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1.
杉木取代阔叶林后林下水源涵养功能差异评价 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
为研究杉木人工林取代常绿落叶阔叶混交林后土壤水源涵养能力的变化,采用室内浸水法和环刀法分别研究杉木纯林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林的枯落物与土壤的持水特性。结果表明:(1)枯落物平均蓄积量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林(3.42 t/hm^2)>杉木纯林(3.12 t/hm^2),枯落物平均厚度表现为杉木纯林(9.17 cm)>常绿落叶阔叶混交林(5.42 cm)。(2)最大持水量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林(6.23 t/hm^2)>杉木纯林(5.57 t/hm^2),最大持水率也表现出相同的规律,即常绿落叶阔叶混交林(184.40%)>杉木纯林(179.50%);有效拦蓄量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林(4.48 t/hm^2)>杉木纯林(4.13 t/hm^2),最大拦蓄量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林(5.41 t/hm^2)>杉木纯林(4.97 t/hm^2)。(3)枯落物层的吸水量与浸水时间符合对数函数Q=aln(t)+b,而吸水速率与浸水时间符合指数函数V=at^b,常绿落叶阔叶混交林的蓄水能力强于杉木纯林。(4)土壤水分最大吸持贮水量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林(43.58 mm)>杉木纯林(41.88 mm),可以看出常绿落叶阔叶混交林内的土壤可以更好地为植被提供良好的水分供其生长;土壤水分最大滞留贮存量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林(8.20 mm)<杉木纯林(10.22 mm),即杉木纯林内的土壤具有更好的涵养水源能力。从枯落物最大持水量、有效拦蓄量以及土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度等多个因素的计算综合推断可知,杉木人工林水源涵养能力优于常绿落叶阔叶混交林。 相似文献
2.
接坝地区9种典型林分类型枯落物层和土壤层水文效应 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以八英庄林场9种典型林分类型为研究对象,对其枯落物层、土壤层水文效应进行研究,结果表明:（1）9种典型林分类型枯落物蓄积量在5.79~24.97 t/hm2的范围内,排序为白桦纯林 > 白桦山杨混交林 > 油松纯林 > 山杨纯林 > 蒙古栎纯林 > 落叶松油松混交林 > 白桦黑桦混交林 > 落叶松纯林 > 落叶松白桦混交林。（2）9种典型林分类型枯落物持水能力有一定差异,排序为白桦山杨混交林 > 山杨纯林 > 油松纯林 > 白桦纯林 > 白桦黑桦混交林 > 落叶松油松混交林 > 蒙古栎纯林 > 落叶松白桦混交林 > 落叶松纯林。（3）枯落物持水量与浸水时间呈较好的指数关系,相关系数在0.95以上,吸水速率与浸水时间呈较好的幂函数关系,相关系数大于0.9。（4）白桦山杨混交林枯落物有效拦蓄量最大为52.63 t/hm2,落叶松白桦混交林枯落物有效拦蓄量最小为14 t/hm2。（5）蒙古栎纯林土壤持水能力最强为117.42 t/hm2,其次是白桦山杨混交林为104.75 t/hm2,白桦纯林土壤持水能力最差为37.80 t/hm2。（6）土壤初渗速率在2.3~56.8 mm/min范围内,土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈较好的幂函数关系,相关系数大于0.95。 相似文献
3.
木兰围场3种典型林分枯落物及土壤持水能力 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
为探讨木兰围场华北落叶松人工林、白桦华北落叶松次生林和白桦次生林枯落物和土壤的持水规律。以这3种典型林分的枯落物和土壤为研究对象,采用室内浸水法和环刀法分别研究3种林分枯落物和土壤的持水特性。结果表明:3种林分枯落物的蓄积量表现为华北落叶松人工林(18.84t/hm2)白桦华北落叶松次生林(15.28t/hm2)白桦次生林(9.53t/hm2)。白桦华北落叶松次生林的枯落物最大持水量最大,为31.10t/hm2;而白桦次生林最大持水量最小,为21.40t/hm2,枯落物持水量与浸水时间呈对数关系,关系式为Q=aln(t)+b;吸水速率与浸水时间呈幂函数关系,关系式为V=ktn。枯落物在前0.5h内吸水速率最大,在4h左右时下降速度明显减缓,在24h时的吸水速率基本趋于0。3种林分枯落物有效拦蓄量表现为华北落叶松人工林(23.42t/hm2)白桦华北落叶松次生林(20.24t/hm2)白桦次生林(15.51t/hm2)。在0-60cm的土壤层中,华北落叶松人工林土壤容重均值最大,为1.32g/cm3;白桦华北落叶松次生林最小,为1.10g/cm3。白桦华北落叶松次生林的土壤总孔隙度均值最大,为53.65%;华北落叶松人工林最小,为47.45%。土壤的毛管孔隙度均值呈现出白桦华北落叶松次生林(42.61%)华北落叶松人工林(40.68%)白桦次生林(36.01%)的趋势。白桦次生林的土壤有效持水量最大,为175.99t/hm2,华北落叶松人工林最小,为67.70t/hm2。综合3种林分枯落物层和土壤层的持水能力,可知白桦华北落叶松次生林储水能力强于华北落叶松人工林和白桦次生林。 相似文献
4.
