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为探究不同产量潜力超级杂交稻持续增产的茎秆维管束结构基础,以具有不同产量潜力的4期超级杂交稻代表性品种两优培九、Y两优1号、Y两优2号和Y两优900为材料,在大田栽培条件下,研究了4期超级杂交稻茎秆维管束结构的差异及其与产量和产量构成因素间的关系。结果表明:随产量潜力的提高,4期超级杂交稻各节间大、小维管束数目均表现出不断增加的变化趋势,除倒5节小维管束面积和总面积表现为先升高后降低、倒2节和倒3节大维管束面积和总面积表现为先降低后升高外,其他节间大、小维管束面积和总面积均表现为不断增加的变化趋势。随着产量潜力的增加,4期超级杂交稻的实际产量、穗粒数均表现出不断增加的趋势,第4期超级杂交稻(Y两优900)较第1期超级杂交稻(两优培九)增产68. 83%,穗粒数增加87. 42%,而有效穗数呈逐渐减少的变化趋势,千粒质量和结实率则表现为先升高后降低的趋势。相关分析表明,茎秆维管束结构特征与穗粒数、结实率以及产量存在正相关,而与千粒质量存在负相关,特别是上部茎节间小维管束和基部茎节间大维管束结构特征显著影响超级杂交稻产量及产量构成要素。因此,4期超级杂交稻上部茎节间小维管束结构特征以及基部节间大维管束结构特征的改善是保证超级杂交稻产量潜力不断提高、穗大粒多和结实率正常的前提。 相似文献
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杭州地区引进了甬优系列籼粳杂交稻，通过与其他籼粳杂交稻和常规粳稻进行栽培比照，对生育期、产量及其构成因素、综合抗性等进行分析，了解该系列品种的特征特性。结果表明平均生育期常规粳稻>其他籼粳杂交稻>甬优系列籼粳杂交稻；产量及产量构成因素显示参试的甬优系列籼粳杂交稻产量显著高于常规粳稻，但与其他籼粳杂交稻之间差异不显著。甬优系列籼粳杂交稻中，甬优1540的结实率和产量最高，甬优7861的总粒数、实粒数最高，甬优7860千粒重最高。试验表明穗大粒多是甬优系列籼粳杂交稻产量高的主要因素，群体整体表现出丰产性好、株型紧凑、抗性好的特点，个别品种要注意稻曲病的防治。 相似文献
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乙矮合剂对玉米产量和茎秆质量的影响 总被引：15，自引：4，他引：15
在大田条件下,玉米吉单209和郑单958拔节前叶面喷施生长调节剂乙矮合剂,试验表明,乙矮合剂处理缩短了玉米穗下部节间的长度,降低了玉米的穗位高,降低了植株的重心,增加了基部节间的茎粗和茎秆密度,提高了玉米茎秆的抗倒伏能力。同时,乙矮合剂在控制玉米株型的基础上,保持了低密度（6万彬hm^2、7．5万彬hm^2、9万彬hm^2）条件下玉米的正常产量,提高了高密度（10．57万株／hm^2、127万株／hm^2）条件下玉米的穗行数和行粒数,显著提高了产量,使玉米子粒产量与茎秆质量得到了协同改善。 相似文献
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高产栽培条件下夏玉米农艺性状研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用灰色关联分析理论,分析了16个玉米杂交种的农艺性状与产量的关系,结果表明,玉米产量与各农艺性状的关联度排序为:单位面积粒数＞灌浆期(d)＞灌浆期占总生育期的比＞千粒重＞穗粒数＞生育期(d)＞株高＞叶片数＞成熟时绿叶数＞单位面积穗数＞单位面积根条数＞最长根.进一步分析表明,与高产栽培条件相适应的杂交种是单位面积粒数较多、穗粒数和千粒重较高的中大穗耐密型玉米杂交种;在植株形态性状适合程度上首先表现在有一定的株高和叶片数、根条数;在生育期上灌浆时间的长短对产量的影响最大,因此获得高产应选用生育期较长、灌浆时间占全生育期50%以上的杂交种. 相似文献
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超级稻施肥量与插植方式研究 Ⅰ．不同施肥量对一季超级杂交稻产量及生长的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
试验以准两优527和两优293为材料,设不同施氮量处理（135、180、225kg／hm^2）,研究了施肥量对一季超级杂交稻的增产效应,结果表明：抽穗期稻穗、叶片和茎秆的干物质积累分配比例为1：1．5：3～3．5,干物质积累主要在茎秆;成熟期籽粒的干物质重迅速增加,是稻草干物质重的1倍以上。准两优527前期叶面积指数和后期干物质积累均高于两优293;不同施肥量对一季超级杂交稻产量及产量构成的影响存在品种间差异,其中两优293的有效穗、每穗颖花数、结实率和千粒重较低,3种施肥水平处理间连续两年产量差异不大,说明施氮量在135～225kg／hm^2范围内,能满足超级杂交稻生长对氮素养分的需要;不同施肥量处理间植株氮素含量和氮素吸收量差异不大,但品种间略有差异,准两优527成熟期植株氮素吸收量为165．8～188．7kg／hm^2,抽穗期达到总吸收量的72．4％～80．3%,两优293植株氮素吸收量为154．3～170．8kg／hm^2,抽穗期达到82．0%～89．0％,说明准两优527后期仍有较强的氮素吸收能力;磷素和钾素的测定结果与氮素相似。 相似文献
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糯稻品种产量构成因素分析及高产育种方向研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对糯稻育种目标的研究报道甚少。本研究通过连续两年对我省近年来选育的11个糯稻品种(系)的产量构成因素分析结果显示,株高、生育日数、穗长与产量负相关;时产量形成贡献最大的依次是有效穗数、每穗实粒数,结实率与千粒重。因而糯稻高产育种中,应以恰当的生育期、中矮杆株高、增加有效穗数和每德实粒数为主攻方向。 相似文献
