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1.
As dogs experience oestrus only once or twice a year, it is necessary to establish an effective method of oestrous induction for efficient breeding. In the present study, we evaluated inhibin antiserum (IAS) on oestrous induction in anoestrous females. Bitches were administered 0.5 ml/kg IAS or a mixture of 50 IU/kg equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and 0.5 ml/kg IAS and 500 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administered 7 days after the mixture injection. As a control, bitches received 50 IU/kg eCG, with 500 IU hCG administered 7 days after eCG injection. Blood-tinged vaginal discharge, vulvar swelling, plasma progesterone concentrations and ovarian follicular development were assessed from day 0 to day 14. IAS alone injection did not induce oestrus in bitches at the anoestrous stage. Conversely, vulvar swelling, blood-tinged vaginal discharge and an estimated luteinizing hormone (LH) surge appeared on days 3–7, days 3–6 and days 7–9 after the IAS+eCG mixture injection, respectively, in all five bitches at the anoestrous stage. The average number of developing and ovulated follicles in bitches administered IAS+eCG was 8.8 and 9.6 respectively. A single eCG injection followed by hCG induced oestrous signs, with an average of 8.3 developing follicles and 4.5 ovulated follicles. This study revealed that IAS alone did not induce oestrus, but when IAS was used in combination with eCG, it induced oestrus and promoted a considerable number of ovulations in anoestrous dogs.  相似文献   

2.
The aerobic bacterial flora from the genital tracts of 143 bitches and 51 dogs was investigated. Beta haemolytic streptococci (group G), Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were among the organisms isolated from normal bitches in heat, abnormal bitches and normal dogs. Repeated sampling of two bitches during oestrus, and the dog to which they were mated, showed that bacteria were transmitted from bitch to dog, but did not become established. Guarded swab samples taken from the vagina collected less bacteria than samples from the vestibule. Numerous bacteria were seen in vaginal smears taken from bitches during oestrus, but numbers fell rapidly with the appearance of leucocytes in the smear at the onset of metoestrus.  相似文献   

3.
Groups of five pregnant bitches were treated to terminate the pregnancy with four combinations of drugs, starting 28 days after the estimated surge of luteinising hormone (LH), 22 to 28 days after the first mating. The treatments were: cabergoline administered orally for 10 days at a dose of 5 micrograms/kg and a single subcutaneous injection of 2.5 micrograms/kg cloprostenol at the start of the treatment; the same dose of cabergoline plus two doses of 1 microgram/kg cloprostenol administered on days 28 and 32 after the LH surge; bromocryptine administered orally at a dose of 30 micrograms/kg three times a day for 10 days plus a single dose of 2.5 micrograms/kg cloprostenol; the same dose of bromocryptine plus two doses of 1 microgram/kg cloprostenol; and a group of five pregnant bitches was left untreated. The pregnancies were terminated in all but one of the treated bitches, in each case by resorption of the fetuses. There were few side effects in the bitches treated with two doses of 1 microgram/kg cloprostenol, and were present but acceptable in those treated with one dose of 2.5 micrograms/kg. Plasma progesterone concentrations decreased to less than 1 ng/ml within 72 hours of the start of treatment and remained low except in the bitch in which pregnancy was not terminated. In the five untreated bitches, plasma progesterone remained high and they whelped normally. In the treated groups, the intervals between successive displays of oestrus were reduced by approximately 70 days in comparison with previous cycles or with the control group, but the fertility of the dogs was not affected adversely.  相似文献   

