相似文献
10.
水分和氮素水平对春小麦光合特性和水分利用的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
《作物研究》2020,(4)
为探明旱作农田不同水肥条件改善作物光合特性和水分利用效率增加作物产量的机理,通过室内盆栽试验,设计40%(W_1)、70%(W_2)和100%(W_3)3个水分梯度以及75 kg/hm~2(N_1)、225 kg/hm~2(N_2)2个施氮水平的双因素交互试验,研究水分和氮素水平对春小麦的光合生理、产量和水分利用特性的影响。结果表明:N_1W_2处理小麦的净光合速率、穗干重、干物质量和水分利用率与高水高氮(N_2W_3)处理无显著差异;蒸腾速率和气孔导度最高,分别为5.86和157.73 mmol/m~2·s,显著高于其他处理;蒸腾量最大,蒸发量最小,蒸腾蒸发比最大,说明水氮合理配施可显著提高小麦的光合特性、水分利用效率和产量。从节水节肥角度考虑,施氮量75 kg/hm~2和70%田间持水量耦合可以显著提高小麦的净光合速率和水分利用率,促进灌浆后干物质的积累,增加产量。本试验条件下,N_1W_2(施氮量75 kg/hm~2、70%田间持水量)为最优水氮组合。 相似文献
11.
Water transfer from agriculture to urban uses: lessons learned, with policy considerations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper sets forth the accomplishments to date of the international collaborative study program on efficient and equitable
transfer of water from agriculture to other uses. The research consists of several components. First a bibliographical review
was prepared of literature available on the practice of inter-sector water transfer. Second, nine case studies have been prepared
that illustrate inter-sector water transfer under a variety of physical and economic and political environments. Third, a
framework has been developed for characterizing and comparing water transfer options and compensation among case studies.
We discuss the pricing of irrigation water in determining compensation. We develop a decision tree that traces the paths to
the various sector water transfer options. Finally, we discuss water transfer policy options with specific reference to Taiwan,
though they have more general relevance. Three options are identified which reflect different objectives for government intervention. 相似文献
12.
Water markets as a mechanism for intersectoral water transfers: the Elqui Basin in Chile 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Robert R. Hearne 《Paddy and Water Environment》2007,5(4):223-227
The Elqui River in north-central Chile provides water for a medium-sized urban area and a small but thriving irrigated agriculture
sector. A number of factors combined to provide incentive for the municipal water company servicing the coastal urban area
to purchase water-use rights from irrigators in the early 1990s. This transfer was a well-recorded example of Chilean water
markets functioning as proponents had expected. And despite the elapsed time, and Chile’s favorable system of transferable
water-use rights, these trades remain among the very few recorded cases of intersectoral trading in the country. By purchasing
water rights this water supply company was able to reduce its cost of raw water provision. Economic analysis of this transfer
showed relatively modest economic gains from trade. Although, the value of water in municipal water supply is high, the value
of water to profitable farmers is also high. The construction of the Puclaro Dam on the Elqui River demonstrates that the
intersectoral water transfer that occurred in the early 1990s will not be the ultimate solution to the urban water supply
needs of this urban area. 相似文献
13.
