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猪传染性胃肠炎(swine transmissible gastroenteritis,TGE)是一种高度接触性肠道传染病,是我国法定检疫的疫病。为研究福建省猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(Transmissible gastroenteritis virus,TGEV)核衣壳蛋白基因(N)的分子特征及其原核表达产物的抗原性,参照GenBank中的TGEV全基因序列,设计合成一对扩增TGEV福建(FJ)分离株N基因的特异性引物,进行克隆和序列分析,结果表明,TGEV-FJ株N基因全长1149bp,编码382个氨基酸(GenBank登录号JQ700302),与国内外23株TGEVN基因的核苷酸同源性,氨基酸同源性进行比较分析,N基因核苷酸的同源性为95.4%～99.8%,氨基酸同源性为96.1%～100%。TGEV-FJ株N基因克隆至原核表达载体pET-32a中,并转化到大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)Rosetta(DE3)中进行表达。SDS-PAGE分析表明,重组蛋白约为68kD,与预期分子量一致;Western blot分析表明,重组蛋白能与抗TGEV阳性血清反应出现特异性条带;以纯化的重组TGEVN蛋白为包被抗原建立的间接ELISA抗体检测方法具有良好的特异性,送检20份猪(Sus scrofa)TGEV阳性血清样本中检出16份阳性结果、10份阴性血清样本中检出9份阴性结果。利用纯化的TGEV重组N蛋白免疫Balb/c小鼠,杂交瘤技术制备单克隆抗体,获得了1株特异性好并能稳定分泌抗TGEVN蛋白的单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株(命名为1-27),间接免疫荧光试验证明,该单抗能特异性识别TGEV全病毒抗原。TGEVN蛋白的单克隆抗体制备为建立TGEV免疫学检测方法提供了基础资料。 相似文献
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新发PDCoV和TGEV双重RT-PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
猪Delta冠状病毒(Porcine deltacoronavirus,PDCoV)是一种新发现的冠状病毒,临床上主要引起感染仔猪出现水样腹泻、呕吐和脱水等症状,和猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus,TGEV)感染引起的临床症状极为类似,且临床上PDCoV和TGEV混合感染时有发生,单靠临床诊断很难区分两种疾病,因此建立同时检测且区分PDCoV和TGEV的检测方法具有重要的临床意义.本研究根据GenBank中收录的PDCoVN基因和TGEVN基因序列设计了2对引物,在同一反应体系中同时扩增PDCoV的N基因片段和TGEV的N基因片段,通过对RT-PCR反应条件的优化,建立了同时检测PDCoV和TGEV的双重RT-PCR方法,并对该方法进行了特异性、灵敏性和重复性研究.结果显示,所建立的双重RT-PCR对PDCoV和TGEV的最低检测量分别是3.14×102 copies/μL和3.68× 103 copies/μL,利用该双重RT-PCR方法对猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)、猪博卡病毒(Porcinebocavirus,PBoV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus,PRRSV)和猪伪狂犬病毒(P.pseudorabiesvirus,PRV)的扩增结果均为阴性,显示出较好的特异性.为了解所建立的双重RT-PCR方法的临床应用效果,对252份临床样品进行了检测.结果表明,双重RT-PCR检出PDCoV阳性样品31份(阳性率为12.30％),TGEV阳性样品12份(阳性率为4.76％),同时感染PDCoV和TGEV的阳性样品2份(阳性率为0.79％),且检测结果与单一PDCoV和TGEV RT-PCR相符.因此,本研究所建立的双重RT-PCR方法可用于PDCoV和TGEV的临床检测,为进一步研究PDCoV和TGEV的临床鉴别诊断和流行病学调查提供了理论依据和技术支持. 相似文献
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猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)S蛋白5'端基因重组腺病毒的构建及其免疫特性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