以青海省大通县宝库林场5种典型人工林的枯落物层和土壤层为研究对象,对其水文效应进行了初步研究。结果表明：(1)枯落物储量为34.69~67.84t/hm2,大小为落叶松林 > 云杉落叶松混交林云杉林 > 白桦林 > 云杉白桦混交林。枯落物最大持水量为80.30~150.73t/hm2,持水量最大为云杉落叶松混交林,其次是落叶松林,白桦林和云衫白桦混交林,最小为云杉林。云杉落叶松混交林有效拦蓄能力最强,为94.32t/hm2;云杉林有效拦蓄能力最弱,为45.40t/hm2。(2)未分解层枯落物浸水在8h左右基本达到饱和状态,而半分解层在6h已经接近饱和;在0.5h内,枯落物吸水速率达到最大,6h左右下降速度明显放缓。(3)土壤层持水能力最强的是云杉落叶松混交林,最小的是云杉白桦混交林。 相似文献
5.
沿坝地区3种典型林分类型枯落物层与土壤层水源涵养能力综合评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了研究沿坝地区3种典型林分的枯落物层与土壤层的水源涵养能力,利用熵权法对林分的枯落物层和土壤层的相关因子进行了综合评价。结果表明:(1)枯落物层最大持水量:针阔混交林油松林落叶松纯林;有效拦蓄量:针阔混交林油松林落叶松纯林。(2)持水量与浸水时间的回归方程为Q=alnt+b(R~20.97),持水速率与浸水时间的回归方程为V=Kt~n(R~20.94)。(3)3种林分类型土壤总孔隙度的排序为:针阔混交林油松纯林落叶松纯林;土壤持水能力大小排序为:针阔混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林;3种林分土壤层的初渗速率差距比较大,大小排序为:针阔混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林;林分的稳渗速率大小排序为:针阔混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林;入渗速率与入渗时间回归方程为:f=at~(-b)(R0.96)。(4)利用熵权法计算得出的权重大小排序为:枯落物最大持水量枯落物有效拦蓄量=土壤持水力初渗速率土壤毛管孔隙度土壤容重枯落物蓄积量=土壤非毛管孔隙度,3种林分类型综合评分排序为:针阔混交林油松纯林落叶松纯林。针阔混交林为最优的水源涵养林,其在保持水土、涵养水源方面功能最强。 相似文献
6.
华蓥市山区典型林分水源涵养功能评价 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为研究南方丘陵山区典型人工林的生长现状和涵养水源能力,选取华蓥市6种林分作为研究对象,通过测定林下枯落物层和土壤层特征,分析比较不同林地枯落物和土壤的持水能力,对林地水源涵养能力进行评价。结果表明:杉木纯林(近自然经营)枯落物现存蓄积量最大,枯落物持水能力排序为杉木纯林(近自然经营)杉木纯林马尾松—檵木混交林(近自然经营)杉木—响叶杨混交林柏木纯林马尾松—杉木混交林;杉木纯林的土壤层总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、有效持水量均为最优,分别达到67.67%,60.39%,138.11 t/hm~2;6种林地土壤有效持水量大小顺序为杉木纯林杉木纯林(近自然经营)马尾松—杉木混交林杉木—响叶杨混交林柏木纯林马尾松—檵木混交林(近自然经营);综合枯落物层和土壤层持水能力可知,杉木纯林(近自然经营)的水源涵养能力最强,为309.77 t/hm~2,马尾松—杉木混交林最弱。 相似文献
7.