Chlorophyll meter-based nitrogen management of rice grown under alternate wetting and drying irrigation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Farmers have adopted alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation to cope with water scarcity in rice production. This practice shifts rice land away from being continuously anaerobic to being partly aerobic, thus affecting nutrient availability to the rice plant, and requiring some adjustment in nutrient management. The use of a chlorophyll meter (also known as a SPAD meter) has been proven effective in increasing nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in continuously flooded (CF) rice, but its use has not been investigated under AWD irrigation. This study aimed at testing the hypotheses that (i) SPAD-based N management can be applied to AWD in the same way it is used in CF rice, and (ii) combining chlorophyll meter-based nitrogen management and AWD can enhance NUE, save water, and maintain high rice yield. Experiments were conducted in a split-plot design with four replications in the 2004 and 2005 dry seasons (DS) at IRRI. The main plots were three water treatments: CF, AWD that involved irrigation application when the soil dried to soil water potential at 15-cm depth of −20 kPa (AWD−20) and −80 kPa (AWD−80) in 2004, and AWD−10 and AWD−50 were used in 2005. The subplots were five N management treatments: zero N (N0), 180 kg N ha−1 in four splits (N180), and three SPAD-based N-management treatments in which N was applied when the SPAD reading of the youngest fully extended leaf was less than or equaled 35 (NSPAD35), 38 (NSPAD38), and 41 (NSPAD41). In 2005, NSPAD32 was tested instead of NSPAD41. A good correlation between leaf N content per unit leaf area and the SPAD reading was observed for all water treatments, suggesting that the SPAD reading can be used to estimate leaf N of rice grown under AWD in a way similar to that under CF. SPAD readings and leaf color chart (LCC) values also showed a good correlation. There were no water × nitrogen interactive effects on rice yield, water input, water productivity, and N-use efficiency. Rice yield in AWD−10 was similar to those of CF; yields of other AWD treatments were significantly lower than those of CF. AWD−10 reduced irrigation water input by 20% and significantly increased water productivity compared with CF. The apparent nitrogen recovery and agronomic N-use efficiency (ANUE) of AWD−10 and AWD−20 were similar to those of CF. The ANUE of NSPAD38 and NSPAD35 was consistently higher than that of N180 in all water treatments. NSPAD38 consistently gave yield similar to that of N180 in all water treatments, while yield of NSPAD35 about 90% of that of CF. We conclude that a combination of AWD−10 and SPAD-based N management, using critical value 38, can save irrigation water and N fertilizer while maintaining high yield as in CF conditions with fixed time and rate of nitrogen application of 180 kg ha−1. Treatments AWD−20 and NSPAD35 may be accepted by farmers when water and N fertilizer are scarce and costly. The findings also suggested LCC can also be a practical tool for N-fertilizer management of rice grown under AWD, but this needs further field validation. 相似文献
14.
G. Levine 《Paddy and Water Environment》2007,5(4):279-284
The Lower Rio Grande Valley is a sub-tropical area with a productive irrigated agriculture, but with an over-committed single
water resource. It is experiencing a rapidly growing population that is placing increasing pressure on the water resource.
This, combined with expanding urban areas and land moving out of agriculture, has resulted in a vigorous water market, with
transfers from agriculture to municipal uses. For the US portion of the valley, transfers from agriculture to municipalities
are either short-term (usually 1 year) or permanent. Prices vary depending upon the location and timing, and result from negotiations
between the parties. Over time, and not without difficulty, the water market has been facilitated by appropriate enabling
legislation, water rights that have been validated judicially, and an efficient transfer mechanism that has a minimum of transaction
cost. Government involvement is primarily for protection of the public, and to facilitate the transfer process.
相似文献
| G. LevineEmail: |
15.
Taiwan is a small island located in monsoon Asia with an annual precipitation exceeding 2,500 mm, which is 2.6 times the world average. However, water available for each person in Taiwan is less than one seventh of the world average due to Taiwan's crowded population and river basin characteristics. Steep land slope and uneven time and space distribution of rainfall have caused water resources problems. Providing a pure and plentiful supply of water for the people challenges the Water Resources Agency in Taiwan. History is a powerful tool for portraying the future. This paper discusses major themes in the review of water resources development over the last centuries. The changes in social-economic development, water resources infrastructure and demands of water are central to the discussion, with an eye to the plentiful and sustainable implications of water resources management in Taiwan. The water policy in the twenty-first century is also outlined.Dr. Hwang is the Advice of the Council for Economic Planning and Development (CEPD), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan, Chairman of the Water Resources Committee, Chinese Institute of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, a board member of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) Chinese Taipei Committee, former chairman of the Chinese Society of Agriculture Engineering (CSAE), former director of Water Resources Agency (WRA), former director of the Taiwan Provincial Water Conservancy Agency (TPWCA), and former director of the Taiwan Provincial Water Conservancy Bureau (TPWCB). 相似文献
16.