RT-PCR扩增出猪传染性胃肠炎病毒（Transmissible gastroenteritis virus, TGEV）S蛋白基因5'端包含 B、C抗原位点的1.0 kb DNA片段,并与穿梭载体pShuttle-CMV连接;然后与腺病毒（Adenovirus）骨架载体pAdEasy-1共转化大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）BJ5183,通过同源重组获得重组腺病毒质粒。该重组腺病毒质粒转染HEK293细胞并进行噬斑纯化,获得了1株含有TGEV S蛋白5'端基因的重组人复制缺陷型血清5型腺病毒rAd-TGEV-S。随后用RT-PCR和间接免疫荧光（indirect immunofluorescent assay, IFA）检测目的基因的转录与表达。重组腺病毒rAd-TGEV-S在HEK293细胞连续传代9次后,病毒效价稳定,滴度平均为107. 7TCID50/mL。动物免疫试验显示, rAd-TGEV-S可以诱导小鼠产生TGEV特异性IgG和IgA。 相似文献
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猪传染性胃肠炎病毒（TGEV）S蛋白5′端基因重组腺病毒的构建及其免疫特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
RT-PCR扩增出猪传染性胃肠炎病毒（Transmissible gastroenteritis virus,TGEV）S蛋白基因5′端包含B、C抗原位点的1.0kb DNA片段,并与穿梭载体pShuttle-CMV连接;然后与腺病毒（Adenovirus）骨架载体pAdEasy-1共转化大肠杆菌（Es-chenchia coli）BJ5183,通过同源重组获得重组腺病毒质粒。该重组腺病毒质粒转染HEK293细胞并进行噬斑纯化,获得了1株含有TGEV S蛋白5′端基因的重组人复制缺陷型血清5型腺病毒rAd-TGEV-S。随后用RT-PCR和间接免疫荧光（indirect immunofluorescent assay,IFA）检测目的基因的转录与表达。重组腺病毒rAd-TGEV-S在HEK293细胞连续传代9次后,病毒效价稳定,滴度平均为10^7.7TCID50／mL。动物免疫试验显示,rAd-TGEV-S可以诱导小鼠产生TGEV特异性IgG和IgA。 相似文献
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猪传染性胃肠炎(TGE)是由猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)引起的高度接触性传染病.TGEV的S、N基因具有重要的免疫学功能,构建S、N双基因疫苗将能提供更好的免疫效果.本研究用RT-PCR扩增S基因抗原区(2.1 kb,含A、B、C和D完整的抗原位点)和N基因编码区(1.2 kb),分别定向插入双启动子真核表达载体pVAXD的多克隆位点(MCS),构建了单价质粒pVAXD-N和pVAXD-S,然后将N基因插入pVAXD-S中,构建了双启动子真核表达质粒pVAXD-N/S.将pVAXD-N/S与对照组(pVAXD-N、pVAXD-S和pVAXD)转染COS-7细胞进行表达鉴定,用RT-PCR可从pVAXD-N/S转染细胞中扩增出s、N两个目的基因,IFA鉴定结果显示,pvAXD-N/S可同时表达S、N两种目的蛋白.初步的小鼠(Mus musculus)免疫试验结果显示,pVAXD-N/S免疫小鼠后第14天即可检测到抗TGEV的IgG抗体,第35天抗体达最高峰,pVAXD-N/S诱导的抗体水平显著高于单基因质粒组pVAXD-N和pVAXD-S的抗体水平(P＞0.5),与混合质粒(pVAXD-N+pVAXD-S)诱导的抗体水平相当.本研究结果表明,构建的双启动子表达载体pV AXD-N/S具有S、N基因的双重免疫功能,为TGEV新型双基因疫苗研究提供了基础材料. 相似文献
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梅山猪氨肽酶基因N(pAPN)cDNA克隆、序列分析及重要变异位点的筛选 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
氨肽酶N(aminopeptidase N,APN)蛋白是猪(Sus scrofa)传染性胃肠炎病毒(Transmissible gastroenteritis virus,TGEV)和猪的流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)等一系列冠状病毒的受体蛋白。为探讨梅山猪APN基因的分子结构特征以及重要的变异位点,本研究通过PCR扩增和测序技术,结合生物信息学分析梅山猪APN基因功能区域和重要变异位点,对其蛋白质结构进行预测和分析。结果表明,梅山猪APN基因cDNA全长2 886 bp(GenBank登录号:KF280271),含有20个外显子,编码961个氨基酸。与GenBank数据库公布的标准序列(登录号:NM_214277.1)相比,梅山猪APN基因编码区变异共引起10处氨基酸突变与2处氨基酸缺失,其中Phe82Asn、Leu107Phe、Leu108 Ile、Ser330Pro、Trp399Arg和Glu465 Gly等6处突变位于APN酶催化活性区域,Gln747His突变、748Tyr和749Ser缺失突变位于APN病毒结合区域。蛋白结构和编码产物功能分析发现,pAPN为不稳定的亲水性蛋白,无信号肽,具有1个跨膜螺旋(跨膜区位于12~34氨基酸,二级结构元件以α螺旋和β折叠为主,编码产物主要参与细胞被膜(cell envelope)、中央中间代谢(central intermediary metabolism)、辅酶因子生物合成(biosynthesis of cofactors)等功能。Gln747His、748Tyr和749Ser缺失突变可能与氨肽酶N结合病毒能力有关。本研究对梅山猪pAPN基因功能的分析及变异位点的筛选,为今后筛选猪抗病毒性腹泻的有效遗传标记提供理论基础。 相似文献