4.
The oestrus cycle in the domestic bitch, a monoestrous species, differs considerably from that of other veterinary domestic animals species. In the bitch the combined use of eCG and hCG is effective to induce oestrus predictably and safely (Stornelli et al., Theriogenology, 78, 2012 and 1056). Although several studies were done to describe the hormonal changes during the canine oestrus cycle, to our knowledge none was done to describe the hormonal changes during induced follicular growth after the administration of eCG. The aim of this work was to study prolactin (PRL), insulin‐like growth factor (IGF1) and androstenedione (ANDR) serum concentrations during follicular growth induced by a single dose of eCG administered to late anoestrous bitches. PRL and ANDR concentrations were lower before than after eCG TRT (before eCG vs pro‐oestrus, oestrus and dioestrus; 4.3 ± 1.8 ng/ml vs 6.5 ± 1.6 ng/ml, p < 0.05; 0.08 ± 0.2 ng/ml vs 0.42 ± 0.16 ng/ml, p < 0.05). Conversely, IGF1 concentrations were similar before and after eCG TRT (286.0 ng/ml ±32.2, p > 0.53). Additionally, PRL concentrations were similar before oestrus compared to during oestrus and dioestrus (6.9 ± 1.7 ng/ml, p > 0.19). Furthermore, IGF1 concentrations were higher before and during oestrus compared to first day of dioestrus (286.1 ± 29.8vs 200.4 ± 29.2 ng/ml, p < 0.01). On the contrary, ANDR concentrations were lower before and during oestrus compared to first day of diestrum (0.35 ± 0.17 ng/ml and 0.38 ± 0.15 vs 0.68 ± 0.17 ng/ml, p < 0.05). These results show that treatment with a single injection of 50 IU/kg of eCG in late anoestrous bitches successfully induced changes in follicular growth which were paralleled with changes in PRL, IGF1 and ANDR serum concentration similar to those occurring during a normally occurring oestrous cycle. In addition, our results suggest that IGF1 in the bitch could play an important role in ovarian folliculogenesis.  相似文献   

5.
Twenty-two bitches with ultrasonographically diagnosed spontaneous pyometra were treated with a combination of 5 microg/kg cabergoline per day and 5 mug/kg cloprostenol every third day, and potentiated sulphonamide twice a day. Bitches with either open-cervix or closed-cervix pyometra showed a rapid clinical improvement, associated with a reduction in plasma progesterone concentration, increased vulval discharge and a reduction in the diameter of the uterus. The haematological profiles of 21 of the bitches returned to normal within six days of treatment, and their biochemical profiles returned to normal within nine days; 19 of the bitches were managed successfully by a 10-day period of treatment. Two bitches required a further three days of treatment, and in one bitch with a partial uterine torsion the treatment was not successful. Adverse effects of the treatment were limited to the 60 minutes immediately after the administration of prostaglandin, and included retching, vomiting, mild abdominal straining, diarrhoea and panting. The incidence of adverse effects was reduced after each successive dose of prostaglandin. Eleven of the 21 successfully treated bitches were mated at the next oestrus, and seven became pregnant; their litters were smaller than the published breed averages. In four of the bitches the pyometra recurred after the next oestrus.  相似文献   

6.
The dosage of Prostaglandin F2 alpha used until the present (100, 250 and 1000 micrograms/kg bw), in order to treat pyometra in the bitch, was accompanied with side effects such as salivation, vomiting and diarrhea. In the present work, the efficiency of low dose Prostaglandin (20 micrograms/kg bw) was examined in two different groups of patients: Group 1: Included 9 bitches pregnant for a period of 5-7 weeks duration. Initially the bitches were treated 3 or 4 times per day with Prostaglandin F2 alpha. In these cases abortion took place within 4 to 11 days. Group 2: 12 dogs, suffering from pyometra, were treated 3 times per day with PGF2 alpha for 8 days. In 9 dogs the pyometra resolved and the bitches came in estrus 2-5 months after treatment. 7 bitches have been mated and 6 of these gave birth to healthy litters. During a follow-up period of at least 10 months there has not been a reoccurrence of pyometra. In 3 out of the 12 dogs the uteri were still enlarged after 8 days of treatment. These bitches underwent ovariohysterectomy and a cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium was diagnosed histologically. The low dose (20 micrograms/kg BW) Prostaglandin F2 alpha induced in all dogs the expulsion of the uterine contents. Side effects during the treatment were not observed.  相似文献   