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以贵州省不同年代酿酒用糯高粱品种（系）为研究对象,采用随机区组试验设计,对其农艺性状、产量构成以及抗性差异进行分析,结果表明：随着年代更替,贵州省酿酒用糯高粱单产逐步提高。新品种（红缨子、黔高8号）较老品系（黑壳糯、红壳糯）平均单产增幅25%以上;穗粒数、穗粒重增加显著,增幅分别为51.7%、62.7%;主穗一、二级枝梗数增加幅度分别为19.8%、62.7%;株高降低24.9%,茎粗增加9.5%;节间数增加0.9个,节间长缩短13.3cm;单株叶面积和叶面积指数增加显著;倒伏率、发病率下降显著,成穗率明显提升。各指标相关性分析显示,产量与穗粒数、穗粒重,穗粒数与主穗一、二级枝梗数呈极显著正相关;产量与株高、倒伏率极显著负相关,与茎粗正相关,相关系数分别为-0.981、-0.970和0.928,株高、茎粗与倒伏率相关显著,相关系数分别为0.964和-0.910;产量与叶面积指数正相关,与发病率显著负相关。总的结果表明,主穗一、二级枝梗数的增加提高了糯高粱的穗粒数,植株株高的降低、茎粗的增加促进了抗倒性的提升,抗病性的提升保证了后期叶片光合作用的持续进行,最终提高了糯高粱产量。 相似文献
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对来自不同生态区224个谷子品种材料的农艺性状进行聚类和相关性分析。结果表明,27个农艺性状的变异范围为11.20%～110.70%,各农艺性状的变异程度由大到小依次为有效穗数、籽粒颜色、穗重、穗粒重、码粒数、单株草重、米色、穗型、茎秆粗度、籽粒形状、植株颜色、穗颈形状、穗码密度、穗粗、护颖颜色、刚毛长度、穗颈长度、穗长、刚毛颜色、花药颜色、倒二叶宽、抽穗期、千粒重、株高、伸长节节数、叶姿、倒二叶长。单株穗粒重与穗重、单株草重呈极显著正相关。用Ward离差平方和聚类分析发现,当欧式距离为19时,224个谷子品种可以分为六大类群,第Ⅰ类群(83份材料)生育期较短,属早熟类型,千粒重较大,穗较粗,但其他性状属于中等水平;第Ⅱ类群(64份材料)生育期相对较短,穗重、穗粒重在各类群中处于较高水平;第Ⅲ类群(41份材料)生育期最长,属晚熟类型,株高较高,分蘖较少,产量较低;第Ⅳ类群(25份材料)生育期较长,属中晚熟类型,株高较低,分蘖数较少,产量属中下等水平;第Ⅴ类群(1份材料)生育期较长,属中晚熟类型,刚毛较长,叶片较窄,株高较高,分蘖数较多,单株草重最大,千粒重和产量属中上等水平;第Ⅵ类群(... 相似文献
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Successful prediction of heterosis and performance of F1-hybrids from the genetic similarity of their parents based on molecular markers has been reported in several crops and can be very helpful in hybrid breeding. The relationship between genetic similarities based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) of 18 European faba bean lines and their hybrid performance and heterosis was investigated. Parental lines, 62 F1-hybrids and their F2-progenies were evaluated in field trials in four environments in Germany for seed yield, 1,000-seed weight and plant height. Results clearly demonstrated a stable superiority of the hybrids over their inbred parents and elite check cultivars, and showed a marked and varying amount of heterosis. Parental seed yield and F2-hybrid yield were promising as predictors for F1-hybrids. AFLP analysis of the 18 inbred lines using 26 EcoRI/MseI primer combinations resulted in 1202 polymorphic fragments. Cluster analysis based on genetic similarity estimates unambiguously identified pedigree-related inbred lines. No clear separation of the 18 inbred lines into subgroups was detected. Correlation coefficients between genetic similarity estimates and either heterosis or F1-hybrid performance were small and not useful. Also correlations between specific genetic similarity and specific combining ability were too small for all traits to be of predictive value. Results showed that AFLP-based genetic similarities are not useful to predict the performance of hybrids or heterosis within the elite European faba bean gene pool. 相似文献