The OECD has introduced a water pricing mechanism and listed eight categories gleaned from experience in OECD countries. However, in the Asian humid tropics, it is too early to apply water pricing because there is seldom a concept of water right, or practical organization of water management. In almost all irrigation projects in Japan, area charge has been applied, and collected fees have recovered entire operation and maintenance costs. Although effective volumetric charge is employed in several regions in Japan, most farmers pay area-based annual charges at several times of the year via Land Improvement Districts. In the Asian humid tropics, it is important to facilitate the establishment of sound management organizations of irrigation water before introducing a strict water pricing mechanism to levy the charge. 相似文献
17.
Improving irrigation performance is a crucial issue for agriculture and irrigation development in the Lower Mekong River Basin
to secure food production for people’s livelihoods. Irrigation efficiency is the most important indicator to determine the
performance of an irrigation scheme. This study looks at water management practices and irrigation efficiency in three pilot
sites in the Lower Mekong River Basin: the Numhoum scheme in Laos, the Huay Luang scheme in Thailand, and the Komping Pouy
scheme in Cambodia. Irrigation efficiency and water productivity were analyzed using a water balance approach at the irrigation
scheme level and results in the pilot areas show efficiencies that are definitely higher using this approach than by using
the classical concept. Lower water productivity was observed at pilot schemes in areas of single cropping and higher productivity
in areas where multiple agricultural activities were practiced. Strict and active water management is required to control
and save water to meet agricultural demand and have sufficient water to expand cultivation areas while avoiding shortages.
Promoting multiple uses of water for various agricultural activities in command area will increase water productivity.
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| Hiroshi OkudairaEmail: |
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China, the biggest rice-producing country in the world, has put considerable effort into finding ways to conserve water in rice cultivation. One very promising practice, intermittent submerged irrigation (ISI) was reported to be applied on farmers fields over a large area in the Zhanghe irrigation system (ZIS), which serves about 160,000 ha of irrigated land, which is intensively cultivated with rice. To better understand the actual farmer practices, the degree to which farmers adopt ISI, the resulting water productivity, and implications for farm and system water management, a water accounting methodology developed by IWMI was applied at farm and a larger meso scale. Two areas were observed: Tuanlin, where ISI was reported to be widespread (with ISI), and Wenjiaxiang, where farmers were reportedly not adopting ISI (without ISI). The field water level measurements demonstrate that farmers at the with ISI site follow a practice similar to the theoretical ISI techniques by letting ponding levels drop to the soil surface several times during the cropping season. At the without site, farmers keep higher water levels ponded, and do not let water levels drop to the soil surface as often as the with site. A major determinant of practice is ease of access to water. At the with site, farmers have access to a variety of sources such as ponds and drains. At the without site, access to water was primarily from canal water, without the degree of flexibility as areas that had a water source near the field. The process fraction of gross inflow at field scale (rice evapotranspiration divided by irrigation plus rain) ranged between 0.66 and 0.93, remarkably high values showing how effective farmers are in converting water sources to productive evapotranspiration. The on-farm water accounting results show that with ISI, the average values of irrigation water applied over two years 1999–2000 are 22% less than without ISI, and the yields approximately the same. The resulting water productivity values per unit of irrigation water (WPirrigation) are 20% higher under ISI practices, but per unit of evapotranspiration water productivity results are similar. The meso site study yielded surprising insights into overall water management in the area. In the years 1999 and 2000, at the meso sites, the irrigation duty in Tuanlin (with ISI) was 29% and 21% less than in Wenjiaxiang (without ISI), respectively, resulting in WPirrigation values of 24% and 26% higher at Tuanlin than Wenjiaxiang. But values of process fraction of gross inflow were considerably reduced at the meso scale ranging between 0.12 and 0.29, with considerable drainage outflow observed. Different land uses, trees, roads, villages, and ponds, begin to play an important role in overall water resource management at this scale. Drainage water from fields plus runoff served as supplies to ponds within the meso area as well as downstream reservoirs. Ponds play a very important role as an additional source of water, and in fact facilitate the uptake of ISI practices. This demonstrates that there are multiple strategies at play influencing water savings and productivity beyond ISI in the management of water within the area. 相似文献