7.
The cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra complex is one of the most common uterine diseases in bitches. The appearance of pharmacological preparations containing anti‐progestagens created new possibilities for pyometra treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the curative effect of the anti‐progestagen aglepristone treatment of pyometra in bitches of different ages. Twenty four bitches of different breeds, aged from 0.8 to 9.5 years (21–48 kg) exhibiting clinical pyometra symptoms (two groups – I ≤ 5 years, n = 14 and II >5 years, n = 10) were evaluated. Information about the general reproductive health was collected up to 54 months after anti‐progestagen treatment. Remission of clinical symptoms and return of blood chemistry results and total leucocyte count to referential values were achieved in all cases within 14 days of treatment. Bitches were naturally mated at the first, and when unsuccessful, the second oestrus after treatment. In group I, no recurrence of pyometra symptoms was observed during following cycle(s). Eight bitches (57.1%) had a full‐term pregnancy and the number of newborn pups ranged from 1 to 12. None of the bitches from the group II became pregnant. In conclusion, the basic indication for conservative pharmacological treatment of pyometra is preserving female fertility and obtaining offspring. The important conditions for successful aglepristone treatment are: the young age (up to 5 years) and the lack of detectible ovarian cysts. It seems necessary to mate bitches in the first or second oestrus after finishing treatment. The efficacy of treatment can be measured by the after‐treatment pregnancy rate.  相似文献   

8.
Assessment of gestational age and parturition date prediction is a challenging, yet common task in clinical management of the pregnant bitch or queen. Knowing the approximate parturition date is essential for a thorough pregnancy monitoring. Radiographic and ultrasonographic methods are suitable in bitches and queens. In the bitch, moreover, ovulation timing by means of LH or progesterone assay, determination of onset of vaginal dioestrus by means of examination of vaginal cytology, and recognition of impending parturition by monitoring prepartal progesterone levels and body temperature variation are practical methods. A combination of different methods increases the accuracy of parturition date prediction.  相似文献   

9.
Termination of mid-term pregnancy in the dog with oral RU 486   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
A total of four pregnancies were terminated in three bitches (two beagles and one flatcoated retriever) with a single dose of 20 mg/kg (one case), two doses of 8-3 mg/kg (one case) or 20 mg/kg plus 40 mg/kg (two cases) RU 486 by mouth (Mifepristone; Roussel-Uclaf, France) from day 26 to day 36 after the first day of mating of the bitch. Abortions occurred within two, four, 11 and 11 days after the initial treatment, respectively. The clinical status of the bitches was similar to that observed during a normal parturition, ie, lowering of the body temperature, shivering, panting and nesting behaviour. No side effects were seen. The beagle bitch that aborted twice, was mated at the first oestrus after the first abortion, conceived and aborted the same number of puppies the second time. The peripheral plasma progesterone concentration at the time of treatment in all bitches was < 75 nmol/litre. It had decreased to between 24-2 and 13-1 nmol/litre at the time of abortion and to between 4-0 to 0–5 nmol/litre at four to 15 days after the initial treatment. Peripheral plasma levels of prolactin increased three- to fourfold within 24 to 48 hours after treatment, concomitant with the drop in progesterone and had returned to basal levels within two to three days. Prolactin concentrations also increased around the time of intrauterine fetal death. Prostaglandin F2aα-metabolite concentrations increased slowly after treatment, and around the time of abortion the levels increased five- to 10-fold. RU 486 seems to be a safe and effective abortifacient for use during mid-term pregnancy in the dog.  相似文献   