倭肯河上游两种林型枯落物和土壤持水特性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探讨不同树种组成的林分持水特性,采用实地调查与室内浸泡法,对倭肯河上游杂木林和阔叶红松林枯落物的蓄积量和持水特性进行测定,采用环刀法对土壤持水量进行测定。结果表明:两种林型枯落物厚度约7.5 cm,蓄积量为8.07~9.85 t/hm2,最大持水量相当于可吸收2.0~2.5 mm的降水,有效拦蓄量相当于可吸收1.0 mm的降水。枯落物持水量与浸水时间呈对数函数关系(R 2>0.9843),吸水速率与浸水时间呈幂函数关系(R 2>0.9999)。两种林型土壤总孔隙度范围为50.32%~51.41%,非毛管孔隙度范围为3.00%~4.44%,土壤最大持水量范围为1509.74~1542.17 t/hm2,土壤有效持水量范围为89.96~133.32 t/hm2。阔叶红松林密度低,生产力高,枯落物层最大持水量、有效拦蓄量,土壤层最大持水量、有效持水量均高于杂木林,但各评价指标差异不显著(p>0.05)。两林地持水能力中等偏低,以提高森林水源涵养为目标时,可维持现有结构,进一步开展密度调整研究。 相似文献
8.
关帝山不同林分结构华北落叶松林枯落物水文效应 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为研究北方山区典型人工林水源涵养效应和更新状况,选取吕梁山脉落叶松纯林为研究对象,采用室内浸水法测定不同林分密度下枯落物的持水性能,用RDA冗余度分析法探究林分结构对枯落物厚度和拦蓄功能的相关关系。结果表明:(1)不同密度华北落叶松样地的枯落物厚度为0.84~4.50 cm,蓄积量范围为9.64~24.14 t/hm2,350株/hm2样地蓄积量最大,200株/hm2样地最小。(2)样地最大持水量范围为27.12~62.07 t/hm2,500株/hm2样地持水量最大,150株/hm2样地最小,持水率范围为213%~374%;有效拦蓄量为10.75~30.40 t/hm2,500株/hm2样地拦蓄能力最佳,150株/hm2样地最差,拦蓄能力与持水能力呈正相关。(3)枯落物的持水量与浸水时间呈显著对数函数关系,吸水速率与浸水时间呈幂指数函数关系。(4)枯落物拦蓄量与林分结构关系密切,影响排序为树高>密度>郁闭度>坡度>林龄>更新>抚育年限。其中,树高与枯落物的拦蓄量关系最为密切,林龄、苗木更新、抚育年限对枯落物拦蓄能力影响较小,海拔和林分平均胸径对枯落物拦蓄基本没有影响。研究结果可从水源涵养和水土保持视角为华北落叶松人工纯林的抚育管理提供一定的参考依据。 相似文献
9.
以木兰林管局华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,采用四分法对不同林龄不同密度的华北落叶松人工林枯落物持水能力进行研究。结果表明:20,30,40,50 a华北落叶松人工林,对应的林分最佳密度分别为2 500,1 800,1 000,800株/hm2时,枯落物最大持水量和有效持水量均达到最大。随着林分密度的增加,枯落物层最大持水量和有效持水量呈先增加后减小的趋势。以枯落物的持水能力随林分密度的变化规律和林木生长规律的相似关系,编制华北落叶松人工林枯落物持水能力密度控制图,为冀北山地华北落叶松水源涵养林的密度管理提供数据参考和理论依据。 相似文献
10.
浙江省典型森林类型枯落物及林下土壤水文特性 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
选择浙江省5种典型林型(杉木林、毛竹林、阔叶林、针阔混交林、马尾松林)枯落物及林下土壤作为研究对象,布设30m×30m标准样地,枯落物水文效应测定采用浸泡法,土壤层水文效应测定采用环刀法。结果表明:不同林分类型枯落物蓄积量大小介于10.14～25.07t/hm2,排列顺序分别为针阔混交林>阔叶林>马尾松林>杉木林>毛竹林;最大持水量大小介于21.82～33.64t/hm2,排列顺序为针阔混交林>阔叶林>杉木林>马尾松林>毛竹林;有效拦蓄量大小介于16.8～24.84t/hm2,其排序为针阔混交林>杉木林>阔叶林>马尾松林>毛竹林;5种森林类型枯落物的持水量均随浸水时间而增大并逐步趋于稳定,其关系符合对数函数;前0.5h内枯落物吸水速率最大,1h之后吸水速率急剧降低,而后随着时间的推移,枯落物的吸水速率趋于统一,其关系呈幂函数关系;5种森林类型林下土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、孔隙度、持水能力等指标差异并不显著,土壤持水力均值介于201.86～296.63t/hm2。综合来看,阔叶林及含有阔叶树种的林分持水能力相对高于针叶林。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献