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A. S. Khehra B. S. Dhillon N. S. Nalhi S. S. Pal V. K. Saxena V. V. Malhotra 《Euphytica》1986,35(3):817-822
Summary Reciprocal recurrent selection was carried out with two populations of maize (Zea mays L.) having good combining ability. We selected for higher grain yield, early maturity, shorter plant height and lodging resistance. Two cycles were completed in two years (four seasons), by resorting to late planting of S1 lines for recombination in the main season in which top-cross families were assessed. Top-crosses and selfings were made in the off-season. The original and improved versions of the populations and their crosses were evaluated in multilocation trials. The superiority of the population hybrid was 10.3% for grain yield, 5.5% for plant height and 1.8 days to silk. The improved hybrid had delayed leaf senescence and better resistance to lodging and post-flowering stalk rots. Among the yield components, only ear girth showed improvement. Syn 2 of the improved population cross showed a yield reduction of 6.2% in comparison to Syn 1. Intrapopulation gains were not significant except for lodging resistance in one population. 相似文献
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We determined the effect of N fertilization on dry matter (DM) yield, predicted milk yield, and forage quality of fresh (green chopped) and ensiled forage of two brown midrib (BMR) hybrids, a leafy hybrid, and a conventional silage hybrid. Increasing N rates from 0 to 200 kg ha?1 increased corn grain, stover and whole plant DM yield and milk yield. The forage yield and quality response to N was similar for all hybrids. Nitrogen fertilization increased forage crude protein (CP) concentration but had little effect on other forage quality components. BMR hybrids, F377 and F657, had the lowest grain, stover and whole plant yield but had the highest digestibility and predicted milk yield Mg?1 of forage. Predicted milk yield ha?1 was similar for the BMR, leafy and conventional hybrids. Ensiling reduced starch concentration compared with green chopped forage, but effects on other forage quality variables were less consistent. Hybrid and N fertilization affects were similar for green chopped and ensiled corn forage. 相似文献
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Dieter Stelling 《Euphytica》1997,97(1):73-79