10.
Predicting the parturition date in dogs by taking ultrasonographic foetometry has opened interesting research areas of veterinary obstetrics. Recently developed calculation formulas of inner chorionic cavity diameter (ICC) and biparietal diameter (BP) are formulas by Luvoni and Grioni ( 2000 ). This study is one of the first reports referring to ICC and BP with the use of Luvoni and Grioni formulas for predicting the parturition time in dogs of different body weight in clinical practice conditions. The research material consists of 70 clinically healthy pregnant bitches of 27 breeds and cross‐breeds. Bitches were divided into 4 groups according to their body weight. In each of the bitches, ultrasonographic examination of pregnancy was performed at least twice (ICC and BP measurements). Parturition dates for dogs with a body weight over 25 kg were calculated based on formulas intended for the group of medium dogs. It was caused by the lack of appropriate formulas for these groups of dogs. The predicting parturition dates were compared with the actual dates of delivery provided by the bitch owners. Generally, the results obtained in this study are very encouraging and similar or even better than those published by other authors using foetometric measurements. In our research, when comparing the effectiveness of predicting the delivery date based on foetometric formulas by Luvoni and Grioni ( 2000 ), it was proved that in all groups of dogs, even those over 25 kg, ICC and BP measurements at both accuracy levels were characterized similar reliability.  相似文献   

11.
Two juvenile (9 months) and two adult (3 years) beagle bitches were injected with five doses (250 i.u. per dose) of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on alternate days. Plasma oestrogen concentrations rose in all bitches. In one adult bitch plasma progesterone concentrations remained basal and no signs of oestrus were shown; in the other there was a slight elevation of circulating progesterone values and she showed oestrus but did not conceive. Both the young bitches came into heat and had multiple ovulations, producing very high plasma progesterone concentrations. One of them conceived, and at laparotomy on the thirty-sixth day after the first mating seventeen conceptuses were seen; 14 days later ovarohysterectomy was performed and only five foetuses remained in the uterus.  相似文献   

12.
Elective caesarean section (CS) is the safest means of delivering the litter in bitches in specific situations. Timeously performing elective pre-parturient CSs at a fixed time would be convenient and prevent emergency CSs and foetal demise. This review proposes a method of performing elective pre-parturient CSs which is safe for both the bitch and puppies. Brachycephaly, small litters and large litters, preceding litter delivered by CS and trial of labour after a preceding CS are identified as factors increasing the need for CS whereas emergency CS is identified as factor increasing foetal demise. The first day of cytological dioestrus more precisely predicts the day of onset of spontaneous parturition than the first day of the LH surge or the dates during oestrus on which progesterone (P4) first exceeds 6 nM or 16 nM. Foetal biparietal diameter at the time of onset of spontaneous parturition varies too much to accurately predict readiness for CS. During the last few days of gestation, P4 with cut-off concentrations at 15.8, 8.7 and 3.18 nM, but not plasma cortisol concentrations, hold promise as predictors of onset of parturition and when to perform pre-parturient CSs. A protocol associating medetomidine hydrochloride as premedicant with propofol as induction agent and sevoflurane as maintenance is safe for scheduled CS and yields good maternal and puppy survival rates at delivery, 2 hr and 7 days after CSs. Clinicians have to pay attention to the haematocrit of bitches at the time of cervical dilatation which is at the lower end of the normal reference ranges for non-pregnant dogs and to the decline in haematocrit during CS (as a proxy for blood loss) which is approximately 7% for both parturient (open cervix) and pre-parturient (closed cervix) CSs. Pre-parturient CSs can be scheduled and performed 57 days after onset of cytological dioestrus with puppy survival rates of 99%. Collectively, these studies provide a protocol to safely perform elective CSs in a large proportion of the obstetric population at a convenient time of the day but more research is required with larger numbers to establish whether this practice is routinely safe and safe in all breeds.  相似文献   