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胎盘免疫调节因子(placenta immunoregulating factor,PF)是从胎盘提取的小分子多肽,对病毒性疾病、免疫缺陷疾病及恶性肿瘤等具有潜在的临床应用价值.为检测牛(Bos taurus)和绵羊(Ovis aries)胎盘免疫调节因对人(Homo sapiens)胰腺癌细胞(pancreatic cancer cells-Ⅰ,PANC-Ⅰ)增殖与迁移的影响,本研究对从屠宰场获得的牛和绵羊胎盘进行分离,利用双酶水解法制备PF,将质量浓度为100～2 000 ng/mL的牛、羊PF作用于体外培养的PANC-Ⅰ细胞,以3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-5-(3-羧甲酯基)-2-(4-磺苯基)-2H-四唑(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium,MTS)法观察细胞增殖抑制率,应用流式细胞技术检测其对PANC-Ⅰ细胞周期的影响.并利用Transwell迁移实验检测添加PF对PANC-Ⅰ细胞迁移能力的影响,同时通过实时荧光定量PCR法检测肿瘤抑制基因(tumor suppressor gene,PS3)和细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶抑制因子1A基因(cyclin-dependent kinaseinhibitor 1A,P21)的表达情况.结果显示,17.11 g绵羊胎盘制得0.588 mg PF,6.61 g牛胎盘制得0.312 mgPF,胎盘质量与所得PF的质量比约为20 000∶1.在体外培养的PANC-Ⅰ细胞培养液中添加PF,从形态上观察,牛羊PF对PANC-Ⅰ细胞没有明显的影响.绵羊PF处理后PANC-Ⅰ细胞增殖抑制率为9.75％～22.89％,牛PF处理后PANC-Ⅰ细胞增殖抑制率为-3.81％～23.56％,增殖抑制率最显著的绵羊PF浓度为500 ng/mL,牛PF浓度为1 000 ng/mL.绵羊PF在浓度为500 ng/mL时,PANC-Ⅰ细胞的PI和SPF最低,而牛PF各浓度下的胰腺癌细胞增殖指数(proliferation index,PI)和增殖活性(S-phase fraction,SPF)没有明显的变化.同时,牛羊PF对PANC-Ⅰ细胞的迁移能力无显著影响.牛羊PF使PANC-Ⅰ细胞P53表达上调而P21表达下调.上述结果表明,在一定浓度下,PF对体外培养的PANC-Ⅰ细胞增殖有负调控作用,且牛羊胎盘免疫调节因子对胰腺癌细胞的影响不同,可能因为其存在的活性成分有区别.本研究为胰腺癌的治疗提供了新的思路. 相似文献
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基因芯片标准化是其特异灵敏检测病原的基本保障,本研究针对金标银染可视化基因芯片制备中点样缓冲液的使用、点样次数、杂交温度、杂交时间、胶体金浓度以及银染时间分别进行优化实验,分析其对金标银染可视化共检基因芯片杂交信号的影响.分别选取猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)的S和M基因,猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(Transmissible gastroenteritis of swine virus,TGEV)的N和S基因,A型猪轮状病毒(Group A porcine rotavirus,GAR)的VP7和NSP4基因设计引物.根据目的基因片段设计5’端修饰有15个T碱基的60-mer寡核苷酸探针,分别以1∶1混合点样缓冲液和直接进行喷样两种方式,利用芯片点样仪喷样分别喷样1次、2次、3次于醛基玻片上制成基因芯片.应用不对称PCR对实验室构建保存的三种腹泻病毒的阳性质粒进行生物素掺入标记,分别在40、45、50和55℃与基因芯片杂交30、60、90和120 min.利用生物素-链霉亲和素的特异性链接,分别将稀释10、20、30、40、50及60倍的链霉亲和素修饰的纳米金颗粒引入反应体系,通过不同银离子染色时间后后,直接眼观实验结果.应用优化后的标准化可视化芯片和RT-PCR同时对173份临床送检病料进行检测,以评价芯片临床应用.结果表明,应用探针和点样缓冲液1∶1混合的方法进行1次喷样制作的基因芯片,在50℃环境中杂交90 min后,与4μg/mL链霉亲和素修饰的纳米金颗粒结合,再进行12～14 min银染,经过10次重复性实验,可确定为金标银染可视化基因芯片的最佳优化条件.临床病料可视化芯片检测结果与RT-PCR检测结果一致.本研究确定了病毒性腹泻可视化共检芯片的最佳反应条件,为该技术的临床应用标准化研究奠定了基础. 相似文献
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低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献