Parental lines, F1 and F2 hybrids from a 7×7-diallel of topless faba beans and eight standard cultivars were grown in single-rows for two years at four sowing dates on a highly fertile loam soil near Göttingen. In grain yield, F1 hybrids showed 21 to 54% advantage over the higher yielding parent. Compared with the midparental value an average heterosis of 50% was observed for grain yield. Corresponding heterosis mean values ranged from 3 to 37% for yield components and up to 11% for phenological traits. The grain yield of the highest yielding topless F1 hybrid was equal to that of Alfred, the highest yielding indeterminate standard cultivar. High grain yield in the topless hybrids was closely correlated with high biomass yield, late ripening and tall plants generally having a high number of podded nodes and pods on the main stem. Due to their agronomic advantages, i.e., lower plant length, reduced lodging sensitivity and earlier ripening, efforts at breeding topless hybrids seemed to be worth-while in faba beans. However, their yielding ability must be improved further before they can compete with normal, semi-dwarf and stiff-strawed cultivars. 相似文献
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Genetic improvement in wheat yield and associated traits. A re-examination of previous results and the latest trends 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Two field experiments were carried out with seven wheat cultivars (three of them, including a commercial hybrid, released during the last 10 years) representing different eras of plant breeding, to evaluate genetic improvement over the last century in grain yield, height, biomass, harvest index and grain yield components. Plots were fertilized and irrigated, and lodging and diseases were prevented. Main culm height was negatively correlated with the year of release of the cultivars, probably as a consequence of selection for increased lodging resistance. There was no significant association between total above-ground biomass and year of release of the cultivars. On the other hand, grain yield increased as newer cultivars were released. Results indicate that during recent years harvest index has been kept as the main attribute responsible for increases in grain yield. In general, number of grains/m2 was associated with increases in grain yield during the century. However, the newest cultivars showed an increased grain weight. In both growing seasons, cultivars released before 1980 showed a trend towards reduced grain weight, but cultivars released after 1987 had a similar number of grains per m2 with a higher grain weight than their predecessors. This was probably because the most modern cultivars have a longer grain-filling duration with a similar length of growth cycle. 相似文献