13.
A study of oestrus control in bitches with a new type of progestagen, proligestone, in six Dutch and three UK practices is reported. The product was given subcutaneously, regardless of the stage of the sexual cycle and of the usual contraindications for progestagens. A 97% efficacy was obtained with dosages varying from 20–33 mg/kg for the smallest animals to 10–13 mg/kg for the largest animals, when the first treatment was given in anoestrus with repeated treatments after 3 months, 4 months and thereafter every 5 months.
Following treatment in pro–oestrus, heat symptoms disappeared in 96% of the animals within 5 days. By retreatment after 3 months, oestrus prevention could be maintained in 97% of these cases.
Where the animals had been treated only with proligestone (1608 treatments in 776 bitches) there were five cases of the cystic hyperplasia pyometra complex; none of these occurred after treatment in pro–oestrus. Of the animals previously treated with other progestagens for oestrus control (814 treatments in 307 bitches) there were 11 cases.
Forty–one out of 46 bitches which had a history of reproductive disorders did not show signs again.
Other side–effects were also negligible (<0–5%). Fertility at the first oestrus after treatment appeared normal.  相似文献   

14.
Deslorelin acetate is a GnRH agonist used for contraception in dogs. This study aimed to evaluate the treatment of pre‐pubertal female dogs with deslorelin acetate implants, to better investigate the primary stimulatory effect of the drug and the long‐term effects on the genital tract, throughout repeated treatments. Sicilian hound female dogs (24) were randomly assigned to treated group, control group 1 and control group 2. First group bitches were implanted at 4.5, 9.0 and 13.5 months and monitored clinically, ultrasonographically and endocrinologically, throughout the study period (13.5 months). Control group 1 bitches were not implanted and clinically monitored for the same period. At 18 months, the animals underwent ovariohysterectomy, thus allowing evaluation of the internal genitalia. Control group 2 bitches were ovariohysterectomized at the age of 4.5 months. The suppression of oestrus was obtained in the treated group despite the fact that the first implant caused a modest increase in plasmatic levels of 17‐beta estradiol and an evident cornification of the vaginal mucosa cells (50–80%). Estradiol and progesterone were at baseline levels for the remaining study period, in which no other oestrous manifestations were observed. The external genitalia maintained a juvenile appearance. The ovaries, ultrasonographically, showed no follicular structures and stayed the same size. At 18 months, the genital tract was still juvenile with inactive small ovaries and a thin filiform uterus. Deslorelin suppressed ovarian activity in pre‐pubertal bitches, and oestrous induction was not observed despite the presence of the primary stimulatory effect of the drug. Juvenile genitalia were an expected side effect of the treatment.  相似文献   

15.
The absence of fertility problems in male dogs after a single treatment with deslorelin acetate (Suprelorin®) is well acknowledged. However, reports on the application of deslorelin in the bitch and information concerning fertility after implant treatment are still limited. In this retrospective study, data concerning induced and spontaneous oestruses of 39 bitches from 17 breeds, treated with deslorelin acetate implants (4.7 mg Suprelorin®, Virbac, France), were retrieved to assess post‐treatment fertility (ovulation rate, pregnancy rate and litter size). Animals were grouped according to treatment characteristics: group 1 (Gr1) – females submitted to oestrus induction, showing natural oestruses afterwards (n = 19); group 2 (Gr2) – females re‐implanted with 4.7 mg deslorelin acetate to re‐induce oestrus, showing subsequent spontaneous post‐implant oestruses (n = 7); and group 3 (Gr3) – females submitted to a 4.7 mg deslorelin acetate implant for oestrus suppression, evaluated at subsequent spontaneous post‐implant oestruses (n = 13). Comparison of fertility traits between induced and post‐treatment spontaneous oestruses in Gr1 and Gr2 (short treatments), or between spontaneous oestruses after long‐treatment schedules (Gr 3) revealed a slightly better performance in spontaneous cycles compared with induced cycles: ovulation rate post‐treatment was 97.1%, 94.1% and 94.4% and the pregnancy rate post‐treatment was 91.2%, 88.9% and 84.6% for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Nevertheless, fertility in induced and post‐treatment oestruses was considered normal. Moreover, the individual litter size did not differ within groups between induced and spontaneous cycles. From these findings, we concluded that treatment with 4.7 mg deslorelin implants did not compromise the bitches' fertility in subsequent oestruses.  相似文献   

16.
In clinical settings, when the reproductive history of a near‐term bitch is limited to mating dates, the possibility to accurately assess whether pregnancy is at term could be very useful in order to be able to plan a correct management of parturition or to safely perform an elective Caesarean section. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic efficacy of a single progesterone determination, measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), in predicting the occurrence of parturition on the following day. At least one blood sample was collected from 51 pre‐partum bitches during the 3 days before parturition and on day of parturition. The efficacy of progesterone as a marker of the end of pregnancy was tested using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Youden's index was calculated to select the optimal cut‐off value (with 95% confidence interval), aiming at maximizing the correct identification of negative events, so not to risk to diagnose as full term a bitch which is not. Progesterone concentration lower than 3.4 ng/ml correctly identified the bitches whelping the following day; however, because of the obliged prudential approach, sensitivity was low (46.88%), and 17 of 32 full‐term bitches were missed. Due to a very large individual variation, a single progesterone determination has low diagnostic efficacy, although it can represent a useful first screening.  相似文献   

17.
A study was carried out between April 1997 and October 1998 to determine the effect of the progesterone antagonist, Aglépristone (Alizine), for the prevention of pregnancy. 93 bitches were treated, because of mismating, with Aglépristone. The owners were then contacted 2 weeks and 6 to 12 months after treatment to gather any information on effects noted over this period. The major questions were, was pregnancy prevented and if so what side effects were observed, if any, and whether any metropathies were diagnosed. Also noted was the beginning of the next heat and, if the bitch was mated, the fertility rate. Pregnancy was seen in only one bitch. In 51 bitches minor side effects, either singularly or in combination, such as a transient itch, vaginal discharge, reduced appetite, tiredness or attachment were observed. The fertility was not influenced by the treatment and the incidence of metropathies was unchanged.  相似文献   

18.
Serial uterine biopsies were performed on two bitches during three oestrous cycles. The uterus was biopsied once in one other bitch and twice in another case following exteriorization and palpation of the uterine horn on four occasions earlier in the cycle. Following the serial biopsies both bitches developed a vulval discharge for a duration of 8-21 days. This first appeared between metoestrus days 14 and 30. By the 5th week after oestrus the uteri of both bitches developed cystic endometrial hyperplasia with inflammatory cell infiltration which regressed spontaneously. This lesion did not develop in the two other bitches, and it may have been caused by the surgical interference with the endometrium during the period of luteal development.  相似文献   

19.
Cabergoline or bromocriptine were administered orally to 60 bitches at doses of 5 microg/kg and 15 microg/kg daily, respectively, for two to 45 days for the treatment of pseudopregnancy or for oestrus induction. Seven of the dogs which received cabergoline for more than 14 days developed coat colour changes from the second week of administration to the next coat shedding. Of these, fawn-coloured bitches developed a yellowish coat colour while Argentine boar hounds became black spotted, mainly on their extremities. In previous untreated oestrous periods, these bitches had shown no coat colour changes. It is concluded that a colour shift in certain haircoats of particular breeds could be mediated through the inhibition of the secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormone by the administration of the dopaminergic agonist cabergoline for more than two weeks. Transient coat colour changes should be considered a possible side effect when planning long-term treatment with dopaminergic agonists in dogs.  相似文献   

20.
The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of oestrus symptoms of the bitch (vulvar swelling, vaginal fluid, attraction of the male, teasing) and that of the most frequently used examination methods (vaginal smear, vaginoscopy, serum progesterone determination) which indicate the stage of the cycle and allow to predict the optimal day of mating (ODM). The determination of the cycle stage was based upon the number of days left from the day of examination to the day of parturition (DTP). Our results indicate that none of the above-mentioned symptoms and examination methods is reliable alone for the determination of DTP, and even the complex picture obtained from the integrated results of different methods will not enable an exact estimation. ODM can be predicted with a higher reliability, and 1-2 days before it, it can be detected very safely. Since most bitches are presented for timing to practitioners, a scheme was created based upon a scoring system, which gives a point value to each individual symptom and examination result, and judges the bitch according to the total amount of points.  相似文献   

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