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种植密度对不同株高夏玉米品种茎秆性状与抗倒伏能力的影响 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
倒伏是影响夏玉米在密植条件下获得高产的重要限制因素之一,本研究旨在探讨种植密度对不同株高夏玉米品种茎秆性状与抗倒伏能力的影响。以矮秆品种登海661 (DH661)和高秆品种鲁单981 (LD981)为试验材料,通过设置4.50×104株 hm-2、6.75×104株 hm-2和9.00×104株 hm-2 3个种植密度,研究茎秆节间长度、茎秆穿刺强度、茎秆显微结构以及倒伏率等方面的变化。结果表明,随种植密度增加,夏玉米的基部第3茎节间和穗位节间变细,茎秆穿刺强度显著下降,较密度4.50万株 hm-2,DH661和LD981 6.75万株 hm-2、9.00万株 hm-2地上第3节间茎秆穿刺强度分别降低了8.5%、22.6%和13.3%、29.6%;茎秆皮层和维管束内部厚壁细胞厚度及维管束数目均随种植密度的增加显著下降,倒伏风险增加,但矮秆品种的下降幅度小于高秆品种,而产量的增加幅度大于高秆品种,说明矮秆品种在高密度下能够保持较好的抗倒伏性能,有助于其在高密度种植条件下获得高产、稳产。 相似文献
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以莱州 32 79为中心亲本 ,与冀东地区 5个基因型不同的冬小麦品种配置正反交组合 ,并对 10个正反交 F1 的产量性状、叶绿素含量及旗叶与茎秆间的夹角进行了对比分析。结果表明 :无论正交还是反交 ,5个产量性状平均中亲杂种优势大小顺序均为 :单株产量 >单株有效穗数 >千粒重 >穗粒数 >每穗结实小穗数。单株产量表现出最强的杂种优势 ,但个别组合优势不明显 ,甚至出现负优势。大部分组合叶绿素含量杂种优势不明显 ,只有 1个组合正反交 F1 叶绿素含量均表现出较强的杂种优势。同一性状的杂种优势某些组合正交高于反交 ,而某些组合反交高于正交。莱州 32 79株型直立紧凑 ,与其他品种配成的正反交 F1 旗叶夹角减小幅度均较大 ,该品种对改良株型有很好的利用价值。杂种优势的表达很复杂 ,不仅与杂种核基因有关 ,核质互作对杂种优势也有很强的影响。 相似文献
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硅肥对水稻产量、品质及抗倒伏特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究不同硅肥对宁化河龙贡米产量、品质和抗倒伏性状的影响,以期为宁化河龙贡米的可持续稳定发展提供技术支撑。以‘玉针香’为试验材料,设置3个不同硅肥处理[森夫硅肥(S1)、蔡德龙ETDA硅肥(S2)、不施硅肥（S0,对照）],调查不同硅肥处理对‘玉针香’产量形成、品质及茎秆形态和力学特征相关性状的影响。结果表明,施用S1处理森夫硅肥和S2处理蔡德龙ETDA硅肥比对照不施硅肥‘玉针香’产量高,分别提高2.82%和4.83%,有效穗数较对照增加11.57%和13.74%;整精米率较对照增加7.48%和13.07%;植株形态特征（株高、茎粗、茎壁厚度、叶片长度和宽度）没有明显影响,植株抗推力增加了18.31%和3.82%。施用硅肥能够一定程度上提高水稻产量、改善品质、提高抗倒伏能力,但不同硅肥类型对水稻的促进效应存在差异,S1处理对水稻的综合影响最大,可为河龙贡米高产栽培提供参考。 相似文献
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黑龙江省不同年代玉米杂交种产量对种植密度和施氮水平的响应 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
明确不同年代春玉米生产力对种植密度和氮肥水平的响应特征及其趋势,对高产高效的耐密品种选育和密植抗倒栽培具有重要的理论参考和技术指导意义。本文以黑龙江近50年来第一积温带大面积种植的8个典型春玉米品种为材料,于2009和2010年进行密度和施肥的田间试验,比较不同年代主栽品种生产力演变特征。结果显示,黑龙江省1970s—2000s玉米品种更替过程中,单株生产力与群体产量均明显提高,平均增幅分别为16.96 g 10年-1和790 kg hm-2 10年-1;植株空秆率和倒伏率显著下降,株高、穗位、单株叶面积、穗粒数、千粒重显著提高。随着密度的提高,各年代玉米的单株产量呈显著下降趋势,群体产量呈抛物线形上升,群体最高产量的理论密度增幅为3 507株 hm-2 10 年-1;空秆率显著提高,但倒伏率仅1970s和1980s的品种呈递增趋势;株高、单株叶面积、棒三叶面积、穗粒数与千粒重均呈现下降趋势,穗位随密度增加呈显著上升趋势。各年代品种株高、穗位、单株叶面积和千粒重随氮肥水平提高呈增加趋势。在150~450 kg hm-2的施氮水平范围,随着氮肥水平的提高,各年代品种增产效果不明显。各主要指标在年代、密度和氮肥水平之间存在显著的互作效应。对照东北玉米现有的品种特性、种植密度和施肥现状表明,选育耐密品种和实施密植抗倒栽培的增产潜力大,在现在的施肥水平上进一步提高种植密度是东北春玉米高产增效耕作栽培的技术创新方向。 相似文献